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1、2013年理工新書(紅色標(biāo)題為2013年新增文章)注： +表示A級文章；*表示B即文章；其他為C級文章；二、2013年（理工A）完形填空 A級+第十三篇：Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light（A級）+第十四篇：Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters（A級） +第十五篇：Liquefaction Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage（A級）第十三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems：More Heat，More Ligh
2、t Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, whi
3、ch lets the silicon generate more electricity but isnt a very efficient way to gather heat. Thats a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And its also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up
4、 all the space on the roof, leaving little rooms for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal
5、Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon, They dont create as much electricity, b
6、ut they are lighter, flexible , and cheaper:. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable as some bad-newsphysics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. That means that their efficiency drops when you ex
7、pose them to light - pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell, Pearce explains, which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Stacbler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-fi
8、lm silicon in a new type of PVT. You dont have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearces group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effec
9、t. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cells electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters（A級）鯊魚有益于地球水系It is hard to get people to t
10、hink of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought toattack people frequently. But these fishperform avaluable service for earths waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing3are threatening theirexistence. Some sharks are at risk of disappearing fromEarthWarm weather may
11、 influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areasbecause of their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,where people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a personfor a sea ani
12、mal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are thetimes when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4. It
13、 can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicalsproduced by animals. These powerfulsenses help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, anyother sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.Medical researchers want to learn more about the sharks body defense, an
14、d immunesystems against disease. Researchers know that sharks13recoverquickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.Sharks are important for the worldsoceans. They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fi
15、sh in ocean waters do not become toogreat. This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage（A級） The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil liquefaction2 that has surprised
16、 researchers with its widespread severity, a new analysis shows.Weve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and extent of damage in Japan were unusually severe, said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5
17、. Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments, Ashford said. The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to function. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.Some degree of soil liquefactio
18、n7 is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their strength and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or collapse. But most earthquakes are much shorter than the
19、 recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8.With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw how structures that might have been o
20、kay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes, he said. And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on recently filled ground, are much more vulnerable.The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers
21、 said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, before damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.Theres no doubt that well learn things from wh
22、at happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar events, Ashford said. Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.Ashford pointed out th
23、at northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction -on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The young sediments, in geologic terms, may be those deposited within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portla
24、nd, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything near a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to p
25、revent collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse -even as they tilted and sank into the ground.完形填空 A級+第十三篇：Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light（A級）+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Ser
26、vice for Earths Waters（A級）鯊魚有益于地球水系+第十五篇：Liquefaction Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage（A級）第十三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems：More Heat，More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but (1) now they havent been very good at the heat-generatin
27、g part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more (2) but isnt a very efficient way to gather heat. Thats a problem of (3). Good solar hot-water systems can harvest mu
28、ch more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower (4). And its also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little rooms for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engine
29、ering, has devised a (5) in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you
30、 can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, (6) known as thin-film silicon, They dont create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible , and cheaper: And , because they (7)much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are (8) as som
31、e bad-newsphysics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. That means that their efficiency (9) when you expose them to light - pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell, Pearce explains, which is one ofthe (10)thin-film solar panels make up only small fraction of the market. However
32、, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Stacbler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new (11) of PVT. You dont have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearces group discovered that by beating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near t
33、he boiling (12) of water, they could make thicker cells that largely (13) the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy (14), they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they (15) the solar cells electrical efficiency by over 10 perce
34、nt.詞匯：photovoltaic n. 光電的 silicon n. 硅thermal adj. 熱的，熱量的 amorphous adj. 非晶形的crystalline adj. 晶體的 footprint n. 足跡注釋：1.solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems ：太陽能光伏熱能系統(tǒng)2.they ：指代solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems.3.stand-alone ：單機的4.crystalline silicon solar cells ：晶體硅太陽能電池5.whih：指前半句中的to c
35、ool crystalline silicon solar cells 這件事6.room：空間7.solar panels：太陽能電池板8.amorphous silicon ：非晶硅9.thin-film silicon ：薄膜硅10. Staebler-Wronski Erfect：SWE效應(yīng). 在光的照射下. 非晶硅氫的導(dǎo)電性短時間內(nèi)顯著衰退，這種特性被稱為SWE 效應(yīng)。11. pretty much ：幾乎12. the worst possible effect ：最可能壞的效應(yīng)13. engineer around ：精心地設(shè)計以克服或繞過14. solar-thermal op
36、erating temperatures ：太陽熱能操作溫度練習(xí)：1. A unless B when C if D until2. A electricity B magnetism C ultraviolet D radioactivity3. A dynamics B geology C economics D biology4. A reward B cost C bill D pay5. A decision B solution C suggestion D qualification6. A roughly B probably C commonly D specially7.
