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1、理工B-2 *第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicago1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students（

2、第1題答案出處） learn :If a female teacher is uncomfortable不安的 with her own math skills技能, then her female女性的 students學(xué)生 are more likely可能 to believe that boys are better than girls at math. "If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on thei

3、r math achievement3 said Levine. In other words, girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are, then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident. Jus

4、t as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn -- and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.(第2題答案出處) The n

5、ew study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning

6、and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores. The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researc

7、hers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5.（第3題答案出處） A teacher who got nervous looking 看at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example, was probably anxious about math. Boys, on average, were unaffected by a teachers anxiety. On

8、average, girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus, on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math -- and all of these girls had been

9、taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.(第4題答案出處) "This is an interesting study, but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6,"（第5題答案出處） said David Geary, a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia. 文章中心——“如果女教師對自己的數(shù)

10、學(xué)能力感到焦慮，她的女學(xué)生很可能認(rèn)為男孩子數(shù)學(xué)比女孩學(xué)得更好?！北疚木瓦@一觀點(diǎn)展開論述。 練習(xí)： 1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago, according to the first paragraph? ---細(xì)節(jié)類 A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math. B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not

11、as good as boys at math. C Female teachers math skills have influence over girl students math skills. D Female teachers confidence in their math skills is related to girls math skills. 選項(xiàng)中均出現(xiàn)了“math skills”，可做關(guān)鍵詞。B選項(xiàng)中的主語是“girls”而原文為“female teacher”，排除。選項(xiàng)D中的“girl”與原文提到的“female students”指的是相同的意思

12、。且與文章中心一致。 2. What is implied in the third paragraph? ---推斷類 A Math teachers, like math learners, do not like the subject due to its difficulty. B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers confidence in teaching the subject. C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their stude

13、nts learning math. D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it. “implied暗示”-----推斷類題標(biāo)志詞.選項(xiàng)中有相對性詞的優(yōu)先考慮.因?yàn)橥茢嗟膬?nèi)容不會是絕對的概念.選項(xiàng)B符合答案特征 3. According to the experiment, those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt-----細(xì)節(jié)類 A nervous memorizing 記憶the numbers of a sales

14、receipt. B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt. C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt. D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report. 此題可選關(guān)鍵詞很多,選項(xiàng)中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的“numbers of a sales receipt”可做關(guān)鍵詞反向定位答案出處。排除A，替換詞意思不同。選擇C 4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research f

15、indings----主題類+細(xì)節(jié)類 A prove a strong link between female teachers math anxiety and their female students math achievements. B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students. C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be

16、 males than females. D discover a strong link between teachers math anxiety and their students math achievements. 選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞同時(shí)也是文章中心詞，以中心詞的多寡可先排除C、D，發(fā)現(xiàn)A和段中心句及文章中心一致 5. David Geary thinks that A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process. B the research results n

17、eed to be retested based on a larger sample. C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful. D the study is well based and produces significant results. 大寫的人名做關(guān)鍵詞,答案在最后一段中找到. 英漢對譯 *第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety 教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦慮 In a new study about the way kid

18、s learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn: 在最新一項(xiàng)關(guān)于小學(xué)生學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)的研究中，芝加哥大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 發(fā)現(xiàn)，女教師的想法和女學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)之間有著驚人的聯(lián)系：If a fe

19、male teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.如果女教師對自己的數(shù)學(xué)能力感到焦慮，她的女學(xué)生很可能認(rèn)為男孩子數(shù)學(xué)比女孩學(xué)得更好。 "If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect

20、 on their math achievement3 said Levine. "如果一直由對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)，就會對她們的數(shù)學(xué)成績產(chǎn)生雪球效應(yīng)"，Levine說。 In other words, girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. 換言之，女孩子們最后從老師那里獲得的是對數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then th

21、ese girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident. 該研究表明，如果女孩子們在一個(gè)認(rèn)為男孩比女孩數(shù)學(xué)好的環(huán)境中成長，那么她們的數(shù)學(xué)可能會不如在更自信的狀態(tài)下學(xué)得好。 Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn -- and teach. The subject of math can be partic

22、ularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.如同學(xué)生，教師也會覺得某些學(xué)科難學(xué)和難教，這就是研究者所言的"焦慮"：不自在或擔(dān)心。 The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math

23、. 此研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，教師對數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮能夠傳染給她的女學(xué)生們。The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.該研究的研究對象包括65個(gè)女孩，52個(gè)男孩和17位在中西部教一二

