制藥工程 專業(yè)英語 Unit 1

《制藥工程 專業(yè)英語 Unit 1》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《制藥工程 專業(yè)英語 Unit 1（81頁珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、The professional English of pharmaceutical engineeringWang XinliangEast China university of science and technologyvFinal examination Two parts:grade of daily study(30%)attendance rate homework others(exercise,middle examination)grade of final examination(70%)The content of examinationThe content of

2、examinationvDegree test 50%basic English 50%professional English word:translation from English to Chinese(5 points)translation from Chinese to English(5 points)Translation:(40 points)4 paragraphs which include about 250 words in each of them.pay attention to only 125 to 150 words in each paragraph n

3、eed to be translated.These 4 paragraphs are not simple sentence.How to learn the professional EnglishvMaster some skillsvMaster the necessary knowledgevWhat is the most important thingvWhat is the important thing in this course remember the word?translate sentence by sentence?learn more professional

4、 knowledge?Youdao Dict 有道詞典有道詞典How to teach the professional English Crocin yellow（藏花素）（藏花素）,which is extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis（梔子）（梔子）,is widely used as a natural food colorant in Asian countries,while Gardenia extract has been used in Chinese traditional medicine(CTM)for curing a n

5、umber of ailments 3.These crocetin（藏紅花酸）（藏紅花酸）derivatives,which are different from most families of carotenoids（類胡蘿卜素）（類胡蘿卜素）,are known for their coloring properties owing to their peculiar water-soluble behavior 4.Numerous studies have dealt with the component structures of yellow pigment extracts

6、isolated from gardenia fruits 48,their spectroscopic characterization and radical-scavenging activity 4,9,data concerning the concentration of major components for the determination of optimal time of harvest and extraction process 10,11.The content of this coursevIntroduce some skills of translatio

7、n and do some exercise in the classroom.vSummarize some regulations in the professional English.vLearn the text.vDiscuss some topics.Part 1 Medicinal chemistry Unit 1 Production of DrugsvThe whole concept of the production of drugsvThe classification of the drugs vThe introduction of each group of d

8、rugs The first question:how to classify the drugvDepending on the kinds of disease:Cardiovascular drugs Digestive system drugs Respiratory system drugs Antiviral drugsvProprietary drugs or Generic drugsvDepending on the production or origin:藥品的生產(chǎn)藥品的生產(chǎn)依據(jù)其生產(chǎn)或來源，藥物制劑可以分為三類：依據(jù)其生產(chǎn)或來源，藥物制劑可以分為三類：I.完全的合成材料

9、（完全的合成材料（人工合成材料人工合成材料），），II.天然產(chǎn)物，和天然產(chǎn)物，和III.源自部分合成的產(chǎn)品（源自部分合成的產(chǎn)品（半合成產(chǎn)品半合成產(chǎn)品）。）。Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I.Totally synthetic materials(synthetics)，II.Natural products，andIII.Products from partial syntheses(semi-synthetic products).Uni

10、t 1 Products of DrugsWordssynthetics glycoside(s)hydrolysate dextrantargeted modificationEpinephrineLevodopaProstaglandinsD-PenicillamineVincamine EukaryontProkaryontLeuconostoc mesenteroidesCorynebacterium glutamicumBrevibacterium flavum Propionibacterium shermaniipurina nucleotidecitric acidmonoso

11、dium L-glutamatechromatinn.用作復(fù)用作復(fù)人工合成人工合成(絕緣絕緣)材料材料n.配醣；配糖體；糖苷配醣；配糖體；糖苷n.水解液；水解產(chǎn)物水解液；水解產(chǎn)物n.葡萄聚糖；右旋糖酐葡萄聚糖；右旋糖酐定向（或靶向）修飾定向（或靶向）修飾n.腎上腺素腎上腺素n.藥藥 左旋多巴（等于左旋多巴（等于L-dopa）n.前列腺素（前列腺素（prostaglandin的復(fù)數(shù)形式）的復(fù)數(shù)形式）n.D-青霉胺青霉胺n.長春胺長春胺n.真真核細(xì)胞核細(xì)胞n.原原核細(xì)胞核細(xì)胞腸膜狀明串珠菌腸膜狀明串珠菌谷氨酸棒桿菌谷氨酸棒桿菌黃色短桿菌黃色短桿菌謝氏丙酸桿菌謝氏丙酸桿菌嘌呤核苷（酸）嘌呤核苷（酸）

