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1、專業(yè)好文檔第三章生產(chǎn)和成本理論一、生產(chǎn)者的組織形式和企業(yè)理論（一）生產(chǎn)者及其組織形式掌握生產(chǎn)者的組織形式：生產(chǎn)者即企業(yè)或廠商，企業(yè)的主要形式包括個(gè)人企業(yè)、合伙制企業(yè)和公司制企業(yè)。掌握生產(chǎn)者的基本假設(shè)：在生產(chǎn)者行為的分析中，一般假設(shè)生產(chǎn)者或企業(yè)的目標(biāo)是追求利潤最大化。（二）企業(yè)形成的理論掌握科斯的企業(yè)理論：企業(yè)是為了節(jié)約市場交易費(fèi)用或交易成本而產(chǎn)生的，企業(yè)的本質(zhì)或者顯著特征是作為市場機(jī)制或價(jià)格機(jī)制的替代物。企業(yè)產(chǎn)生以后，社會(huì)上就形成了兩種交易，即企業(yè)外部的市場交易和企業(yè)內(nèi)部的交易。兩種交易方式都要支付交易費(fèi)用或成本。當(dāng)企業(yè)交易方式的交易費(fèi)用小于市場交易方式的交易費(fèi)用時(shí)，企業(yè)就產(chǎn)生了。交易成本的節(jié)
2、約是企業(yè)存在的根本原因，即企業(yè)是市場交易費(fèi)用節(jié)約的產(chǎn)物。導(dǎo)致市場機(jī)制和企業(yè)的交易費(fèi)用不同的主要因素在于信息的不完全性?！纠}單選題】企業(yè)存在的根本原因是（）。A.交易成本的節(jié)約B.外部性C.市場失靈 D.企業(yè)內(nèi)部可以構(gòu)造權(quán)力制衡機(jī)制答疑編號(hào)2883030101正確答案A 二、生產(chǎn)函數(shù)和生產(chǎn)曲線（一）生產(chǎn)及相關(guān)概念生產(chǎn)要素一般被劃分為勞動(dòng)、資本、土地和企業(yè)家才能四種類型。從較長時(shí)期來看，企業(yè)的各項(xiàng)投入都是可以改變的；但在短期內(nèi)，企業(yè)的投入分為不變投入和可變投入。（二）生產(chǎn)函數(shù)掌握生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的含義：在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)，在技術(shù)不變的情況下，生產(chǎn)中所使用的各種生產(chǎn)要素的數(shù)量與所能生產(chǎn)的最大產(chǎn)量之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系。
3、生產(chǎn)函數(shù)是最大產(chǎn)量與投入要素之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系。（三）一種可變要素的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)及其曲線考試內(nèi)容：掌握一種可變要素的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的各種曲線的基本形狀和特征1.一種可變要素的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)一種可變要素的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)也稱短期生產(chǎn)函數(shù)，其基本形式：該函數(shù)表示資本量固定不變，這時(shí)總產(chǎn)量的變化只取決于勞動(dòng)量L的變化。2.總產(chǎn)量、平均產(chǎn)量和邊際產(chǎn)量總產(chǎn)量（TP）：生產(chǎn)出來的用實(shí)物單位衡量的產(chǎn)出總量。平均產(chǎn)量（AP）：總產(chǎn)量除以總投入的單位數(shù)，或者說是每單位投入生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)出。邊際產(chǎn)量：在其他投入保持不變的條件下，由于新增一單位的投入而多生產(chǎn)出來的產(chǎn)量或產(chǎn)出。教材20頁表3-1?！纠}單選題】某企業(yè)的工人人數(shù)為10人時(shí)，其總產(chǎn)量為2
4、100個(gè)；當(dāng)工人人數(shù)為11人，其總產(chǎn)量為2200個(gè)，則工人人數(shù)為11人時(shí)，該企業(yè)的邊際產(chǎn)量是（）個(gè)，平均產(chǎn)量是（）個(gè)。A.100 200B.200 100C.210 105D.100 210答疑編號(hào)2883030102正確答案A 3.總產(chǎn)量、平均產(chǎn)量和邊際產(chǎn)量曲線及其位置關(guān)系教材21頁圖3-1。（1）邊際產(chǎn)量曲線的圖形及邊際產(chǎn)量遞減規(guī)律勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量先遞增，勞動(dòng)投入達(dá)到一定程度L1后，MP最大，然后遞減，繼續(xù)增加勞動(dòng)投入到L3，MP=0。如果再增加勞動(dòng)投入，邊際產(chǎn)量為負(fù)。掌握邊際產(chǎn)量遞減規(guī)律的含義：也稱為邊際報(bào)酬遞減規(guī)律，在技術(shù)水平和其他投入保持不變的條件下，連續(xù)追加一種生產(chǎn)要素的投入量，總是
5、存在著一個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)，在這一點(diǎn)之前，邊際產(chǎn)量遞增，超過這一點(diǎn)之后，邊際產(chǎn)量將出現(xiàn)遞減的趨勢，直到出現(xiàn)負(fù)值?！纠}單選題】邊際產(chǎn)量遞減規(guī)律的基本含義是（）。A.在技術(shù)水平和其他投入保持不變的條件下，連續(xù)追加一種生產(chǎn)要素的投入量，總是存在著一個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)，在這一點(diǎn)之前，邊際產(chǎn)量遞增，超過這一點(diǎn)之后，邊際產(chǎn)量將出現(xiàn)遞減的趨勢，直到出現(xiàn)負(fù)值。B.在技術(shù)水平和其他投入變動(dòng)的條件下，連續(xù)追加一種生產(chǎn)要素的投入量，總是存在著一個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)，在這一點(diǎn)之前，邊際產(chǎn)量遞增，超過這一點(diǎn)之后，邊際產(chǎn)量將出現(xiàn)遞減的趨勢，直到出現(xiàn)負(fù)值C.在技術(shù)水平和其他投入保持不變的條件下，連續(xù)追加一種生產(chǎn)要素的投入量，邊際產(chǎn)量總是遞增的D.在技術(shù)
