bs英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】bs en 186312000 glass in buildings. heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass

《bs英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】bs en 186312000 glass in buildings. heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《bs英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】bs en 186312000 glass in buildings. heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass（35頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、 BRITISH STANDARD Glass in building D Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass D Part 1: Definition and description The European Standard EN 1863-1:2000 has the status of a British Standard

2、 ICS | BS EN 1863-1:2000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

3、 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BS EN 1863-1:2000 National foreword This British Standard is the official English

4、 language version of EN 1863-1:2000. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/520, Glass and glazing in building, to Subcommittee B/520/1, Basic and transformed glass products, which has the responsibility to: D aid enquirers to understand the text; D pr

5、esent to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; D monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee ca

6、n be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled aInternational Standards Correspondence Indexo, or by

7、 using the aFindo facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself co

8、nfer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 25 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.

9、 Amd. No. Date Comments This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 June 2000 BSI

10、06-2000 ISBN 0 580 34950 0 Amendments issued since publication (8523($1 67$1'$5' 1250( (8523e(11( (8523b,6&+( 1250 (1 -DQXDU\ ,&6 (QJOLVK YHUVLRQ *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ +HDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV 3DUW 'HILQLWLR

11、Q DQG GHVFULSWLRQ 9HUUH GDQV OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ 9HUUH GH VLOLFDWH VRGR FDOFLTXH GXUFL WKHUPLTXHPHQW ? 3DUWLH 'pILQLWLRQ HW GHVFULSWLRQ *ODV LP %DXZHVHQ 7HLOYRUJHVSDQQWHV .DONQDWURQJODV 7HLO 'HILQLWLRQ XQG %HVFKUHLEXQJ 7KLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG ZDV DSSURYHG E\ &(1 RQ 0DUFK

12、 &(1 PHPEHUV DUH ERXQG WR FRPSO\ ZLWK WKH &(1 &(1(/(& ,QWHUQDO 5HJXODWLRQV ZKLFK VWLSXODWH WKH FRQGLWLRQV IRU JLYLQJ WKLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG WKH VWDWXV RI D QDWLRQDO VWDQGDUG ZLWKRXW DQ\ DOWHUDWLRQ 8S WR GDWH OLVWV DQG ELEOLRJUDSKLFDO UHIHUHQFHV FRQFHUQLQJ VXFK QDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGV PD\ EH REWD

13、LQHG RQ DSSOLFDWLRQ WR WKH &HQWUDO 6HFUHWDULDW RU WR DQ\ &(1 PHPEHU 7KLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG H[LVWV LQ WKUHH RIILFLDO YHUVLRQV (QJOLVK )UHQFK *HUPDQ $ YHUVLRQ LQ DQ\ RWKHU ODQJXDJH PDGH E\ WUDQVODWLRQ XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI D &(1 PHPEHU LQWR LWV RZQ ODQJXDJH DQG QRWLILHG WR WKH &HQWUDO 6HFU

14、HWDULDW KDV WKH VDPH VWDWXV DV WKH RIILFLDO YHUVLRQV &(1 PHPEHUV DUH WKH QDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGV ERGLHV RI $XVWULD %HOJLXP &]HFK 5HSXEOLF 'HQPDUN )LQODQG )UDQFH *HUPDQ\ *UHHFH ,FHODQG ,UHODQG ,WDO\ /X[HPERXUJ 1HWKHUODQGV 1RUZD\ 3RUWXJDO 6SDLQ 6ZHGHQ 6ZLW]HUODQG DQG 8QLWHG .LQJGRP

15、 (8523($1 &200,77(( )25 67$1'$5',=$7,21 &20,7e (8523e(1 '( 1250$/,6$7,21 (8523b,6&+(6 .20,7(( )h5 125081* &HQWUDO 6HFUHWDULDW UXH GH 6WDVVDUW % %UXVVHOV ? &(1 $OO ULJKWV RI H[SORLWDWLRQ LQ DQ\ IRUP DQG E\ DQ\ PHDQV UHVH

