淺析如何做好煤礦礦井防滅火工作中英文翻譯

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1、 淺析如何做好煤礦礦井防滅火工作 中英文翻譯 How to do coal mine fire prevention work in both Chinese and English translation 本文主要探討了煤礦的防滅火技術(shù)及手段已有了較大的發(fā)展與提升。但還應(yīng)看到，目前自燃發(fā)火形勢(shì)依然嚴(yán)峻，仍需要繼續(xù)不斷地完善和提高防治技術(shù)水平，加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)研究，研究和開(kāi)發(fā)刨新的技術(shù)手段，特別是把非線性科學(xué)的理論和方法引人礦山安全保障系統(tǒng)的研究與應(yīng)用中，以便能夠改變自燃火災(zāi)的不利形勢(shì)。與之同時(shí)，還要加大礦井滅火資金的投人和嚴(yán)格的措施管理。 This article mainl

2、y probes into the coal mine fire prevention technology and method has larger development and promotion. But also should see, at present the spontaneous combustion situation is still grim, still need to continue to constantly perfect and improve the level of prevention and control technology, to stre

3、ngthen basic research, dig new technology research and development, especially the theory and method of the nonlinear science is the study and application of the guarantee system of mine safety, to be able to change the unfavorable situation of spontaneous combustion fire. And at the same time, shou

4、ld strengthen the mine fire money fund and strict management measures. 　　1、礦井火災(zāi)預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)理論及方法 1, the theory and method of mine fire prediction 　　1.1煤的自燃機(jī)理研究　　近年來(lái)，根據(jù)固體有機(jī)物氧化理論，我國(guó)一些學(xué)者對(duì)煤的自燃，特別是對(duì)其初期的氧化現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行的研究表明：煤炭的氧化和自燃是一種基一鏈反應(yīng)。即煤炭在其生成過(guò)程中形成了許多含氧游離基，如羥基（一OH）、羧基（一COOH）和羰基（>C=O）等；在低溫下，煤從空氣中吸附的氧氣與這些游離基反應(yīng)，會(huì)生成

5、更多的、穩(wěn)定性不同的游離基，這時(shí)放出的熱量雖很少，但煤的活性增強(qiáng)；隨著這一過(guò)程的不斷繼續(xù)，在一定條件下，具有自燃傾向性的煤就可能發(fā)展為煤炭自燃。 1.1 coal spontaneous combustion mechanism of the research in recent years, according to the solid organic oxidation theory, some scholars of the spontaneous combustion of coal in our country, especially the oxidation phenomeno

6、n in the early studies showed that the oxidation and spontaneous combustion of coal is a kind of a chain reaction. The coal in the process of its formation formed many oxygen free radicals, such as hydroxyl (OH), carbonyl and carboxyl (-cooh) group (> C = O), etc.; Under low temperature, coal adsorp

7、tion of oxygen from the air and the free radical reaction, generate more, stability of different free radical, then gives off heat, though a few, but the activity of coal increased; As this process continues, under certain conditions, has the spontaneous combustion tendency of coal may be for the de

8、velopment of coal spontaneous combustion. 　　1.1.1煤炭自燃必須具備的四十條件（四要素） 1.1.1 the coal spontaneous combustion conditions of 40 (4 elements) 　1）煤具有自燃傾向性（即在常溫下有較高的氧化活性）；2）具有自燃傾向性的煤呈破碎狀態(tài)并集中堆積存放：3）有連續(xù)的供氧條件；4）熱量易于積聚?！? 1) coal has the spontaneous combustion tendency (i.e., had a higher oxidation activit

9、y at room temperature); 2) has the self-ignition orientation of coal is broken state and focus stacking storage: 3) continuous oxygen condition; 4) the heat is easy to accumulate. 　1.1.2影響煤炭自燃傾向性的因素　　 1.1.2 factors affecting coal spontaneous combustion tendency 1）煤的變質(zhì)程度（煤化程度）炭化程度越高，氧游離基的含量越少。2