6、水平和其他投入保持不變的條件下，連續(xù)追加一種生產(chǎn)要素的投入量，邊際產(chǎn)量總是遞減的答疑編號(hào)2883030103正確答案A （2）總產(chǎn)量曲線的圖形 根據(jù)MP曲線的圖形可以給出TP曲線。總產(chǎn)量曲線先以遞增的速度上升（此時(shí)MP遞增），后以遞減的速度上升（此時(shí)MP下降，但MP0），總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值后下降。MP0時(shí)，TP上升； MP=0，TP最大；MPAP，AP上升；相交之后，MPAP，AP下降?！纠}1多選題】下面關(guān)于總產(chǎn)量、邊際產(chǎn)量、平均產(chǎn)量的說法，正確的是（ ）。A.MP上升時(shí)，TP增加B.MP下降時(shí)，TP下降C.MP=0時(shí)，TP最大D.MP曲線與AP曲線交于AP曲線的最高點(diǎn)E.MP曲線與AP曲線交
7、于MP曲線的最高點(diǎn)答疑編號(hào)2883030104正確答案ACD 【例題2單選題】（2009年）在其他條件不變的情況下，如果連續(xù)增加勞動(dòng)的投入，在總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值時(shí)，勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量（）。A.大于零B.小于零C.等于零D.等于平均產(chǎn)量答疑編號(hào)2883030105正確答案C答案解析當(dāng)邊際產(chǎn)量等于0時(shí)，總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值。（四）規(guī)模報(bào)酬規(guī)模報(bào)酬也稱規(guī)模收益，是指在其他條件不變的情況下，企業(yè)內(nèi)部各種生產(chǎn)要素按照相同比例變化時(shí)所帶來的產(chǎn)量的變化。規(guī)模收益研究的是企業(yè)的長期生產(chǎn)決策問題。 根據(jù)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模和產(chǎn)量的變化比例的比較，可以將規(guī)模報(bào)酬分為三類：（1）規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變，就是產(chǎn)量增加的比例等于各種生產(chǎn)要素增加的比例
8、。（2）規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增，即產(chǎn)量增加的比例大于各種生產(chǎn)要素增加的比例。（3）規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞減，即產(chǎn)量增加的比例小于各種生產(chǎn)要素增加的比例。多數(shù)行業(yè)會(huì)有一個(gè)適度最佳規(guī)模或適度規(guī)模，此時(shí)企業(yè)的單位生產(chǎn)成本最小。三、成本函數(shù)和成本曲線（一）成本的含義（掌握）1.機(jī)會(huì)成本：當(dāng)一種生產(chǎn)要素被用于生產(chǎn)單位某產(chǎn)品時(shí)所放棄的使用相同要素在其他生產(chǎn)用途中所得到的最高收入。2.顯成本與隱成本顯成本是指企業(yè)購買或租用生產(chǎn)要素所實(shí)際支付的貨幣支出。隱成本是指企業(yè)本身所擁有的、并且被用于該企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程的那些生產(chǎn)要素的總價(jià)格。實(shí)際上是自有要素的機(jī)會(huì)成本。3.經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中，企業(yè)所有的顯成本和隱成本之和構(gòu)成了企業(yè)的總成本。企業(yè)
9、的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤是指企業(yè)的總收益和總成本之間的差額。企業(yè)所追求的最大利潤，指的是最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤。經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤也稱為超額利潤，企業(yè)的隱成本一般稱為正常利潤?！纠}1單選題】（2007、2008年）機(jī)會(huì)成本是指當(dāng)一種生產(chǎn)要素被用于生產(chǎn)某產(chǎn)品時(shí)所放棄的使用該生產(chǎn)要素在其他生產(chǎn)用途中所得到的（）。A.最高收入B.最低收入C.平均收入D.超額收入答疑編號(hào)2883030106正確答案A 【例題2單選題】（2010年）企業(yè)使用自有的資金應(yīng)計(jì)算利息，從成本角度看，這種利息屬于（）。A.固定成本B.顯成本C.隱成本D.會(huì)計(jì)成本答疑編號(hào)2883030107正確答案C 【例題3單選題】經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤也稱為（）。A.超額利潤B.正常
10、利潤C(jī).會(huì)計(jì)利潤D.隱成本答疑編號(hào)2883030108正確答案A 【例題4多選題】關(guān)于成本和利潤的正確表述是（）。A.企業(yè)所有的顯成本和隱成本共同構(gòu)成企業(yè)的總成本 B.在成本下降時(shí)利潤一定是增加的 C.企業(yè)所追求的最大利潤，指的是最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤D.企業(yè)所追求的最大利潤，指的是最大的正常利潤E.經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤中包括正常利潤答疑編號(hào)2883030109正確答案AC （二）成本函數(shù)（掌握）1.成本函數(shù)的含義和類型成本函數(shù)：表示企業(yè)總成本與產(chǎn)量之間關(guān)系的公式。由于考察期的不同，分為短期成本函數(shù)和長期成本函數(shù)。短期成本函數(shù)：有固定成本與可變成本之分。C=b+f（q）長期成本函數(shù)：無固定成本， C=f（q）短期
