2015年高中英語(yǔ) Unit19 倒裝和強(qiáng)調(diào) 語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)超級(jí)歸納素材
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1、Unit19 倒裝和強(qiáng)調(diào) 語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)超級(jí)歸納 考點(diǎn)一:全部倒裝 英語(yǔ)句子的基本語(yǔ)序是“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”,稱作自然語(yǔ)序(Natural Order)。如果將謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分移至主語(yǔ)之前,這種語(yǔ)序稱作倒裝語(yǔ)序(Inverted Order)。 倒裝的原因,一是句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,如某些疑問句、感嘆句以及表示祝愿的句子等,二是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分。 倒裝有兩種:將主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)完全顛倒過(guò)來(lái),稱為全部倒裝(Full Inversion);有時(shí)只將部分謂語(yǔ)(如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)提到主語(yǔ)之前,稱為部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。 完全倒裝句子結(jié)構(gòu):謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ) 類別 用法說(shuō)明 例句
2、 以引導(dǎo)詞there開首的倒裝句 表示存在的there be 句型,主語(yǔ)在be之后,除be外,還可使用不及物動(dòng)詞lie, live, come, exist, sit, stand, remain等動(dòng)詞 There are just two chairs and a table in the room. 房間里只有兩把椅子和一張桌子。 There exists an ancient temple in this town, which attracts many visitors. 這個(gè)鎮(zhèn)里有一座古廟,吸引著許多游客。 以地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間副詞開首的倒裝句 以地點(diǎn)副詞here, ther
3、e等;時(shí)間副詞then, now, next等開頭的倒裝句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常是be, come, go, follow等不及物動(dòng)詞 Now comes your turn. 現(xiàn)在輪到你了。 Here is some advice for you to follow. 以下就是一些你可以采納的建議。 Here comes my list of “dos” and “don’ts”. 下面是我的行為準(zhǔn)則。 Then came the total darkness of the polar winter. 然后南極暗無(wú)天日的冬季降臨了。 以方位副詞開首的倒裝句 以ahead, away
4、, back, down, in, off, out, up等表示方位的副詞開頭的倒裝句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常為come, go, fly, rush 等表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。倒裝會(huì)使描繪顯得更加生動(dòng) Out of the jungle came a tiger. 從樹叢中跑出來(lái)一只老虎。 South of the river lies a poor district. 河的南邊是一個(gè)貧窮的地區(qū)。 Down came the rain. 下起雨來(lái)。 以介詞短語(yǔ)開首的倒裝句 當(dāng)一個(gè)句子沒有賓語(yǔ)而主語(yǔ)又比較長(zhǎng),??蓪⒆鳡钫Z(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)放在句首,同時(shí)把謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)前 From a region
5、 of seven million people has arisen some of the greatest pop music in the world.一個(gè)700萬(wàn)人的地區(qū)產(chǎn)生了一些世界上最重要的流行音樂。 In the old City of Londonare housed the many banks and corporations which Dickens mentions. 倫敦舊城里集中了許多狄更斯提到的銀行和公司。 以分詞或表語(yǔ)開首的倒裝句 構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞或作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/形容詞/副詞有時(shí)可移到句首,來(lái)對(duì)這一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)加以強(qiáng)調(diào) Lying
6、on the floor was a wounded peasant boy. 躺在地板上的是一個(gè)受傷的農(nóng)家男孩。 Seated on the grass are a group of young students. 坐在草地上的是一群青年學(xué)生。 On either side of the road are rows of fruit trees. 道路兩旁是一排排的果樹。 Especially popular is the MTV. 尤其受歡迎的是音樂電視。 Southwest of the city lies a modern power plant. 這座城市的西南有
7、一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)電廠。 Gone are the days when people were at the mercy of the weather. 人們里靠天吃飯的日子一去不復(fù)返了。 Coming next is the lack of physical exercise. 緊接下來(lái)的就是缺乏體育鍛煉。 注: 如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞,主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)不需要倒裝。例如:There he comes. 他來(lái)了。Here you are. 給你。Away they went. 他們走了。 考點(diǎn)二:部分倒裝 部分倒裝句子結(jié)構(gòu):助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞be+主語(yǔ)+(主要?jiǎng)釉~) 類別
8、用法說(shuō)明 例句 以否定詞開首的倒裝句序 以never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, few, not, not until, not only(…but also), no sooner, nowhere, at no time, by no means等開頭的句子常用部分倒裝語(yǔ) Never have I heard anything like it. 我從來(lái)沒聽到過(guò)這樣的事。 Rarely had we seenher move so fast. 我們很少看到她走得這么快。 Not only am I interested in p
