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1、2020/7/29,1,第五講 國民收入決定 (商品市場均衡),,兩部門經(jīng)濟均衡國民收入的決定 三部門經(jīng)濟均衡國民收入的決定 四部門經(jīng)濟均衡國民收入的決定 圖形與計算,2020/7/29,2,均衡產(chǎn)出概念,均衡產(chǎn)出與社會總需求相等的產(chǎn)出。 或與社會總支出相等的產(chǎn)出,即與全社會所有居民和廠商的計劃總支出相等的產(chǎn)出。,國民收入核算: 實際產(chǎn)出 = 計劃支出 + 非計劃存貨投資 均衡產(chǎn)出:非計劃存貨投資 = 0,2020/7/29,3,,,,,,AE,Y=AE,Y,100,0,45,,。,,100,2020/7/29,4,,,,AE,Y,O,,45,AE = Y,,AE,,Y*,,,Y1,
2、Y2,,,IU 0,IU < 0,Y*:均衡產(chǎn)出(AE=Y) Y1:AE Y 非計劃存貨投資 = 增加產(chǎn)出 Y2:AE 減少產(chǎn)出,IU=Y-AE,非計劃存貨投資(Unplanned Inventory Investment),2020/7/29,5,1 兩部門經(jīng)濟均衡產(chǎn)出(國民收入)的決定與變動,1.1兩部門經(jīng)濟的均衡產(chǎn)出(收入-支出法) 國民產(chǎn)出(國民收入)= 總支出(總需求) Y = AE (AD) 總支出(總需求):AE(AD) = C + I 均衡產(chǎn)出: Y = C + I C= a + Y Y*=( a + I)/(1- ),2020/7
3、/29,6,圖示法,,,O,Y,AE,,,450,,AE=C+I,,Y *,E *,2020/7/29,7,圖示法,,,O,Y,AE,,,450,,(C+I)0,E0,,Y0,,,(C+I)1,E1,,Y1,,2020/7/29,8,圖示法,,,O,Y,AE=C+I,,,450,,a,C,,a+I0,C+I0,,,Y *,2020/7/29,9,均衡國民收入決定模型: Y=C+I C=a+ Y I=I0 解聯(lián)立方程得均衡國民收入為: Y * =(a+I0)/(1- ),2020/7/29,10,節(jié)儉悖論(Paradox of shrift) B. Mondevi
4、ll(1712):“蜜蜂寓言” “過度節(jié)儉會使蕭條的經(jīng)濟更蕭條” 古代各國經(jīng)濟繁榮時期總是伴隨著大興土木建設廟宇和宮殿:古羅馬、古埃及、古希臘、古代中國,,2020/7/29,11,1.2兩部門經(jīng)濟的均衡產(chǎn)出(儲蓄- 投資法),均衡國民收入決定模型: I=S S= -a+(1- )Y I=I0 解方程組得: Y * =(a+I0)/(1- ),2020/7/29,12,圖示法(利用儲蓄函數(shù)),,,O,Y,S,I,,-a,S=-a+(1- )Y,,I=I0,,Y*,2020/7/29,13,兩種圖示法的關系,,,,AE=C+I,Y,O,,C,,,C+I,,Y*,,,O,
5、Y,S,I,,S,,I,,Y*,2020/7/29,14,,,,,,AE,AE0,Y=AE,E0,Y,Y0,0,,,,,,AE2,AE1,Y2,Y1,E2,E1,45,。,邊際消費傾向變動對均衡國民收入的影響,“節(jié)約悖論” Paradox of Thrift,2020/7/29,15,,,S,0,,S = + (1)Y,,,I,E,,Y0,Y,2020/7/29,16,,,S,0,,S0,,,I,E0,,Y0,Y,邊際儲蓄傾向變動對均衡國民收入的影響,,S1,E1,,Y1,,,Y2,E2,S2,2020/7/29,17,總支出AE= Y總收入 C + I + G = C + S+ T I +
6、G = S + T I S = T G,2 三部門經(jīng)濟中均衡國民收入的決定及變動,三部門經(jīng)濟的均衡條件:,2020/7/29,18,2.1 政府購買支出與均衡國民收入,,,O,Y,AE,,,450,,a,C,,,a+I0,C+I,E0,,Y0,,,a+I0+G0,C+I+G,E1,,Y1,,2020/7/29,19,,,O,Y,S/I/G,,-a,S,,I=I0,,Y0,,,I+G=I0+G0,,Y1,,2020/7/29,20,政府購買支出與均衡國民收入(圖示法),,,O,Y,AE,,,450,,C,,C+I,E0,,Y0,,,C+I+G,E1,,Y1,,,,a,a +I0,a +I0+G0
7、,,Y,S,,I,,I+G,,,O,,結論:政府購買支出與均衡國民收入同向變動,,2020/7/29,21,T總稅收, T0 自發(fā)稅收(定量稅), t 邊際稅率(比例稅率), tY 引致稅收(比例所得稅), 凈稅收= T TR,2.2 稅收與均衡國民收入,稅收函數(shù): T=T0 + tY,2020/7/29,22,Yd YT Y T0 tY Y(1 t ) T0 C +Yd + Y(1 t ) T0 ( T0 ) +(1 t )Y,假定TR =0,2020/7/29,23,稅收與消費函數(shù),,,C,C +Y,Y,0,,C=(T0 ) +(1 t )Y,T0,,,2020/7/29,24,
8、儲蓄加稅收 S =+(1) Yd 儲蓄加定量稅: S+T0 = +(1) (Y T0 )+ T0 =+ T0 +(1)Y 儲蓄加比例所得稅: S+tY= +(1)(YtY) +tY = +(1)(1t) +tY 儲蓄加總稅收: S+T =S + T0 +tY =+(1) (Y T0 tY) + T0 +tY =-+ T0 +(1)(1t)+tY,2020/7/29,25,,,0,,,IG,E1,,Y1,Y,三部門經(jīng)濟中均衡國民收入的決定,,S+T0,,S+T,+T0,,E2,,Y2,S+tY,2020/7/29,26,C+ Yd Yd YT T T0 + tY Yd T0 +(
9、1 t)Y CT0 +(1 t)Y Y T0 +(1 t)Y+I+G,T0 +I+G 1(1 t ),Y* ,三部門均衡國民收入為:,(假定TR =0 ),2020/7/29,27,T0 +I+G+ TR 1(1 t ),Y* ,三部門均衡國民收入解為:,假定TR 不為0,則,2020/7/29,28,,,0,,S+t0Y,,IG,E0,,Y0,Y,,S+T,E1,,Y1,E2,,Y2,,S+t1Y,S+t2Y,稅率變動對均衡國民收入的影響,,2020/7/29,29,,,0,,S+T0,,IG,E0,,Y0,Y,定量稅變動對均衡國民收入的影響,,S+T,+T0,E1,,Y1,E2,,Y2,,S+T1,S+T2,2020/7/29,30,Y=C+I+G+X - M C =+Yd Yd =Y - T+TR T =T0 +tY M=M0 +rY r為邊際進口傾向 Y=+Y-(T0 +tY)+TR+I+G+X-(M0 +rY),Y * =,+I+G - T0 + TR + X - M0 1 - (1 - t) +r,3 四部門經(jīng)濟中均衡國民收入的決定及變動,四部門均衡國民收入為:,2020/7/29,31,,,,,,AE,Y,Y2,0,,,,45,。,,,,Y1,,Y3,XM0,XM<0,C+I+G,C+I+G +XM,C+I+G+XM,,,凈出口對均衡國民收入的影響,