11、成本函數(shù)和長期成本函數(shù)的區(qū)別在于是否含有固定成本，是否有固定成本和可變成本之分2.短期成本函數(shù)分析（1）短期總成本 短期總成本=總固定成本+總可變成本 TC=TFC+TVC 固定成本是指在短期內(nèi)不隨產(chǎn)量增減而變動(dòng)的那部分成本，如廠房和設(shè)備的折舊、管理人員的工資費(fèi)用等。（2）平均成本平均成本（平均總成本，單位產(chǎn)品成本）分為平均固定成本與平均可變成本 ATC= TC /Q=AFC+AVC=TFC/Q+TVC/Q（3）邊際成本邊際成本是增加一個(gè)單位產(chǎn)量時(shí)總成本的增加額。邊際成本是產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)引起的可變成本的變動(dòng)?！纠}1單選題】短期成本函數(shù)和長期成本函數(shù)的區(qū)別在于是否含有（）。A.固定成本B.可變成本C
12、.邊際成本D.隱成本答疑編號(hào)2883030110正確答案A 【例題2多選題】（2008年）下列各項(xiàng)中，屬于企業(yè)固定成本的有（）。A.廠房和設(shè)備折舊B.管理人員工資C.原材料費(fèi)用D.燃料和動(dòng)力費(fèi)用E.生產(chǎn)工人工資答疑編號(hào)2883030111正確答案AB 【例題3單選題】增加一個(gè)單位產(chǎn)量時(shí)總成本的增加額稱為（）。A.總成本B.可變成本C.邊際成本D.顯成本答疑編號(hào)2883030112正確答案C 【例題4單選題】（2008年）當(dāng)某企業(yè)的產(chǎn)量為2個(gè)單位時(shí)，其總成本、總固定成本、總可變成本、平均成本分別是2000元、1200元、800元和1000元；當(dāng)產(chǎn)量為3個(gè)單位時(shí)，其總成本、總固定成本、總可變成本、
13、平均成本分別是2100元、1200元、900元和700元，則該企業(yè)的邊際成本是（）元。A.0B.150C.100D.300答疑編號(hào)2883030113正確答案C （三）短期成本曲線（熟悉）1.總成本、總固定成本和總可變成本曲線在成本曲線中，橫軸時(shí)表示產(chǎn)量，縱軸表示成本。（1）總固定成本曲線是一條平行于橫軸的直線。（2）總成本曲線是從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)，即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量增加而逐步上升的曲線。剛開始以遞減的速度上升，之后以遞增的速度上升。（3）總可變成本曲線從原點(diǎn)出發(fā)，之后隨產(chǎn)量增加而上升?？偪勺兂杀厩€和總成本曲線的變動(dòng)規(guī)律是一致的。2.平均總成本、平均固定成本、平均
14、可變成本、邊際成本曲線（1）平均固定成本曲線隨產(chǎn)量的增加而下降，逐漸接近橫軸（2）平均總成本、平均可變成本、邊際成本曲線都是先下降后上升的U型曲線（3）邊際成本曲線與平均總成本曲線交于平均總成本曲線的最低點(diǎn)。相交之前，MCATC，ATC上升。（4）邊際成本曲線與平均可變成本曲線交于平均可變成本曲線的最低點(diǎn)。相交之前，MCAVC，AVC上升。（5）無論上升或下降，邊際成本曲線的變動(dòng)快于平均可變成本曲線。（6）注意24頁圖3-3中三個(gè)最低點(diǎn)的關(guān)系邊際成本曲線最低點(diǎn)最先出現(xiàn)，其次是平均可變成本曲線最低點(diǎn)，最后是平均總成本曲線最低點(diǎn)。【例題1單選題】成本曲線是用圖形反映的成本與（）之間的數(shù)量關(guān)系。A.
15、價(jià)格B.產(chǎn)量C.收益D.利潤答疑編號(hào)2883030114正確答案B 【例題2單選題】總可變成本曲線是（）。A.從原點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升的B.從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升C.與橫軸平行的一條直線D.先下降后上升的曲線答疑編號(hào)2883030115正確答案A 【例題3單選題】當(dāng)邊際成本與平均可變成本正好相等時(shí)，（）處于最低點(diǎn)A.邊際成本B.平均可變成本C.平均總成本D.平均固定成本答疑編號(hào)2883030116正確答案B 【例題4多選題】下列關(guān)于成本曲線的說法，正確的是（）。A.平均總成本是先下降后上升的曲線 B.平均可變成本是先下降后上升
16、的曲線 C.邊際成本曲線是先下降后上升的曲線 D.平均固定成本是先下降后上升的曲線E.無論上升或下降，平均可變成本曲線的變動(dòng)快于邊際成本曲線答疑編號(hào)2883030117正確答案ABC 【例題5多選題】（2009年）關(guān)于短期成本曲線的說法，正確的有（）。A.總成本曲線從原點(diǎn)開始，并隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升B.總成本曲線從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，并隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升C.總可變成本曲線從原點(diǎn)開始，并隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升D.總可變成本曲線從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，并隨著產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步下降E.總固定成本曲線是平行于橫軸的一條直線答疑編