16、UYHG ZRUOGZLGH IRU &(1 QDWLRQDO 0HPEHUV 5HI 1R (1 ( &RQWHQWV )RUHZRUG ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6FRSH 1RUPDWLYH UHIHUHQFHV 'HILQLWLRQV *ODVV SURGXFWV )UDFWXUH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 'LPHQVLRQV DQG WROHUDQFHV

17、 1RPLQDO WKLFNQHVV DQG WKLFNQHVV WROHUDQFHV :LGWK DQG OHQJWK VL]HV )ODWQHVV (GJH ZRUN KROHV QRWFKHV DQG FXW RXWV :DUQLQJ (GJH ZRUNLQJ RI JODVV IRU KHDW VWUHQJWKHQLQJ 3URILOHG HGJHV 5RXQG KROHV 1RWFKHV DQG FXW

18、RXWV 6KDSHG SDQHV )UDJPHQWDWLRQ WHVW *HQHUDO 'LPHQVLRQV DQG QXPEHU RI WHVW VSHFLPHQV $VVHVVPHQW RI IUDJPHQWDWLRQ (YDOXDWLRQ RI IUDJPHQWDWLRQ 0HFKDQLFDO VWUHQJWK 2WKHU SK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

19、 2SWLFDO GLVWRUWLRQ $QLVRWURS\ LULGHVFHQFH 7KHUPDO GXUDELOLW\ 0DUNLQJ $QQH[ $ QRUPDWLYH 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI 8 YDOXH $QQH[ % LQIRUPDWLYH &XUYHG KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV )RUHZRUG 7KLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG

20、 KDV EHHQ SUHSDUHG E\ 7HFKQLFDO &RPPLWWHH &(1 7& *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ WKH 6HFUHWDULDW RI ZKLFK LV KHOG E\ ,%1 7KLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG VKDOO EH JLYHQ WKH VWDWXV RI D QDWLRQDO VWDQGDUG HLWKHU E\ SXEOLFDWLRQ RI DQ LGHQWLFDO WH[W RU E\ HQGRUVHPHQW DW WKH ODWHVW E\ -XO\ DQG FRQIOLFWLQJ QDW

21、LRQDO VWDQGDUGV VKDOO EH ZLWKGUDZQ DW WKH ODWHVW E\ -XO\ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH &(1 &(1(/(& ,QWHUQDO 5HJXODWLRQV WKH QDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGV RUJDQL]DWLRQV RI WKH IROORZLQJ FRXQWULHV DUH ERXQG WR LPSOHPHQW WKLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG $XVWULD %HOJLXP &]HFK 5HSXEOLF 'HQPDUN )LQODQG )UDQFH *HUPDQ\ *UH

22、HFH ,FHODQG ,UHODQG ,WDO\ /X[HPERXUJ 1HWKHUODQGV 1RUZD\ 3RUWXJDO 6SDLQ 6ZHGHQ 6ZLW]HUODQG DQG WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP ,QWURGXFWLRQ +HDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV KDV D KLJKHU UHVLVWDQFH WR WKHUPDO VWUHVV DQG DQ HQKDQFHG PHFKDQLFDO VWUHQJWK ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR DQQHDOHG J

23、ODVV 127( &(1 7& :* LV SURGXFLQJ VWDQGDUGV IRU WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH GHVLJQ VWUHQJWK RI JODVV DQG LV SUHSDULQJ D GHVLJQ PHWKRG 127( &(1 7& :* LV SUHSDULQJ D VWDQGDUG IRU SURGXFWLRQ FRQWURO DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI FRQIRUPLW\ 6FRSH 7KLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGD

24、UG VSHFLILHV WROHUDQFHV IODWQHVV HGJHZRUN IUDJPHQWDWLRQ DQG SK\VLFDO DQG PHFKDQLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI PRQROLWKLF IODW KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV IRU XVH LQ EXLOGLQJV ,QIRUPDWLRQ RQ FXUYHG KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV LV JLYHQ LQ DQQH[