37、A retrieve B merge C exchange D require8. A vulnerable B necessary C important D renewable9. A works B counts C rises D drops10. A restrictions B advances C reasons D strengths11. A size B shape C type D brand12. A area B point C place D extent13. A overcame B promoted C improved D postponed14. A tr
38、ansformer B adaptor C transmitter D collector15. A boosted B defined C wasted D lower答案：1. A unless B when C if D until2. A electricity B magnetism C ultraviolet D radioactivity3. A dynamics B geology C economics D biology4. A reward B cost C bill D pay5. A decision B solution C suggestion D qualifi
39、cation6. A roughly B probably C commonly D specially7. A retrieve B merge C exchange D require8. A vulnerable B necessary C important D renewable9. A works B counts C rises D drops10. A restrictions B advances C reasons D strengths11. A size B shape C type D brand12. A area B point C place D extent1
40、3. A overcame B promoted C improved D postponed14. A transformer B adaptor C transmitter D collector15. A boosted B defined C wasted D lower答案與題解：1.D 文章介紹最近科學(xué)家已經(jīng)完善了太陽能光伏熱能系統(tǒng),現(xiàn)在新型的太陽能系統(tǒng)能將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換為更多的電能和熱能。第一段說明以往晶體硅太陽能電池在收集熱能方面效率很低。四個選項中，只有選用until 才符合上下文的意思?！皍ntil now they ( 太陽能光伏熱能系統(tǒng)）havent been very g
41、ood at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector.該句意為：與太陽熱能單機集熱器相比直到現(xiàn)在，傳統(tǒng)太陽能光伏熱能系統(tǒng)在轉(zhuǎn)換熱能方面效率一直不是很高。2. A 本句說明了以往的太陽能光伏熱能系統(tǒng)在轉(zhuǎn)換熱能方面效率低的原因, “to cool crystalline silicon solar cells( 冷卻晶體硅太陽能電池) ” 能產(chǎn)生更多的電能，但不利于收集熱能。electricity 是答案。3. C 從上一段和本段的意思判斷，收集熱能效率低下不會是一個動力學(xué)(dynamic
42、s）問題，地質(zhì)( geology) 問題或生物學(xué)( biology ) 問題。它是一個經(jīng)濟(jì)上的問題。答案是economics.4. B 本句說，good solar hot-water systems 在收獲能量方面比solar-electric system 要好得多。從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的角度上分析，成本就降低了。所以，選cost 是對的。其他選項reward ，bill和pay均不符合句意.5. B 上一段說光伏電池系統(tǒng)有兩個問題. 即經(jīng)濟(jì)問題和空間問題。Joshua Pearce 采用另外一種硅制造PVT來解決上述問題。通過上述分析可以看出，他尋求的是一種解決問題的辦法( solution ) ，
43、而不是一個決定( decision) 、一個建議( suggestion ) 或一種資格( qualification）。6.C amorphous silicon ( 非晶硅) 即為thin-fi1m silicon ( 薄膜硅) 。選擇roughly/probably/wrongly ( known as thin-film silicon ) 表達(dá)的意思都不合邏輯。選commonly才合理?！癮morphous silicon，commonly known as thin-film silicon”意為“非晶硅，通常被稱為薄膜硅。7. D 新型的太陽能電池采用薄膜硅制造，電能的轉(zhuǎn)換量雖然