12、檸檬酸檸檬酸谷氨酸鈉（味精）谷氨酸鈉（味精）n.核染色質(zhì)；核染質(zhì)核染色質(zhì)；核染質(zhì)Alkali metalLi lithium Na sodiumK potassiumRb rubidiumCs caesium Fr franciumH hydrogen 本書的重點(diǎn)是在于本書的重點(diǎn)是在于和和類中類中最重要的最重要的化合物化合物藥物合成。但是，這藥物合成。但是，這并不意味著，天然產(chǎn)品或其他制劑并不太重要。它們可以作為有價(jià)值的先導(dǎo)并不意味著，天然產(chǎn)品或其他制劑并不太重要。它們可以作為有價(jià)值的先導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)，他們常常作為重要的合成產(chǎn)品的起始原料或中間體產(chǎn)品。結(jié)構(gòu)，他們常常作為重要的合成產(chǎn)品的起始原料或中間體

13、產(chǎn)品。表表1列列出了獲取出了獲取藥物制劑藥物制劑的不同方法的概述。的不同方法的概述。The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and -thus Drug synthesis.This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important.They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently ne

14、eded as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.最初從天然資源庫獲得的幾個(gè)重要治療作用的天然產(chǎn)品，今天可以通過全最初從天然資源庫獲得的幾個(gè)重要治療作用的天然產(chǎn)品，今天可以通過全合成更有效地，例如更經(jīng)濟(jì)地被制備出來。這樣的例子包括合成更有效地，例如更經(jīng)濟(jì)地被制備出來。這樣的例子包括L-氨基酸、氯霉素氨基酸、氯霉素、

15、咖啡因、多巴胺、腎上腺素、左旋多巴、肽類激素、前列腺素、咖啡因、多巴胺、腎上腺素、左旋多巴、肽類激素、前列腺素、D-青霉胺青霉胺、長春胺，、長春胺，以及幾乎所有的維生素。以及幾乎所有的維生素。Several therapeutically significant natural products which were originally obtained from natural sources are today more effectively-i.e.more economically-prepared by total synthesis.Such examples include

16、L-amino acids,Chloramphenicol,Caffeine,Dopamine,Epinephrine,Levodopa,peptide hormones,Prostaglandins,D-Penicillamine,Vincamine,and practically all vitamins.在過去的幾年里在過去的幾年里，發(fā)酵發(fā)酵，即微生物過程即微生物過程，變得極其重要。通過現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和變得極其重要。通過現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和基因選擇導(dǎo)致基因選擇導(dǎo)致的的微生物微生物的的高性能高性能突異變種突異變種的的結(jié)果結(jié)果，發(fā)酵已成為選，發(fā)酵已成為選擇寬范圍擇寬范圍物質(zhì)物質(zhì)的的方法。真核細(xì)胞（酵母菌和霉

17、菌）和原核細(xì)胞（單細(xì)胞細(xì)菌，放線菌）方法。真核細(xì)胞（酵母菌和霉菌）和原核細(xì)胞（單細(xì)胞細(xì)菌，放線菌）都可都可用用作作微生物?？梢缘玫较铝挟a(chǎn)品類型：微生物?？梢缘玫较铝挟a(chǎn)品類型：Over the last few years fermentation-i.e.microbiological processes has become extremely important.Through modern technology and results from genetic selection leading to the creation of high performance mutants of

18、 microorganisms,fermentation has already become the method of choice for a wide range of substances.Both Eukaryonts(yeasts and moulds)and Prokaryonts(single bacterial cells,and actinomycetes)are used microorganisms.The following product types can be obtained:盡管從諸如腸膜盡管從諸如腸膜狀狀明串球菌的某些微生物的黏膜可以生產(chǎn)葡萄聚糖，但明串