10、）煤的成分。含絲煤越多，自燃傾向越大；含暗煤多的煤，一般不自燃。3）煤中的水分。煤中水分少時(shí)，有利于煤的自燃；水分足夠大時(shí)，則會(huì)抑制煤的自燃；但是，煤中的水分蒸發(fā)后，其自燃危險(xiǎn)性會(huì)增大。4）煤的含硫量。同牌號(hào)的煤中，含硫礦物（如黃鐵礦）越多，越易自燃，因?yàn)槊褐兴狞S鐵礦，在低溫氧化時(shí)放出的熱量促進(jìn)了煤炭自燃。5）煤炭的孔隙率和脆性。煤炭的孔隙率越大，越易于自燃。這是由于孔隙率越大，O2越易滲人煤的內(nèi)部，煤的氧化表面積也越大。變質(zhì)程度相同的煤，脆性越大，越易自燃。因?yàn)槊旱拇嘈源笮∨c該種煤巖是否易于破碎和形成煤粉有關(guān)。6）煤層厚度和傾角。煤層厚度或傾角越大，自燃危險(xiǎn)性越大。這是因?yàn)殚_(kāi)采厚煤層或急

11、傾斜煤層時(shí)，煤炭回收率低，采區(qū)煤柱易遭破壞，采空區(qū)不易封閉嚴(yán)密和漏風(fēng)較大。而且，煤是不良導(dǎo)熱體，煤層越厚，越易積聚熱量。若厚煤層分層開(kāi)采，則發(fā)火概率較大。7）煤層埋藏深度。煤層埋藏深度增加，地壓和煤體的原始溫度增加，煤內(nèi)自然水分少.這將使煤的自燃危險(xiǎn)性增加，在開(kāi)采深度不大時(shí)，容易形成與地表溝通的裂隙，造成采空區(qū)內(nèi)有較大的漏風(fēng)，也容易在采空區(qū)中形成浮煤自燃。8）地質(zhì)構(gòu)造。煤層有地質(zhì)構(gòu)造破壞的地方，煤巖發(fā)生自燃比較頻繁。這是因?yàn)槊嘿|(zhì)松碎增加了煤的氧化活性和供氧通道與氧化表面積。在巖漿侵入?yún)^(qū)，煤層受到干餾，煤的孔隙率增加、強(qiáng)度降低，自燃的危險(xiǎn)性也就增大。 1) the metamorphic gr

12、ade of coal char (coalification degree) degree is higher, the less the content of oxygen free radicals. 2) the composition of coal. Contains silk more coal, the greater the spontaneous combustion tendency; Contain dark more coal, the coal usually is not spontaneous combustion. 3) the moisture in coa

13、l. Periods of moisture in coal, coal spontaneous combustion; When water is large enough, can inhibit the spontaneous combustion of coal; However, the moisture in coal after evaporation, the spontaneous combustion risk increases. 4) the sulfur content of coal. With grades of coal, sulfur minerals (e.

14、g., pyrite), the more the more prone to spontaneous combustion, because coal contained in pyrite, gives off heat when low temperature oxidation promote the coal spontaneous combustion. 5) porosity and brittleness of coal. The greater the porosity of coal, the more prone to spontaneous combustion. Th

15、is is due to the porosity, the greater the O2 is easy inside the permeability of coal, coal oxidation surface area. The bigger the same coal metamorphic grade, brittleness, more prone to spontaneous combustion. Because of the brittleness of coal size and whether this kind of coal and rock is easy to

16、 be broken, and pulverized coal formation. 6) coal seam thickness and the inclination. The greater the spontaneous combustion coal seam thickness or Angle, the greater the risk. Because the mining thick coal seam or steep seam, low coal recovery rate, mining area coal pillars is easy damaged, mined-

17、out area not easily closed tight and air leakage is larger. Moreover, coal is poor conductors, the thicker the seam, the more easy to accumulation of heat. If thick coal seam layering mining, the ignition probability is bigger. 7) the buried depth of coal seam. Coal and coal seam buried depth increa

18、ses, the pressure of the original temperature increases, the less coal in natural water. This will lead to increased risk of coal spontaneous combustion, the mining depth is not big, easy to communicate with the surface cracks formation, resulting in goaf air leakage greatly, also easy to form coal

19、spontaneous combustion in goaf. 8) geological structure. With geological structure destruction of coal seam, coal rock spontaneous more frequently. Because breaking up increased coal of coal oxidation activity and oxygen supply channel and oxidation surface area. In magma intrusion zone, by carboniz