44、不如晶體硅太陽能池，但薄膜硅太陽能電池用硅量小，比較環(huán)保。本題應(yīng)選用require ，理由是：require much less silicon 與上下文的意思很連貫，而retrieve much less silicon ( 提取少得多的硅) merge much less silicon ( 混合少得多的硅) 或exchange much less silicon ( 交換少得多的硅) 都講不通，意思離題太遠(yuǎn)。8.A bad-news physics 是解題的關(guān)鍵詞。既然是bad-news physics，所連用的形容詞應(yīng)該是負(fù)面意義的詞。四個選項中只有vulnerable ( 易受攻擊的
45、) 符合這個條件， 所以是答案。9.D 本段第一句說明vulnerable 的具體情況。既然是vulnerable ，efficiency 一定是drops，不會是rises。efficiency works(效率起作用)或efficiency counts（效率有重要意義)都離題太遠(yuǎn)。10. C 薄膜硅太陽能電池效能低下，這是因。導(dǎo)致該產(chǎn)品市場占有份額很小，這是果。 選reasons 為答案很合理。11.C 為了克服SWE. 效應(yīng)Pearce 和他的團(tuán)隊悉心改進(jìn)光伏太陽熱能系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。作者要寫的應(yīng)該是a new type of PVT( 一種新型PVT) ，不會是a new shape/si
46、ze/brand PVT( 一種新形狀的/新尺寸的/新品牌的PVT)。12.B 從上下文判斷，答案應(yīng)該是point。將thin-film silicon 加熱到solar-thermal operating temperatures 就是加熱到near the boiling point of water ( 臨近水的沸點) 。其他選項area，place 和extent 均不切題.13. 從上下文判斷，采用加熱t(yī)hin-film silicon 的方法，就能消除SWE 效應(yīng)。四個選項中只有overcame 表達(dá)了這層意思。14.D 答案是collector，因為solar thermal e
47、nergy collector( 太陽能集熱器) 與上下文的意思接得上，意為“當(dāng)把薄膜硅直接應(yīng)用于太陽能集熱器時” 其他選項均與上下文不符。15. A 文章最后一段介紹研究人員克服SWE 效應(yīng)，提高了將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的效率。 所以，將最后一句的“by 10 percent”理解為“提高”而不是“降低”10%才合乎邏輯。答案是boosted。+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earths WatersIt is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1. They
48、 are thought to1people frequently. But these fish2 perform a2service for earths waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening their3Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from4Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas5t
49、heir warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,6people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person7a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun
50、goes down or comes up. Those are the8when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelrymay cause sharks to attack.A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4 It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and9produced by animals.