19、球菌的某些微生物的黏膜可以生產(chǎn)葡萄聚糖，但第第2和和3類產(chǎn)品類型只與藥品生產(chǎn)的有關(guān)。葡聚糖自身的分子量類產(chǎn)品類型只與藥品生產(chǎn)的有關(guān)。葡聚糖自身的分子量5萬萬10萬，萬，可用作血漿代用品。而來自谷氨酸棒桿菌和黃色短桿菌突變體的初級(jí)代謝可用作血漿代用品。而來自谷氨酸棒桿菌和黃色短桿菌突變體的初級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物中，產(chǎn)物中，L-氨基酸尤其令人感興趣。從這些生物體中，可以生產(chǎn)約氨基酸尤其令人感興趣。從這些生物體中，可以生產(chǎn)約35萬噸萬噸L-谷氨酸單鈉鹽（谷氨酸單鈉鹽（味精味精，食品添加劑）和約，食品添加劑）和約70,000噸噸L-賴氨酸（用于植物蛋白賴氨酸（用于植物蛋白補(bǔ)充物質(zhì)）。此外，重要的初級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物還有

20、嘌呤核苷酸、有機(jī)酸、乳酸、補(bǔ)充物質(zhì)）。此外，重要的初級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物還有嘌呤核苷酸、有機(jī)酸、乳酸、檸檬酸和維生素，例如源自謝氏丙酸桿菌的維生素檸檬酸和維生素，例如源自謝氏丙酸桿菌的維生素B12。Disregarding the production of dextran from the mucous membranes of certain microorganisms，e.g.Leuconostoc mesenteroides,classes 2 and 3 are the relevant ones for the preparation of drugs.Dextran itself,wit

21、h a molecular weight of 50,000 100,000,is used as a blood plasma substitute.Among the primary metabolites the L-amino acids from mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Brevibacterium flavum are especially interesting.From these organisms some 350,000 tones of monosodium L-glutamate(food additive)

22、and some 70,000 tones of L-lysine(supplement for vegetable proteins)are produced.Further important primary metabolites are the purina nucleotides,organic acids,lactic acid,citric acid,and vitamins,for example vitamin B12 from Propionibacterium shermanii.在次生代謝產(chǎn)物中首先必須提到的是抗生素。以下五組藥品代表了全球在次生代謝產(chǎn)物中首先必須提到的

23、是抗生素。以下五組藥品代表了全球每年價(jià)值每年價(jià)值170億美元：億美元：青霉素類（青霉素類（產(chǎn)黃青霉產(chǎn)黃青霉），），頭孢菌素類（頭孢菌素類（頂頭孢霉菌頂頭孢霉菌），），四環(huán)素類（四環(huán)素類（金霉素鏈霉菌金霉素鏈霉菌），），紅霉素類（紅霉素類（紅霉素鏈霉菌紅霉素鏈霉菌），），氨基糖苷（如來自氨基糖苷（如來自灰色鏈霉菌灰色鏈霉菌的的鏈霉素鏈霉素）。Among the secondary metabolites the antibiotics must be mentioned first.The following five groups represent a yearly worldwide va

24、lue of US-$17 billion:penicillins (Penicillium chrysogenum)，cephalosporins(Cephalosporium acremonium)，tetracyclines(Streptomyces aureofaciens)，erythromycins(Streptomyces erythreus)，aminoglycosides(e.g.streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus).Dextran is a polymer of glucose.It is a white powder and it

25、 is soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol.Dextran can increase the plasma volume and maintain the blood pressure,so it can be used for as a blood plasma substitute.It can be produced by fermentation of sucrose in leuconostoc mesenteroides.Certainly,the fermentation only produce the raw material

26、and the some purification is necessary.The simple introduction of dextran Molecular formula:（C6H10O5）n glucose 葡萄糖葡萄糖fructose 果糖果糖 OOOmono-,di-,tri-,polymer單體，二聚體，三聚體，聚合體單體，二聚體，三聚體，聚合體(物物)sucrose n.蔗糖蔗糖 從微生物中已分離出約從微生物中已分離出約5000種抗生素，但其中只有不到種抗生素，但其中只有不到100種有治療用途。種有治療用途。但是，必須記住，許多衍生物已通過部分合成法來修飾以獲得治療用途；