24、年級的教師。學(xué)生們在學(xué)年的開始和結(jié)束時(shí)都進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)測試，研究者們比較得分。 The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. 研究者們測試學(xué)生是否認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)明星一定會是男孩。Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers as

25、ked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. 然后研究者們測試教師，試圖找出哪些教師對數(shù)學(xué)感到焦慮，研究者們問教師們當(dāng)碰到數(shù)學(xué)問題諸如閱讀銷售清單時(shí)的感受，A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example, was probably anxious about math.如果一位教師一看到銷售清單的數(shù)字就感到緊張，那么

26、她很可能對數(shù)學(xué)存在焦慮。 Boys, on average, were unaffected by a teachers anxiety. 平均來說，教師的焦慮不會影響到男孩子。 On average, girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. 但是，一般說來，如果教女孩子的教師有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥，那么女孩子們在學(xué)年結(jié)束時(shí)測試得分比其他的女孩要低。Plus,on the test showing whethe

27、r someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math -- and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.另外，在關(guān)于是否認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)明星應(yīng)該是男孩的測試中，有20個(gè)女孩認(rèn)為男孩數(shù)學(xué)比女孩好，這20個(gè)女孩的老師都是女性，且都患有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥。 "This is an interesting study, but the r

28、esults need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6," said David Geary, a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.來自密蘇里大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家David Geary說"這是一個(gè)有趣的研究，但是這只是初步結(jié)果，需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗(yàn)證"。 特別說明： 完形填空記憶難度大，且每年都會存在大量換空的情況，（我們會有應(yīng)對策略，對于此題型文章不用太多關(guān)注，重點(diǎn)先放在

29、閱讀理解重點(diǎn)文章的內(nèi)容熟悉，至少要知道每一段的中文意思是什么——可參考翻譯，問題都問了些什么?？糀的同學(xué)順帶看下B、C的文章，考B的同學(xué)順帶看下C的文章） 第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial Col

30、lege London 2 in a new study． Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy “LDL”cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4 . In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues

31、 calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake． Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, s

32、aid:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it

33、.” “It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 fre

34、e of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said． When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a s

35、tatin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal． 詞匯： statin/st tIn! n．降膽固醇藥物 outlet/autlit/ n．銷售點(diǎn) cholesterol/ k?lest?r?l / n．膽固醇 offset /,?fset/V. 抵消，補(bǔ)償 cheeseburger/ t?i:z,b?:ɡ? / n．芝士漢堡包 milkshake! milk?eik / n．奶昔 condiment /k?ndim?nt]! n ．調(diào)味品 sachet /st?ei / ii

36、 ．小袋，小包 rational / r??n?l / adj．合理的 注釋： 1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一種委婉表達(dá)建議的用詞，意為“可以”。 2. Imperial College London: 帝國理工學(xué)院。該學(xué)院于1907 年由城市和行會學(xué)校、皇家礦業(yè)學(xué)校以及皇家科學(xué)學(xué)院合并組成。學(xué)院于2007 年7月正式脫離倫敦大學(xué)成為一所獨(dú)立大學(xué)。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四個(gè)學(xué)院，工程學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院、自然科學(xué)院和生命科學(xué)院 3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。LDL是

37、low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的縮寫形式。 4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。a wealth of意為“大量的，許多”。 5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美國心臟病學(xué)雜志 6. French fries:炸薯?xiàng)l 7.It makes sense...: make sense 意為“說得通，合情合理”。 8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖。快餐店一般備有袋糖，供飲咖啡或熱奶的顧客免費(fèi)取用。 練習(xí)： 1．A change B charge

38、 C chain D chance 2．A trust B decide Csuggest Dcalculate 3．Anumber Bamount Cvolume D product 4．Afrequency B treatment C diagnosis Drisk 5．A severe Benough C weak D active 6．A buying B preparing C eating D cookin

39、g 7．Aunhealthy Bstrong C different D doubtful 8．Aexamination Bsuffering C determination D possibility 9．A degree B dimension C angle D range 10．A use B hate C reject D like 11．A transported B provided C preserved Dconvened 12．

40、Acook B patient Ccustomer Dvisitor 1 3．Ameasures Bcare Cadvantages D turns 14．A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing 1 5．A increasing Bfinding C lowering D taking 答案與題解： 1. B本文介紹說，吃漢堡包等快餐食品容易引發(fā)心臟病，而服用statin能降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，一正一負(fù)正好抵消。statin 價(jià)格