51、These powerful10help sharks fred their food. Sharks eat fish, any11sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.Medical researchers want to learn more about the sharks body defense, and immune12against disease. Researchers know that sharks13quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of findin
52、g a way to fight human disease.Sharks are important for the worlds14They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too15This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.詞匯:purposely adv.故意地，蓄意地 i
53、mmune adj.免疫的charge v.（向）沖（過去） jewelry n.珠寶seal n. 海豹注釋：1It is hard to get people tO think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy：要讓人們相信鯊魚不是(人類的)死敵不是一件容易的事。anything but意為“決不，遠(yuǎn)非”，如：His performance in London is anything but a success(她在倫敦的演出完全不成功。)2these fish：這些魚(指鯊魚)。fish單復(fù)數(shù)同形，如：0ne fish，two fish，m
54、any fish(見第二段第一句)。3sport fishin9：捕魚運動。4sense of smell：嗅覺練習(xí):1. A attack B meet C love D visit2. A terrible B eatable C valuable D possible3. A source B existence C friends D fish4. A Space B Sky C Land D Earth5. A because B since C because of D by reason that6. A whose B which C that D where7. A to B
55、 for C like D with8. A times B places C seas D oceans9. A sciences B mathematics C chemicals D physics10. A feelings B senses C touches D tastes11. A those B these C another D other12. A systems B processes C ideas D circles13. A recover B reform C return D rely14. A rivers B oceans C forests D moun
56、tains15. A weak B little C few D great答案:1. A attack B meet C love D visit2. A terrible B eatable C valuable D possible3. A source B existence C friends D fish4. A Space B Sky C Land D Earth5. A because B since C because of D by reason that6. A whose B which C that D where7. A to B for C like D with
57、8. A times B places C seas D oceans9. A sciences B mathematics C chemicals D physics10. A feelings B senses C touches D tastes11. A those B these C another D other12. A systems B processes C ideas D circles13. A recover B reform C return D rely14. A rivers B oceans C forests D mountains15. A weak B
58、little C few D great答案與題解：1A本題應(yīng)選擇attack，因為第一句說到：人們認(rèn)為鯊魚是a deadly enemy，也就是說鯊魚會對人類造成傷害。第二句是對deadly enemy的具體說明。其他的三個選項meet，love，visit都不合適，love與上下文意思相反，meet和visit與上下文意思不符。2C空格2所在的句子由but連接，所以該句子表達(dá)的意思一定與第二句相反。第二句對鯊魚的評價是負(fù)面的，填入空格2的詞應(yīng)該是正面的。四個選項中只有valuable符合這一條件，所以是答案。3B第三句說到鯊魚有益于“waters and human beings”，第五句
59、又說到鯊魚瀕臨滅絕的危險。根據(jù)上下文的意思，threatening(威脅)到它們的應(yīng)該是existence(生存)。其他的三個選項source，friends，fish都不合適，與上下文意思沒有聯(lián)系。4D如果鯊魚消失，從什么地方消失呢?當(dāng)然從earth(地球)上消失。從space(宇宙空間)、sky(天空)中消失，或從land(陸地)上消失，都有悖常理。5C四個選項的意思都是“因為“，但是從用法上分析，because、since和by reason that之后要接句子，because of之后接名詞或名詞短語。their warm waters是名詞短語，所以要選用because of。6D
60、“people also swim”明顯是定語從句，其先行詞是表示地點的名詞area，所以要選關(guān)系副詞where。7B從上下文判斷，本句的意思是：鯊魚將人錯認(rèn)為是海洋動物。而“將錯認(rèn)為是”的英語表達(dá)是mistakefor，所以本題的答案是選項B。8A本段的意思是：鯊魚并非故意襲擊人類。人們認(rèn)為，由于鯊魚將人錯認(rèn)為是海獅等海洋動物，在饑餓時才襲擊人類。日出和日落時，正是鯊魚饑腸轆轆的時候，人們不應(yīng)該出海游泳?？崭?填入的詞應(yīng)該與時間有關(guān)，所以times是答案，而與地點有關(guān)的選項(places seas和oceans)與上下文意思脫節(jié)。9C本段第一、二句是說，鯊魚的嗅覺特別靈敏，能嗅到海水中存在的極為微量的氣味。作者舉了三個物質(zhì)：血、體液和化學(xué)品?？崭?要填入表示物質(zhì)的名詞。四個選項中惟一表達(dá)物質(zhì)的詞是chemicals(化學(xué)品)。所以chemicals是答案，而其它三個選項與學(xué)科有關(guān)，脫離了上下文的意思，不是本題的答案。10B在第一、二句意思的基礎(chǔ)上，作者進(jìn)一步說明，靈敏的嗅覺有助于鯊魚找到食物。所以本題的答案是選項D的senses，因為feelings
職稱英語考試 理工類 A級 完形填空 押題 【必考】