27、在過但是，必須記住，許多衍生物已通過部分合成法來修飾以獲得治療用途；在過去的十年里，采用半合成方法已從去的十年里，采用半合成方法已從-內(nèi)酰胺內(nèi)酰胺獲得了約獲得了約50,000種制劑。發(fā)酵種制劑。發(fā)酵是是在在體積高達(dá)體積高達(dá)400m3的的不銹鋼發(fā)酵罐不銹鋼發(fā)酵罐中進(jìn)行中進(jìn)行。為了避免受到噬菌體等微生物的污染，。為了避免受到噬菌體等微生物的污染，（發(fā)酵）全過程都必須在無菌條件下進(jìn)行。由于更重要的（發(fā)酵）全過程都必須在無菌條件下進(jìn)行。由于更重要的是，是，發(fā)酵只在有氧條發(fā)酵只在有氧條件下才能發(fā)生件下才能發(fā)生；因此因此，需要需要提供提供有足夠量的（無菌）氧氣或空氣。二氧化碳的有足夠量的（無菌）氧氣或空氣

28、。二氧化碳的來源包括糖類（碳水化合物），如廢糖漿、低聚糖類和葡萄糖。來源包括糖類（碳水化合物），如廢糖漿、低聚糖類和葡萄糖。About 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms,but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use.It must be remembered，however，that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therape

29、utic use;some 50,000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from-lactams alone in the last decade.Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3.To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc.the whole process has to be performed under steril

30、e conditions.Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions,a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed.Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates,e.g.molasses,saccharides,and glucose.Wordsammonium（ammonia）aminesodium bicarbonatesodium hydroxidehydrochloric/

31、sulfuric/nitric acidhypochloritechloritechlorate perchloratenitritenitratesulfidesulfitesulfate persulfatephosphite hypophosphite phosphatedihydrogen phosphatehydrogen phosphate銨；銨鹽銨；銨鹽（氨；氨水氨；氨水）胺胺碳酸氫鈉；小蘇打、碳酸氫鈉；小蘇打、NaHCO3氫氧化鈉氫氧化鈉、NaOH鹽鹽酸；酸；硫硫酸；酸；硝硝酸酸次氯酸鹽（酯）次氯酸鹽（酯）亞氯酸鹽（酯）亞氯酸鹽（酯）氯酸鹽（酯）氯酸鹽（酯）高氯酸鹽（酯）高氯酸

32、鹽（酯）亞硝酸鹽（酯）亞硝酸鹽（酯）硝酸鹽（酯）硝酸鹽（酯）硫化物；硫醚硫化物；硫醚亞硫酸鹽（酯）亞硫酸鹽（酯）硫酸鹽（酯）硫酸鹽（酯）過硫酸鹽（酯）過硫酸鹽（酯）亞磷酸鹽（酯）亞磷酸鹽（酯）次磷酸鹽（酯）次磷酸鹽（酯）磷酸鹽（酯）磷酸鹽（酯）磷酸二氫鹽磷酸二氫鹽磷酸一氫鹽磷酸一氫鹽Prefix-Parent-SuffixNomenclature of parent part:Nomenclature of alkanes and alkyl substituentsStraight-chain alkanes Straight-chain alkanes are named by count

33、ing the number of carbon atoms in the chain and adding the family suffix-aneane.Thus pentane is the five-carbon alkane,and hexane is the six-carbon alkane.Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 1vAn alkyl substituent(or an alkyl group)is an alkane from which a single hydrogen has been removed.vAlkyl subs

34、tituents are named by replacing the“ane”suffix of the alkane with“yl”.The letter“R”is used to indicate any alkyl group.vThus CH3-has the name of methyl,while the group of CH3CH2-was named ethyl.Number Molecular Name Name in Alkylof carbons formula Chinese substituents 1 CH4 Methane甲甲烷烷 Methyl 2 C2H6

35、 Ethane乙乙烷烷 Ethyl 3 C3H8 Propane丙丙烷烷 Propyl 4 C4H10 Butane 丁丁烷烷 Butyl 5 C5H12 Pentane 戊戊烷烷 Pentyl 6 C6H14 Hexane己己烷烷 Hexyl 7 C7H16 Heptane 庚庚烷烷 Heptyl 8 C8H18 Octane辛辛烷烷 Octyl 9 C9H20 Nonane壬壬烷烷 Nonyl 10 C10H22 Decane癸癸烷烷 Decyl 11 C11H24 Undecane十一十一烷烷 Undecyl 12 C12H26 Dodecane十二十二烷烷 Dodecyl 13 C13