25、% EXW WKLV SURGXFW GRHV QRW IRUP SDUW RI WKLV VWDQGDUG 2WKHU UHTXLUHPHQWV QRW VSHFLILHG LQ WKLV VWDQGDUG FDQ DSSO\ WR KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV ZKLFK LV LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR DVVHPEOLHV H J ODPLQDWHG JODVV RU LQVXODWLQJ XQLWV RU XQGHUJR DQ DGGLWLRQDO WUH

26、DWPHQW H J FRDWLQJ 7KH DGGLWLRQDO UHTXLUHPHQWV DUH VSHFLILHG LQ WKH DSSURSULDWH SURGXFW VWDQGDUG +HDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV LQ WKLV FDVH GRHV QRW ORVH LWV PHFKDQLFDO RU WKHUPDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 1RUPDWLYH UHIHUHQFHV 7KLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG LQFRUSRUDWHV E\

27、GDWHG RU XQGDWHG UHIHUHQFH SURYLVLRQV IURP RWKHU SXEOLFDWLRQV 7KHVH QRUPDWLYH UHIHUHQFHV DUH FLWHG DW WKH DSSURSULDWH SODFHV LQ WKH WH[W DQG WKH SXEOLFDWLRQV DUH OLVWHG KHUHDIWHU )RU GDWHG UHIHUHQFHV VXEVHTXHQW DPHQGPHQWV WR EH UHYLVLRQV RI DQ\ RI WKHVH SXEOLFDWLRQV DSSO\ W

28、R WKLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG RQO\ ZKHQ LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ LW E\ DPHQGPHQW RU UHYLVLRQ )RU XQGDWHG UHIHUHQFHV WKH ODWHVW HGLWLRQ RI WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ UHIHUUHG WR DSSOLHV (1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ %DVLF VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV SURGXFWV 3DUW 'HILQLWLRQV DQG JHQHUDO SK

29、\VLFDO DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV (1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ %DVLF VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV SURGXFWV 3DUW )ORDW JODVV (1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ %DVLF VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV SURGXFWV 3DUW 'UDZQ VKHHW JODVV (1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ %DVLF VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH

30、 JODVV SURGXFWV 3DUW 3DWWHUQHG JODVV (1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKHUPDO WUDQVPLWWDQFH 8 YDOXH &DOFXODWLRQ 0HWKRG SU(1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ &RDWHG JODVV 3DUW 'HILQLWLRQV DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ SU(1 *ODVV LQ EXLOGLQJ 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH E

31、HQGLQJ VWUHQJWK RI JODVV 3DUW 7HVW ZLWK VSHFLPHQ VXSSRUWHG DW WZR SRLQWV IRXU SRLQW EHQGLQJ 'HILQLWLRQV )RU WKH SXUSRVHV RI WKLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG WKH IROORZLQJ GHILQLWLRQV DSSO\ KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV *ODVV ZLWKLQ ZKLFK D SHUPDQHQW VXUIDFH F

32、RPSUHVVLYH VWUHVV KDV EHHQ LQGXFHG E\ D FRQWUROOHG KHDWLQJ DQG FRROLQJ SURFHVV LQ RUGHU WR JLYH LW LQFUHDVHG UHVLVWDQFH WR PHFKDQLFDO DQG WKHUPDO VWUHVV DQG SUHVFULEHG IUDFWXUH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV IODW KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV +HDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLP

33、H VLOLFDWH JODVV ZKLFK KDV QRW EHHQ GHOLEHUDWHO\ JLYHQ D VSHFLILF SURILOH GXULQJ PDQXIDFWXUH HQDPHOOHG KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV +HDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV ZKLFK KDV D FHUDPLF IULW ILUHG LQWR WKH VXUIDFH GXULQJ WKH KHDW VWUHQJ

34、WKHQLQJ SURFHVV $IWHU KHDW VWUHQJWKHQLQJ WKH FHUDPLF IULW EHFRPHV DQ LQWHJUDO SDUW RI WKH JODVV 127( ,Q WKH 8. WKLV JODVV LV DOVR NQRZQ DV RSDTXH KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV KRUL]RQWDO SURFHVV 3URFHVV LQ ZKLFK WKH JODVV LV VXSSRUWHG RQ KRUL]RQWDO UROOHUV Y