17、號(hào)2883030118正確答案BCE 【例題6單選題】（2010年）關(guān)于短期總成本曲線的說法，正確的是（）。A.總成本曲線從原點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升B.總成本曲線從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于固定成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步上升C.總成本曲線不隨產(chǎn)量的變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)D.總成本曲線從縱軸一個(gè)截點(diǎn)即產(chǎn)量為零時(shí)總成本等于可變成本的那個(gè)點(diǎn)開始，隨產(chǎn)量的增加而逐步下降答疑編號(hào)2883030119正確答案BIf we dont do that it will go on and go on. We have to stop it; we need the courage to do it
18、.His comments came hours after Fifa vice-president Jeffrey Webb - also in London for the FAs celebrations - said he wanted to meet Ivory Coast international Toure to discuss his complaint.CSKA general director Roman Babaev says the matter has been exaggerated by the Ivorian and the British media.Bla
19、tter, 77, said: It has been decided by the Fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. You can always find money from somebody to pay them.It is a nonsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of football and against the visiting
20、team. It is all nonsense.We can do something better to fight racism and discrimination.This is one of the villains we have today in our game. But it is only with harsh sanctions that racism and discrimination can be washed out of football.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb,
21、the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he fel
22、t and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into
23、 the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an
24、 important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day
25、weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of
26、 turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell
27、be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting
28、 the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Ins
29、tead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness
30、at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).cause thereWinger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi
31、-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort
32、 in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted
33、the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the
34、 line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the ma
35、tch tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, p
36、resident of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing
37、news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attac
38、hed, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into
39、the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 whe
40、n they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tourna
41、ment.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a g
42、ood kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at fu
43、ll-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.11
2014年中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)師_經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)_學(xué)習(xí)講義03