41、便宜，文章建議快餐店像免費(fèi)供應(yīng)調(diào)味品那樣免費(fèi)供應(yīng)statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意為“免費(fèi)”。選擇charge 是對的。 2. C 本題要選suggest ，因?yàn)槠渌齻€(gè)選項(xiàng)在意思上都不合適。此外，本句主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建議”的意思。所以suggest 是個(gè)不二的選擇。 3.B 與降低unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number （數(shù)字）、volume（體積）或product （乘積）。 4.D從上下文判斷，要降低（lower）的當(dāng)然是risk。lo

42、wer frequency（降低頻率）、lower treatment（降低治療）或lower diagnosis （降低診斷）與上下文的意思都不匹配。 5. B 本句表達(dá)的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的論文中說，經(jīng)過計(jì)算，一粒statin 降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)足以抵消吃一個(gè)奶酪漢堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以本題的答案是enough。 6. C 顧客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buying cheeseburger不會增加心臟病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以，只有eating cheeseb

43、urger 才合乎上下文的意思。 7.A從上下文判斷，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本題的答案。 8.D本句中的in terms of 意為“就……而言”，要與后半句“一正一負(fù)相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心臟病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。 9. A本句的意思與第五題的意思相同，即statin降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與快餐增加的心臟病 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在程度（degree）上大致相當(dāng)。如果選擇其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，意思變成了，“尺寸 (dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范圍（range）

44、上大致相當(dāng)”，就說不通了。 1O.D 填詞所在的句子的意思告訴我們，具有諷刺意味的一點(diǎn)是：顧客可以隨心所欲地免費(fèi)享用不健康的調(diào)味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意為“隨某人所愿，隨某人所喜歡”。所以， like 是答案。其余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)用在本句中都不合適。 11.B transported （運(yùn)輸）、preserved （保存）或converted （轉(zhuǎn)換）填人句子中，意思都不順。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。 12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人當(dāng)然是customer。 13.A 為了降低開車和吸煙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，人們被鼓勵(lì)要采取一些安全措施。作者借此

45、說明為了降低食用快餐的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我們也要采取措施。根據(jù)這層意思，選擇measures是正確的。take measure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不合適：take care是“注意，小心”，take advantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“輪流，依次”。 14.B 本題很明顯要選wearing，因?yàn)樯舷挛牡囊馑际恰跋瞪习踩珟А?。buying a seatbelt, cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都與上下文的意思相去太遠(yuǎn)。 15. C通篇文章都在闡述statin能降低患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以，lowering（降低）是答

46、案。 快餐加免費(fèi)降膽固醇藥物可以降低罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 　　倫敦帝國理工學(xué)院的研究者們在一項(xiàng)新研究中建議，快餐店可以免費(fèi)供應(yīng)降膽固醇藥物以此降低顧客食用油膩食品罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 　　降膽固醇藥物能減少不健康的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇在血液中的含量。大量的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)證明，降膽固醇藥能有效降低罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 　　在《美國心臟病學(xué)雜志》發(fā)表的一篇論文里，Darrel Francis博士和他的同事們估訂，一粒降膽固醇藥降低的罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，足以抵消食用漢堡和飲用奶昔所提高的罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 　　Francis博士來自帝國理工學(xué)院的國家心肺學(xué)院，是本次研究的資深發(fā)起人。他認(rèn)為：“降

47、膽固醇藥物不能消除所有漢堡和炸土豆條帶來的不健康的影 響，最好遠(yuǎn)離所有油膩食物。但是，就罹患心臟病的幾率而言，我們得出這樣的結(jié)論：服用降膽固醇藥物降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與快餐增加的患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在程度 上大致相當(dāng)?！? 　　“具有諷刺意味的是，人們在快餐店里可以隨意拿取對健康有害的調(diào)味包，但是對健康有利的降膽固醇藥物卻是處方藥。既然對健康有害的調(diào)味包可以隨意免費(fèi) 拿取，那么降低心臟病發(fā)作的降膽固醇藥物免費(fèi)隨意拿取也是合理的。在每個(gè)顧客身上都花不了5便士，也就是一小袋糖的價(jià)格”，F(xiàn)rancis博士說道。 　　當(dāng)人們從事諸如駕駛和吸煙等危險(xiǎn)行為時(shí)，別人會鼓勵(lì)他們系安全帶或選擇有過濾嘴的香煙以降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。服用降膽固醇藥物是降低油膩食物引發(fā)的心臟病發(fā)作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的理性做法。