35、HUWLFDO SURFHVV 3URFHVV LQ ZKLFK WKH JODVV LV VXVSHQGHG E\ WRQJV *ODVV SURGXFWV +HDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV LV PDGH IURP D PRQROLWKLF JODVV JHQHUDOO\ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR RQH RI WKH IROORZLQJ VWDQGDUGV VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV DFFRUGLQJ WR (1 I

36、ORDW JODVV DFFRUGLQJ WR (1 GUDZQ VKHHW JODVV DFFRUGLQJ WR (1 SDWWHUQHG JODVV DFFRUGLQJ WR (1 FRDWHG JODVV DFFRUGLQJ WR SU(1 2WKHU QRPLQDO WKLFNQHVVHV RI JODVV WKDQ WKRVH FRYHUHG LQ WKH DERYH VWDQGDUGV DUH SRVVLEOH )UDFWXUH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

37、,Q WKH HYHQW RI EUHDNDJH KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV IUDFWXUHV LQ D PDQQHU VLPLODU WR DQQHDOHG JODVV VHH FODXVH 127( )UDJPHQWDWLRQ LQ VHUYLFH GRHV QRW FRUUHVSRQG WR WKDW GHVFULEHG LQ FODXVH GXH WR UHVWUDLQW IURP IL[LQJ RU UHSURFHVVLQJ H J ODPLQDWLQJ RU GXH

38、 WR WKH FDXVH RI IUDFWXUH 'LPHQVLRQV DQG WROHUDQFHV 1RPLQDO WKLFNQHVV DQG WKLFNQHVV WROHUDQFHV 7KH QRPLQDO WKLFNQHVVHV DQG WKLFNQHVV WROHUDQFHV DUH WKRVH JLYHQ LQ WKH UHOHYDQW SURGXFW VWDQGDUG VHH FODXVH VRPH RI ZKLFK DUH UHSURGXFHG LQ WDEOH 7DEOH 1RPLQDO WKLFN

39、QHVVHV DQG WKLFNQHVV WROHUDQFHV 'LPHQVLRQV LQ PLOOLPHWUHV 1RPLQDO 7KLFNQHVV G 7KLFNQHVV WROHUDQFHV IRU JODVV W\SH 'UDZQ VKHHW 3DWWHUQHG )ORDW ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7KH WKLFNQHVV RI D SDQH VKDOO

40、EH GHWHUPLQHG DV IRU WKH EDVLF SURGXFW 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW VKDOO EH WDNHQ DW WKH FHQWUHV RI WKH VLGHV DQG DZD\ IURP WKH DUHD RI DQ\ WRQJ PDUNV VHH ILJXUH ZKLFK PD\ EH SUHVHQW :LGWK DQG OHQJWK VL]HV *HQHUDO :KHQ KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV GLPHQV

41、LRQV DUH TXRWHG IRU UHFWDQJXODU SDQHV WKH ILUVW GLPHQVLRQ VKDOO EH WKH ZLGWK % DQG WKH VHFRQG GLPHQVLRQ WKH OHQJWK + DV VKRZQ LQ ILJXUH ,W VKDOO EH PDGH FOHDU ZKLFK GLPHQVLRQ LV WKH ZLGWK % DQG ZKLFK LV WKH OHQJWK + ZKHQ UHODWHG WR LWV LQVWDOOHG SRVLWLRQ + +

42、 % % )LJXUH ([DPSOHV RI ZLGWK % DQG OHQJWK + UHODWLYH WR WKH SDQH VKDSH 127( )RU KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV PDQXIDFWXUHG IURP SDWWHUQHG JODVV WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH SDWWHUQ VKRXOG EH VSHFLILHG UHODWLYH WR RQH RI WKH GLPHQVLRQV 0D[LPXP DQG PLQLPXP VL]HV