36、H28 Tridecane十三十三烷烷 Tridecyl 20 C20H42 Icosane二十二十烷烷 Icosyl 21 C21H44 Heneicosane二十一二十一烷烷 Heneicosyl 30 C30H62 Triacontane三十三十烷烷 TriacontylBranched-chain alkanes 3-ethyl-3-methylhexaneCH3CH2CCH2CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3 Some useful prefixes for indicating the number of substituent groupsMono-單取代單取代,一取代一取代Di-二

37、取代二取代Tri-三取代三取代Tetra-四取代四取代Pent(a)-五取代五取代Hex(a)-六取代六取代Hept(a)-七取代七取代Oct(a)-八取代八取代Nona-九取代九取代Deca-十取代十取代2,6-dimethyloctanenot2-ethyl-6-methylheptane3-ethyl-2-methylhexanenot3-isopropylhexaneCH3CHCH2CH2 CH2CHCH3CH2CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH2 CH2CH3CHCH3CH3vSome useful prefixes used to name branched alkanes (Com

38、mon names)(normal)n-正正(isomer)iso-異異neo-新新primary 伯，一級(jí)伯，一級(jí)(secondary)sec-仲，二級(jí)仲，二級(jí)(tertiary)tert-叔，三級(jí)叔，三級(jí)quaternary 季，四級(jí)季，四級(jí) n-pentane neopentane isobutane 正戊烷正戊烷 新戊烷新戊烷 異丁烷異丁烷 Pentane 2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylpropanetert-butanol iso-butanamine sec-butanamine 叔丁醇叔丁醇 異丁胺異丁胺 仲丁胺仲丁胺2-methyl-2-propano

39、l 2-methylpropanamine 1-methylpropanamineCH3(CH2)3CH3CH3CCH3CH3CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CCH3OHCH3CH3CHCH2NH2CH3CH3CH2CHNH2CH3 The univalent radical derived from acyclic alkene or alkyne has the endings“-enyl”or“-ynyl”,(alkene alkenyl)(alkyne alkynyl),and the position of the double or triple bond is indicate

40、d where necessary.(unlike alkane alkyl)e.g.1-propenyl 2-butenyl ethynyl 2-propynylCHCHCH3CH3CHCHCH2CHCCHCCH2The following non-systematic names are retainedvEthylene(乙烯）乙烯）vAllene（丙二烯）（丙二烯）vAcetylene（乙炔）（乙炔）vIsoprene（異戊二烯）（異戊二烯）vVinyl（乙烯基）（乙烯基）vAllyl（烯丙基）（烯丙基）vIsopropenyl（異丙烯基）（異丙烯基）CHCHCH2CH2CH2CCH2

41、CH2CHCH2CHCH2CH3CCH2Nomenclature of acyclic hydrocarbons with two or more double or triple bondsvTwo or more double bonds:the ending will be“-adiene”,“-atriene”etc.(alkadiene)vTwo or more triple bonds:the ending will be“-adiyne”,“-atriyne”etc.(alkadiyne)e.g.2-methyl-1,3-butadiene propadiene 2,5-dime

42、thyl-2,4,6-octatriene 3-ethyl-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiyneCH2CCH2CHCHCH3CH3Nomenclature of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 苯苯 甲苯甲苯 二甲苯二甲苯 苯乙烯苯乙烯 異丙苯異丙苯 均三甲苯均三甲苯 benzene toluene xylene styrene cumene mesitylene苯基苯基 甲苯基甲苯基 二甲苯基二甲苯基 苯乙烯基苯乙烯基 異丙苯基異丙苯基 均三甲苯基均三甲苯基 芐基芐基Phenyl tolyl xylyl styryl cumenyl mesityl

43、 benzylCH3CH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH2Common names retained for thedisubstituted benzeneortho-,o-鄰鄰meta-,m-間間para-,p-對(duì)對(duì) m-methylbenzyl m-tolyl 3,4-dimethylphenyl3-methylbenzyl 3-tolyl o-styryl p-cumenyl 3,5-dimethyl-4-ethylphenyl 2-styryl 4-cumenyl CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH2CH3C

44、H3CH3CH3CH2CH3 Some important Families of organic moleculesvSaturated hydrocarbons:such as:Alkanes;cycloalkanes;vUn-saturated hydrocarbons:such as:alkenes;alkynes;cycloalkenes;cycloalkynes;cycloalkadienes;cycloalkadiynes;vAromatic compouds:benzene;biphenyl;naphthalene and other fused and polycyclic