9、hotography, but I took a course at university, so it’s actually of special interest to me. 對(duì)攝影我不只是感興趣,在大學(xué)里我還專修過(guò)攝影課,因此,我的確對(duì)攝影特別感興趣。 Not until the late 18th century did British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. 直到18世紀(jì)末,英國(guó)探險(xiǎn)家詹姆斯·庫(kù)克才穿越了南極圈,但他卻從未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何陸地。 Not until
10、I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 我直到工作才意識(shí)到我以前浪費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間。 No sooner had she stepped out of the house than it began to rain. 她一走出屋子,天就開始下雨。 Hardlyhad I stood up when he waved me to remain sitting. 我剛站起來(lái),他就揮手叫我繼續(xù)坐著。 以only開首的倒裝句 “only+狀語(yǔ)(副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)從句)”置于句首,通常引起部分倒裝 Only w
11、hen you have done your homeworkcan you watch TV. 只有等你寫好了作業(yè)之后你才能看電視。 Only in this way can we solve this problem. 只有這樣,我們才能解決這個(gè)問題。 Only then did he realize that he had made a mistake. 直到那時(shí),他才意識(shí)到自己犯了錯(cuò)誤。 以so / such (...that)開首的倒裝句 以so / such (...that)開首的句子,通常用倒裝語(yǔ)序 So hot was the weather that al
12、l the boys went swimming in the afternoon. 天氣很熱,下午男孩子都去游泳了。 So loudly did she shout that everyone in the distance could hear her. 她叫喊聲如此之大,遠(yuǎn)處的每個(gè)人都能聽見。 Such was Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. 這就是愛因斯坦,一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)樸而又取得巨大成就的人。 以so, neither, nor開首的倒裝句 so表示與前面提到的情況一樣,用于肯定句中,意為“也一樣”;在否定句中則
13、要使用neither / nor,表示前面否定的情況也適用另一方,意為“也不”。句子用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序 He went to the film last night. So did I. 他昨天晚上去看電影了,我也去了。 I loved this movie and so did all my friends. 我喜歡這部電影,我所有的朋友也喜歡。 Neither could we get rid of the smell of fish! 我們都沒能擺脫魚腥味。 He had none today, nor would he have any the next day. 他今天一無(wú)
14、所有,明天也是一無(wú)所有。 No other country could join in, nor could slaves or women. 別的國(guó)家不能參加,奴隸和婦女也不能參加。 Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable touching strangers or being too closer or too far away. 并非所有文化背景下的人們都以同樣的方式來(lái)互致問候,觸摸陌生人,離得太近或太遠(yuǎn)也并不都會(huì)讓人感到舒服。 虛擬條件從句的倒裝 若省去引導(dǎo)虛擬條件從句
15、的連詞if,就要將were, had或should等移至句首構(gòu)成倒裝 Had you come with us, I think you would have enjoyed Europe too. 你要是和我們一起來(lái)了的話,我覺得你也會(huì)愛上歐洲。 Should it rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. 如果明天下雨,運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)就延期。 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句倒裝 由從屬連詞as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:形容詞/名詞/副詞/動(dòng)詞原形+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ) Child as he is, he knows sev
16、eral foreign languages. 盡管他是個(gè)小孩,他卻懂幾門外語(yǔ)。 Hard as he worked, he couldn’t earn enough even to support himself. 盡管他努力工作,他的收入甚至不夠自己糊口。 注意: 1)當(dāng)not 否定主語(yǔ)或not only...but also連接兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)時(shí),不用倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如: Not a word was said. 一句話也沒說(shuō)。Not only the children but also the grown-ups are interested in this TV pla
17、y. 不僅孩子們而且大人們也對(duì)這部電視劇感興趣。 2)only修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)則不用倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如:Only he knows Spanish. 只有他懂西班牙語(yǔ)。 3)though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)也可以倒裝。例如:Young though he is, he knows a lot. = Though he is young, he knows a lot. 4)直接引語(yǔ)的引述分句,若放在引語(yǔ)之后或引語(yǔ)當(dāng)中,既可用自然語(yǔ)序,也可用倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如:“What has made you so angry?” Mary asked / asked Mary. 5)如果一個(gè)句子只是重復(fù)前面
18、一句話的意思,盡管是用so 開頭,句子也不能倒裝,so僅起連詞作用,表示一種結(jié)果。例如: — It’s very hot today. 今天很熱。 — Yes, so it is. 對(duì),是很熱。 — He looks young. 他看起來(lái)很年輕。 — So he does. 確實(shí)如此。 當(dāng)前面的兩件或兩件以上的事也適合于另一人或物時(shí),通常不用so/neither/nor…,而用 so it is with…(或It is the same with…),例如:Tom is in Class Four, and his classroom is over there. So i