43、 )RU PD[LPXP DQG PLQLPXP VL]HV WKH PDQXIDFWXUHU VKRXOG EH FRQVXOWHG 7ROHUDQFHV DQG VTXDUHQHVV 7KH QRPLQDO GLPHQVLRQV IRU ZLGWK DQG OHQJWK EHLQJ JLYHQ WKH ILQLVKHG SDQH VKDOO QRW EH ODUJHU WKDQ D SUHVFULEHG UHFWDQJOH UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH QRPLQDO GLPHQVLRQV LQFUHDVHG

44、E\ WKH WROHUDQFH W RU VPDOOHU WKDQ D SUHVFULEHG UHFWDQJOH UHGXFHG E\ WKH WROHUDQFH W 7KH VLGHV RI WKH SUHVFULEHG UHFWDQJOHV DUH SDUDOOHO WR RQH DQRWKHU DQG WKHVH UHFWDQJOHV VKDOO KDYH D FRPPRQ FHQWUH VHH ILJXUH 7KH OLPLWV RI VTXDUHQHVV DUH DOVR WKH SUHVFULEHG UHFW

45、DQJOHV 7ROHUDQFHV DUH JLYHQ LQ WDEOH + W % W + W % W )LJXUH 7ROHUDQFH OLPLWV IRU GLPHQVLRQV RI UHFWDQJXODU SDQHV 7DEOH 7ROHUDQFHV RQ ZLGWK % DQG OHQJWK + 'LPHQVLRQV LQ PLOOLPHWUHV 1RPLQDO GLPHQVLRQ RI VLGH % R

46、U + 7ROHUDQFH W ? ? KRUL]RQWDO SURFHVV ? YHUWLFDO SURFHVV % RU + ? ? ! ? (GJH GHIRUPDWLRQ SURGXFHG E\ WKH YHUWLFDO SURFHVV 7KH WRQJV XVHG WR VXVSHQG WKH JODVV GXULQJ KHDW VWUHQJWKHQLQJ UHVXOW LQ VXUIDFH GHSUHVVL

47、RQV NQRZQ DV WRQJ PDUNV VHH ILJXUH 7KH FHQWUHV RI WKH WRQJ PDUNV DUH VLWXDWHG XS WR D PD[LPXP RI PP LQ IURP WKH HGJH $ GHIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH HGJH OHVV WKDQ PP FDQ EH SURGXFHG LQ WKH UHJLRQ RI WKH WRQJ PDUN DQG WKHUH PD\ DOVR EH DQ DUHD RI RSWLFDO GLVWRUWLRQ 7K

48、HVH GHIRUPDWLRQV DUH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH WROHUDQFHV LQ WDEOH GHIRUPDWLRQ XS WR PP WRQJ PDUN PP UDGLXV PD[LPXP DUHD RI RSWLFDO GLVWRUWLRQ )LJXUH 7RQJ PDUN GHIRUPDWLRQ )ODWQHVV *HQHUDO %\ WKH YHU\ QDWXUH R

49、I WKH KHDW VWUHQJWKHQLQJ SURFHVV LW LV QRW SRVVLEOH WR REWDLQ D SURGXFW DV IODW DV DQQHDOHG JODVV 7KH GLIIHUHQFH GHSHQGV RQ WKH QRPLQDO WKLFNQHVV WKH GLPHQVLRQV DQG WKH UDWLR EHWZHHQ WKH GLPHQVLRQV 7KHUHIRUH D GLVWRUWLRQ NQRZQ DV RYHUDOO ERZ FDQ RFFXU 7KHUH DUH WZR NLQ

50、GV RI ERZ VHH ILJXUH RYHUDOO RU JHQHUDO ERZ ORFDO ERZ 127( 2YHUDOO ERZ FDQ LQ JHQHUDO EH DFFRPPRGDWHG E\ WKH IUDPLQJ V\VWHP 127( /RFDO ERZ QHHGV WR EH DOORZHG IRU LQ WKH JOD]LQJ PDWHULDOV DQG WKH ZHDWKHU VHDOV )RU VSHFLDO UHTXLUHPHQWV WKH PDQXIDFWXUHUV VKR