45、aromatic hydrocarbons;vCompounds with functional groups:alkyl halides（鹵代烴）（鹵代烴）;alcohols（醇）（醇）;phenols（酚）（酚）;ethers（醚）（醚）;amines（胺）（胺）;vCompounds with functional groups:aldehydes（醛）（醛）;ketones（酮）（酮）;quinones（醌）（醌）;carboxylic acids（羧酸）（羧酸）;esters（酯）（酯）;acyl halides（酰鹵）（酰鹵）;acid anhydrides（酸酐）（酸酐）amid

46、es（酰胺）（酰胺）;imides（亞胺）（亞胺）;Compounds with functional groups:alkyl halides（鹵代烴）（鹵代烴）;alcohols（醇）（醇）;phenols（酚）（酚）;ethers（醚）（醚）;amines（胺）（胺）etc.valkyl halidesR-X halogen (-halo)(-Cl,-Br,-F,-I)vAlcoholsR-OH hydroxy group(-OH)vPhenolsAr-OH hydroxy group(-OH)vEthersR-O-R Alkoxy group(O-R)vAminesR-NH2 amin

47、o group(NH2)Alkyl halides(haloalkane or alkyl halide)Alkyl halides are classified as primary,secondary,or tertiary depending on the carbon to which the halogen is attached.CH3CH2BrCH3CHCH3BrCH3CBrCH3CH3a primary alkyl halidea secondary alkyl halide a tertiary alkyl halide ethyl bromide tert-butyl br

48、omide sec-propyl bromide The common names of the alkyl halides are obtained by citing the name of the alkyl group followed by the name of the halogen.(alkyl halide)In the IUPAC system,alkyl halides are named as substituted alkanes.The substituted prefix names for the halogens end in“o”(fluoro,chloro

49、,bromo,iodo).(haloalkane)CH3CH2ClCH3CHCH3FCH3CBrCH3CH3 sec-propyl fluoride ethyl chloride tert-butyl bromideCH3I methyl iodide 2-fluoropropane chloroethane2-bromo-2-methylpropane iodomethaneAlcohols The common names,similar to alkyl halides,are obtained by citing the name of the alkyl group to which

50、 the OH group is attached,followed by the word“alcohol”.(alkyl alcohol)The IUPAC name for an alcohol is obtained by removing the“e”from the name of the alkane and adding the suffix“ol”.(alkanol)CH3CH2OHCH3CHCH3OHCH3COHCH3CH3sec-propyl alcohol(isopropyl alcohol)ethyl alcoholtert-butyl alcohol2-propan

51、ol ethanol2-methyl2-propanolNomenclature of alcoholsAmines are compounds in which one or more hydrogen of ammonia have been replaced by alkyl groups.There are primary,secondary,and tertiary amines.This classification depends on how many alkyl groups are bonded to the nitrogen.(!not carbon)RNH2a seco

52、ndary amine a primary aminea tertiary amineRNHRRNRRRCRRNH2RCRROH a primary amine a tertiary alcoholNomenclature of aminesvThe common name of a amine is obtained by citing the names of the alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen in alphabetical order.The entire name is written as one word.(alkylamine)e.g

53、.CH3NCH3CH3CH3NCH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3NCH2CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH2Cltrimethylaminebutylethylmethylamineno common namevThere are two IUPAC approved way to name an amine.vIt can be named as a substituted alkane using the prefix“amino”to designate the amine substituent.(?aminoalkane)vIt also can been named with

54、 a functional group suffix-“amine”.The“e”at the end of the alkane name is replaced by“amine”.The names of substituents bonded to the nitrogen are preceded by an N(in italic)to indicate that the substituent is bonded to a nitrogen rather than to a carbon.(N-alkyl)alkanamineCH3NCH3CH3CH3NCH2CH2CH2CH3C

55、H2CH3CH3NCH2CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH2Cldimethylaminomethane1-(ethylmethylamino)butane1-chloro-2-(ethylmethylamino)pentaneorN,N-dimethylmethanamineorN-ethyl-N-methylbutanamineor1-chloro-N-ethyl-N-methyl-2-pentanaminetrimethylaminebutylethylmethylamineno common namevAmines with four alkyl groups bonded to the