19、t is with Mary. 湯姆在4班,他的教室在那邊,瑪麗也是4班,教室也在那邊。 6)Neither … nor …連接兩個(gè)并列分句時(shí),都要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如:Neither did I know, nor did I care what had happened to him. 他出了什么事,我既不知道也不關(guān)心。 小貼士: 一句多譯:她一到倫敦就給父母親打了電話。 ① As soon as she arrived in London, she telephoned her parents. ② The moment she got to London, she called
20、her parents. ③ On arriving in London, she gave her parents a ring. ④ On arrival in London, she made a phone call to her parents. ⑤ No sooner had she reached London than she rang up her parents. ⑥ Hardly had she arrived in London when she phoned her parents. 考點(diǎn)三:強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 類別 用法說(shuō)明 例句 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本用法
21、英語(yǔ)里常用的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是:It is / was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ))+that / who+其他成分。一般說(shuō)來(lái),被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí),用who;指事物時(shí)用that,但that也可以指人。 She met John at Mary’s birthday party last Sunday. 她上個(gè)星期天在瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)上遇見了約翰。 → It was she who / that met John at Mary’s birthday party last Sunday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)) → It was John whom / that she met at Mary’s birthd
22、ay party last Sunday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)) → It was at Mary’s birthday party that she met John last Sunday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)) → It was last Sunday that she met John at Mary’s birthday party.(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的幾種較為復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)形式 狀語(yǔ)從句作為被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分 It was when Asimov was eleven years old that his talent for writing became obvious. 在阿西莫夫
23、11歲的時(shí)候,他的寫作才華就已經(jīng)顯露出來(lái)了。 It was only when I got home two hours later that I realized I’d forgotten it and there was nothing I could do as the library was closed. 我回到家兩個(gè)小時(shí)后才意識(shí)到我把書忘在了圖書館。我不知怎么辦,因?yàn)閳D書館已經(jīng)關(guān)門了。 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分里含有定語(yǔ)從句 It wason July 4th, 1975when he was bornthat his father died. 就在1975年7月4日他出生的那天
24、他父親去世了。 It was at a bank that lies on the main street that she was robbed of 800,000 yuan. 在位于大街上的一家銀行旁她被人搶走了80萬(wàn)元。 It was in this factory where his father once worked that he found a temporary job. 在他爸爸工作過(guò)的工廠里,他找到了一份臨時(shí)的工作。 not until 結(jié)構(gòu)用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型(not until …作為被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分,其結(jié)構(gòu)為:It+was+not until …+that+其他
25、部分) It was not until November 13, 1956 that the US Supreme Court declared separation on buses was not constitutional. 直到1956年11月13日,美國(guó)最高法院才判定公交車上的種族隔離不符合憲法。 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為:Is / Was it+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其他部分) Was it in this room that Shakespeare was born? 莎士比亞是在這間屋里出生的嗎? Was it last year t
26、hat his cousin joined the army? 他表哥是去年參軍的嗎? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為:疑問詞(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分)+is / was+it+that+其他部分) When was it that the accident happened? 事故究竟是何時(shí)發(fā)生的? Where was it that you lost your wallet? 你是在哪里丟了你的錢包的? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的反意疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的反意疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為:It is / was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that / who+其他部分,isn’t / wasn’t i