51、XOG EH FRQVXOWHG 0HDVXUHPHQW RI RYHUDOO ERZ 7KH SDQH RI JODVV VKDOO EH SODFHG LQ D YHUWLFDO SRVLWLRQ DQG VXSSRUWHG RQ LWV ORQJHU VLGH E\ WZR ORDG EHDULQJ EORFNV DW WKH TXDUWHU SRLQWV VHH ILJXUH 7KH GHIRUPDWLRQ VKDOO EH PHDVXUHG DORQJ WKH HGJHV RI WKH JODVV DQG DOR

52、QJ WKH GLDJRQDOV DV WKH PD[LPXP GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ D VWUDLJKW PHWDO UXOHU RU D VWUHWFKHG ZLUH DQG WKH FRQFDYH VXUIDFH RI WKH JODVV VHH ILJXUH 7KH YDOXH IRU WKH ERZ LV WKHQ H[SUHVVHG DV WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ LQ PLOOLPHWUHV GLYLGHG E\ WKH PHDVXUHG OHQJWK RI WKH HGJH RI WKH JODV

53、V RU GLDJRQDO LQ PLOOLPHWUHV DV DSSURSULDWH 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW VKDOO EH FDUULHG RXW DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUH GHIRUPDWLRQ IRU FDOFXODWLQJ RYHUDOO ERZ % RU + RU GLDJRQDO OHQJWK ORFDO ERZ PP OHQJWK )

54、LJXUH 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI RYHUDOO DQG ORFDO ERZ % RU + % RU + % RU + PD[LPXP PP )LJXUH 6XSSRUW FRQGLWLRQV IRU WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI RYHUDOO ERZ 0HDVXUHPHQW RI ORFDO ERZ /RFDO E

55、RZ FDQ RFFXU RYHU UHODWLYHO\ VKRUW GLVWDQFHV RQ WKH HGJHV RI WKH JODVV /RFDO ERZ VKDOO EH PHDVXUHG RYHU D OLPLWHG OHQJWK RI PP E\ XVLQJ D VWUDLJKW UXOHU RU D VWUHWFKHG ZLUH SDUDOOHO WR WKH HGJH DW D GLVWDQFH RI PP IURP WKH HGJH RI WKH JODVV VHH ILJXUH /RFDO ERZ LV H[SUHVV

56、HG DV PLOOLPHWUHV PP OHQJWK )RU SDWWHUQHG JODVV ORFDO ERZ VKDOO EH GHWHUPLQHG E\ XVLQJ D VWUDLJKW UXOHU UHVWLQJ RQ WKH KLJK SRLQWV RI WKH SDWWHUQ DQG PHDVXULQJ WR D KLJK SRLQW RI WKH SDWWHUQ /LPLWDWLRQ RQ RYHUDOO DQG ORFDO ERZ 7KH PD[LPXP DOORZDEOH YDOXHV IRU WKH

57、 RYHUDOO ERZ ZKHQ PHDVXUHG DFFRUGLQJ WR DQG ORFDO ERZ ZKHQ PHDVXUHG DFFRUGLQJ WR IRU JODVV ZLWKRXW KROHV DQG RU QRWFKHV DQG RU FXW RXWV DUH JLYHQ LQ WDEOH 7DEOH 0D[LPXP YDOXHV IRU RYHUDOO DQG ORFDO ERZ 0DQXIDFWXULQJ 3URFHVV 7\SH RI JODVV 0D[LPXP YDOXHV 2YHUD

58、OO ERZ PP PP /RFDO ERZ PP PP +RUL]RQWDO )ORDW WR (1 2WKHUV 9HUWLFDO $OO $VN WKH PDQXIDFWXUHU (GJH ZRUN KROHV QRWFKHV DQG FXW RXWV :DUQLQJ :$51,1* +HDW VWUHQJWKHQHG VRGD OLPH VLOLFDWH JODVV VKRXOG QRW EH FXW VDZHG GULOOHG RU HGJH ZRU