20、ation of coal seam, coal porosity increases, the intensity is reduced, the risk of spontaneous combustion is increased. 　　1.2煤自燃發(fā)火危險(xiǎn)性判定（自燃傾向性和發(fā)火期的判定） 1.2 coal spontaneous combustion danger judgement (spontaneous combustion tendency and combustion time of the decision) 　　1）80年代前，煤自燃發(fā)火危險(xiǎn)性的判定沿用原蘇聯(lián)

21、的著火溫度鑒定煤的自燃發(fā)火傾向；但對(duì)高硫煤，用此法判定差異較大。2）近年來(lái)，采用色譜動(dòng)態(tài)吸氧法測(cè)定吸氧量和吸氧速度來(lái)判定自燃發(fā)火傾向。使用的儀器多為ZRJ一1型色譜自燃性測(cè)定儀。3）在研究中采用了兩種途徑來(lái)確定煤的自燃發(fā)火期。即用煤堆實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置在模擬條件下測(cè)定并解算發(fā)火期和測(cè)定煤的吸氧速度、氧化反應(yīng)速度，按照熱傳導(dǎo)及熱平衡原理推算煤的最短自燃發(fā)火期，然后結(jié)合井下各種影響因素確定煤的發(fā)火期。 1) the 80 s, the coal spontaneous combustion dangerous for determining ignition temperature of the form

22、er Soviet union appraisal of coal spontaneous combustion tendency; But for high sulfur coal, determine differences in this way. 2) in recent years, using the method of dynamic oxygen chromatographic determination of oxygen quantity and speed of oxygen to determine spontaneous combustion tendency. In

23、struments used for chromatographic pyrophorisity ZRJ a type 1 meter. 3) in the study used two ways to determine the coal spontaneous combustion period. Box pile experiment under the condition of simulated measuring and calculating combustion time and measuring the rate of oxygen, coal oxidation reac

24、tion speed, the heat conduction and heat balance according to the principle of calculating the shortest spontaneous combustion period of coal, and then combined with various influencing factors of underground coal combustion time is determined. 　　1.3自燃發(fā)火預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào) 1.3 spontaneous combustion prediction

25、 　　1.3.1預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)指標(biāo)最新研究表明，CO已不是在任何情況下都可作為唯一的和最靈敏可靠的判別煤自燃火災(zāi)的指標(biāo)。使用CO、C2H4及C2H2三個(gè)指標(biāo)將煤自燃發(fā)火分為三個(gè)階段。即礦井風(fēng)流中出現(xiàn)CO質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)降至l0-6級(jí)時(shí)的緩慢氧化階段；出現(xiàn)CO和C2H4質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)降至l0-6級(jí)時(shí)的加速氧化階段；出現(xiàn)CO、C2H4和C2H2質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)降至l0-6級(jí)時(shí)的激烈氧化階段（將出現(xiàn)明火）。應(yīng)用這三個(gè)指標(biāo)，不僅可預(yù)測(cè)火災(zāi)，而且還可判Ⅱ其階段，并可據(jù)此采取不同的防滅火技術(shù)措施。 1.3.1 forecasting index, according to new research CO is not in al

26、l cases can be used as the only and the most sensitive and reliable determination index of coal spontaneous combustion fire. Using CO, C2H4 and C2H2 three indicators of coal spontaneous combustion can be divided into three stages. In CO mass fraction is mine love fell to l0 - slow oxidation stage at

27、 level 6; CO and C2H4 quality score dropped to l0 - at level 6 stage of accelerated oxidation; CO, C2H4 and C2H2 quality scores fall to l0 - violent oxidation stage at level 6 (there will be a fire). Application of these three indicators, which not only can predict fire, but also convicted Ⅱ its sta

28、ge, and can therefore take a different technical measures preventing and extinguishing the fire. 　　1.3.2預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)手段　 1.3.2 prediction method 　1）70年代前用井下人工采氣樣、地面儀器分析、結(jié)合溫度檢測(cè)人的感知來(lái)判斷發(fā)火危險(xiǎn)性。2）80年代以后，煤礦普遍采用氣相色譜分析方法，并研究應(yīng)用束管監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)抽吸井下氣體、地面集中分析、微機(jī)自動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)處理和預(yù)報(bào)自燃發(fā)火。3）最新研制的井下采區(qū)分站式束管系統(tǒng)，如KHY一3井下束管監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)將井下各測(cè)點(diǎn)的氣樣在井下采