56、 nitrogen-and therefore a positive charge on the nitrogen-are called quaternary ammonium salts.Their names are obtained by citing the names of the alkyl groups in alphabetical order as a prefix to“ammonium”,followed by the name of the counterion.alkylammonium halide(or hydroxide etc)CH3N+CH3CH3CH3CH

57、3N+CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3CH3N+CH2CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH2ClCH3OH-Cl-Br-tetramethylammonium hydroxide(1-chloromethyl)butylethyldimethylammonium bromidebutylethyldimethylammoniumchlorideNomenclature of etherssymmetrical ether and asymmetrical ether.e.g.RORRORa symmetrical etheran asymmetrical ethervThe common

58、 name of an ether is obtained by citing the names of the two alkyl substituents(in alphabetical order)followed by the word“ether”.The smallest ethers are almost always named by their common names.(alkylalkyl ether)vThe IUPAC system names an ether as an alkane that bears an alkoxy substituent.Alkoxy

59、substituents are named by removing the“yl”from the name of the alkyl substituent and adding“oxy”.(alkoxyalkane)CH3OH3CH2COCH2CH3CH3OCH2CH3CH3OCHCH2CH3CH3ethoxyethanemethoxyethane2-methoxybutanemethoxycyclohexaneCH3OCH3CH2OCH3CHOCH3CH2COCH3CH3CH3methylethyl1-methylethyl1,1-dimethylpropylmethoxy ethox

60、y 1-methylethoxy 1,1-dimethylpropoxy diethyl ether(ethyl ether)ethylmethyl ethersec-butylmethyl ethercyclohexylmethyl ether A carbonyl group（羰基）（羰基）is a carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen and an acyl group（?；；﹊s a carbonyl group attached to an alkyl substituent.A benzoyl group（苯甲?；ū郊柞；﹊s a car

61、bonyl group attached to a benzene ring.OROCOa carbonyl groupan acyl groupa benzoyl groupvThe common name of an aldehyde is the same as carboxylic acid(derived from some Latin words).(Latin+aldehyde)vThe IUPAC name of an aldehyde is obtained by removing the“e”from the alkane name and adding“-al”.(alk

62、anal)OHH3COHCOHHformaldehydeacetaldehydebenzaldehydemethanalethanalphenylmethanalNomenclature of aldehydes and ketonesvIf the aldehyde group is attached to a ring,the aldehyde is named by adding“carbaldehyde”to the name of the ring.(cycloalkanecarbaldehyde)OHOHOHCH3OHCH2CH3CH3benzenecarbaldehydecycl

63、ohexanecarbaldehyde4-methylbenzenecarbaldehyde5-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexanecarbaldehydephenylmethanalvCommon name:Only a few ketons have common names,such as acetone(like aldehyde).Common names are also used for phenyl-substituted ketones.They are called phenones.(+one)vIUPAC name:Ketones are named in

64、 the IUPAC system by removing the“e”from the alkane name and adding“-one”.(alkanone)vDerived name:Like ethers,R-CO-R can be named by citing the names of the two alkyl substituents(in alphabetical order)followed by the word“ketone”.(alkylalkyl ketone)Nomenclature of ketonesCommon nameIUPAC nameDerive

65、d nameOCH2CH3H3COCH3COCH3H3COCH3acetoneacetophenonebutyrophenonepropanonephenylethanonephenylbutanone2-butanonebutyryl benzene or dimethyl ketonemethyl phenyl ketonephenyl propyl ketoneethyl methyl ketone Nomenclature of carboxylic acids and its derivativesOXRX=OH,a carboxylic acidX=halogen,an acyl

66、halide X=OR,an ester X=OCOR,an acid anhydride X=NRR,an amide Nomenclature of carboxylic acids a carboxyl group The functional group of a carboxylic acid is called a carboxyl group.Long-chain carboxylic acids are called“fatty acids”.OOHvCommon name:Carboxylic acids(6)are frequently called by their common names.They are named by adding“Latin prefix”before“acid”.?what is carbon?v IUPAC name:a carboxylic acid is named by replaceing the“e”ending of the alkane name with“oic acid”.(alkanoic acid)vCarbo