59、NHG DIWHU KHDW VWUHQJWKHQLQJ (GJH ZRUNLQJ RI JODVV IRU KHDW VWUHQJWKHQLQJ (YHU\ JODVV ZKLFK LV WR EH KHDW VWUHQJWKHQHG KDV WR EH HGJH ZRUNHG SULRU WR KHDW VWUHQJWKHQLQJ 7KH VLPSOHVW W\SH RI HGJH ZRUNLQJ LV WKH DUULVVHG HGJH >VHH ILJXUH D @ 2WKHU FRPPRQ W\SHV DU

60、H VKRZQ LQ ILJXUHV E WR G )RU VSHFLDOLVW HGJH ZRUN VXFK DV ?ZDWHU MHW FXWWLQJ? WKH PDQXIDFWXUHUV VKRXOG EH FRQVXOWHG )LJXUH D $UULVVHG HGJH ZLWK EODQN VSRWV )LJXUH E *URXQG HGJH ZLWK EODQN VSRWV

61、 )LJXUH F 6PRRWK JURXQG HGJH QR EODQN VSRWV )LJXUH G 3ROLVKHG HGJH 3URILOHG HGJHV 9DULRXV RWKHU HGJH SURILOHV FDQ EH PDQXIDFWXUHG ZLWK GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI HGJHZRUN 5RXQG KROHV *HQHUDO 7KLV VWDQGDUG FRQVLGHUV RQO\ UR

62、XQG KROHV LQ JODVV WKDW LV QRW OHVV WKDQ PP QRPLQDO WKLFNQHVV 7KH PDQXIDFWXUHUV VKRXOG EH FRQVXOWHG DERXW HGJH ZRUNLQJ RI KROHV 'LDPHWHU RI KROHV 7KH GLDPHWHU RI KROHV ? VKDOO QRW LQ JHQHUDO EH OHVV WKDQ WKH QRPLQDO WKLFNQHVV RI WKH JODVV )RU VPDOOHU KROHV

63、 WKH PDQXIDFWXUHUV VKRXOG EH FRQVXOWHG /LPLWDWLRQV RQ SRVLWLRQ RI KROHV ,Q JHQHUDO WKH OLPLWDWLRQV RQ KROH SRVLWLRQV UHODWLYH WR WKH HGJHV RI WKH JODVV SDQH WKH FRUQHUV RI WKH JODVV SDQH DQG WR HDFK RWKHU GHSHQGV RQ WKH QRPLQDO JODVV WKLFNQHVV G WKH GLPHQVLRQV R

64、I WKH SDQH % + WKH KROH GLDPHWHU ? WKH VKDSH RI WKH SDQH WKH QXPEHU RI KROHV 7KH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV JLYHQ EHORZ DUH WKRVH ZKLFK DUH QRUPDOO\ DYDLODEOH DQG DUH OLPLWHG WR SDQHV ZLWK D PD[LPXP RI KROHV 7KH GLVWDQFH D RI WKH HGJH RI D KROH WR WKH JODVV HGJH VKRXOG

65、EH QRW OHVV WKDQ G D D ? G )LJXUH 5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ KROH DQG HGJH RI SDQH 7KH GLVWDQFH E EHWZHHQ WKH HGJHV RI WZR KROHV VKRXOG EH QRW OHVV WKDQ G E E ? G )LJXUH 5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WZR KROHV

66、 7KH GLVWDQFH F RI WKH HGJH RI D KROH WR WKH FRUQHU RI WKH JODVV VKRXOG EH QRW OHVV WKDQ G G F G F ? G )LJXUH 5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ KROH DQG FRUQHU RI SDQH 127( ,I RQH RI WKH GLVWDQFHV IURP WKH HGJH RI WKH KROH WR WKH HGJH RI WKH JODVV LV OHVV WKDQ PP LW FDQ EH QHFHVVDU\ WR SRVLWLRQ WKH KROH DV\PPHWULFDOO\ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH FRUQHU 7KH PDQXIDFWXUHUV VKRXOG EH FRQVXOWHG 7ROHUDQFHV RQ KR