27、t?) It was the day before yesterday that you visited the Great Wall, wasn’t it? 你是前天參觀長(zhǎng)城的,對(duì)嗎? It is Tom who has won first prize, isn’t it? 是湯姆獲得了一等獎(jiǎng),對(duì)嗎? 其他類型的強(qiáng)調(diào) 使用助動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ) (“助動(dòng)詞do / does / did+動(dòng)詞原形”可用來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)) She does know the place well. 她的確很熟悉這個(gè)地方。 I do want to change this situation, bu
28、t I don’t know how. 我確實(shí)想改變這種現(xiàn)狀,但是我不知道該怎么辦。 As you can see, I did escape. 如你所見,我的確得救了。 But I did finally manage. 但我最終還是做到了。 Maria, do tell us a little about the Venice Film Festival. 瑪麗亞,一定要給我們講一點(diǎn)關(guān)于威尼斯電影節(jié)的事。 形容詞very與the, this或my, your等連用,也可用于形容詞最高級(jí)前,以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣 This is the very book that I’m
29、looking for. 這正是我在找的書。 You are the very person we want. 你正是我們需要的人。 使用介詞短語(yǔ)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣(用in the world, on earth, at all等介詞短語(yǔ)可用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,通常用于疑問句,at all還可以用于否定句) Where in the world could she be? 她到底會(huì)在哪里呢? If you follow the suggestions above, you will look and feel much better in no time at all! 如果你照上面的建議做,
30、根本用不了多久你就會(huì)氣色好、感覺棒! What on earth can I talk about? 我究竟該說(shuō)些什么? 使用重復(fù)加以強(qiáng)調(diào)(有時(shí)重復(fù)使用某些詞語(yǔ),以達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的) Why!why!The case is empty! 啊!?。∠渥邮强盏?。 They walked for miles and miles. 他們走了好多英里。 There! There! Who’s hurting you, you silly girl? 好啦!好啦!誰(shuí)傷害你了,傻姑娘! 省略結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(“副詞so+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞be/助動(dòng)詞”這種省略結(jié)構(gòu)也用來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào),意為“的確如此”)
31、 — It was very hot yesterday. 昨天很熱。 — So it was.確實(shí)熱。 注意: 1)it為引導(dǎo)詞,本身沒有詞義,僅起引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的作用。 2)若強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)是人時(shí),常用who,間或用that;若強(qiáng)調(diào)的賓語(yǔ)是人時(shí),多用whom,間或用that。However, it was Haydn who encouraged Beethoven to move to Vinna. 然而,正是海頓鼓勵(lì)貝多芬移居維也納的。 3)在強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)時(shí),用that。It was in Shakespeare’s lifetime that English began to s
32、pread around the world. 英語(yǔ)開始在全世界傳播是在莎士比亞生活的年代。 4)在口語(yǔ)中,who或that可以省略。例如:It was then I heard my mother’s steps. 就在這時(shí)我聽見了我母親的腳步聲。It was you I missed very much. 我非常想念的就是你。 5)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中,無(wú)論被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人還是物,單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),be動(dòng)詞一律用單數(shù)形式is / was,如果原句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),就用was;若是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài),就用is;也可以用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be”形式,如It might be him that you met
33、yesterday. 6)判斷一個(gè)句子是否是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的方法是:如果將句中的It is/was...that/who...去掉,仍能還原為一個(gè)完整的句子,那么此句就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。否則,就不是。 7)用來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的方式很多,除了使用特定詞語(yǔ)、句式、語(yǔ)序、重復(fù)等手段外,還可使用破折號(hào)、黑體字來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào),加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。例如:It’s because of hard work — ten years of hard work.那是因?yàn)槠D苦的工作——十年艱苦的工作!He began the work in late May.他在五月下旬(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間)開始了這項(xiàng)工作。在口語(yǔ)中,還可通過(guò)重讀和聲調(diào)等加以強(qiáng)調(diào)。 小貼士: 試比較強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別: It was a small house that they bought. 他們買的是一座小房子。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型) It was a small house that they used to live in. 那是一座他們過(guò)去曾住過(guò)的小房子。(定語(yǔ)從句) It was in a small house that they used to live. 他們過(guò)去住在一座小房子里。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)
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