29、區(qū)直接分析，并轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào)，通過(guò)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)主傳輸電纜把氣體分析信號(hào)傳輸至地面中心站。4）最近還研究出了在TF一200型環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)分站聯(lián)接CO、CH4、O2、溫度、風(fēng)速傳感器，根據(jù)氣體成分和溫度變化趨勢(shì)，解算從發(fā)火指標(biāo)變化到發(fā)火危險(xiǎn)值的時(shí)間。 1) before the 70 s by downhole artificial gas extraction, ground instrument analysis, combining temperature testing people judge ignition risk perception. 2) after the 80 s, wi

30、dely used in coal mine gas chromatography analysis method, research and application of beam tube monitoring system pump downhole gas, ground concentration analysis, the computer automatic data processing and prediction of spontaneous combustion. 3) newly developed underground mining area substation

31、type tube system, such as KHY a 3 underground tube monitoring system. This system will be underground gas sample of each measuring point in underground mining area analysis directly, translates into electric signal, through the environment monitoring system for main transmission cables to gas analys

32、is signal transmission to the ground terminal. 4) also recently developed in TF 200 environment monitoring system substation connection CO, CH4, O2, the temperature, wind speed sensor, according to the gas composition and temperature change trend, calculating from the flammability index change to ig

33、nition risk value of time. 　　2、礦井煤炭自燃火源區(qū)域探測(cè)方法　 2, mine spontaneous combustion of coal fire area detection method 　礦井煤炭自燃火源區(qū)域探測(cè)采用的方法有：1）磁探測(cè)法。其原理是，烘烤后的上覆巖石的磁性隨自燃溫度升高而增強(qiáng)。2）電阻率探測(cè)法。其原理是，煤炭自燃發(fā)火后，煤層的結(jié)構(gòu)狀態(tài)和含水性發(fā)生較大變化。3）氣體探測(cè)法。分井下氣體探測(cè)法和地面氣體探測(cè)法兩種。其原理是，煤自燃在不同的溫度下產(chǎn)生的氣體種類和濃度不同，并可據(jù)此依次判斷煤的白燃溫度，并由氣體濃度梯度大致確定高溫區(qū)域的范

34、圍。4）氧氣探測(cè)法。其原理是，煤層自燃后，隨煤溫升高，氧氣濃度上升，依此判斷火區(qū)位置?！? Mine coal spontaneous combustion fire area detection methods are: 1) magnetic detection. The principle is that, after baking the overlying rock magnetism is enhanced by the spontaneous combustion temperature. 2) resistivity detection method. The principl

35、e is that, after the coal spontaneous combustion, coal seam structure state and containing water. Great changes have taken place 3) gas detection. Downhole gas detection method and the ground gas detection method two kinds. Its principle is that the coal spontaneous combustion in a gas under differe

36、nt temperature, different types and concentrations and can according to this, in turn, determine the white flame temperatures of coal, and the gas concentration gradient is roughly determine the scope of the high temperature area. 4) oxygen probe method. Its principle is that of coal seam spontaneou

37、s combustion, along with the coal temperature rise, high oxygen concentration increase, judging from the fire area. 　3、礦井防滅火技術(shù) 3, mine fire prevention technology 　　3.1惰化防滅火技術(shù) 3.1 inert gas fire extinguishing technology 　　惰化技術(shù)主要是指將惰性氣體送人擬處理區(qū)，抑制煤自燃的技術(shù)。該技術(shù)主要用在當(dāng)發(fā)生外因火災(zāi)或因自燃火災(zāi)而導(dǎo)致的封閉區(qū)我國(guó)從80年代起，開(kāi)展了氨氣

38、惰化防滅火技術(shù)的研究與試驗(yàn)。近年來(lái)，在我國(guó)煤礦防滅火工程中使用的氮裝備有深冷空分制氮裝置、變壓吸附制氮裝置和膜分離制氨裝置三種。 Inerting technology mainly refers to the inert gas for fitting processing district, inhibition of coal spontaneous combustion technology. The technology is mainly used when exogenous fire caused by spontaneous combustion fire or enclo

39、sed area of our country since the 80 s, was carried out by ammonia inerting research and test of the technology of fire. In recent years, the use of nitrogen in the coal mine fire prevention engineering in our country are equipped with cryogenic empty device, psa nitrogen making device on nitrogen a

40、nd ammonia unit 3 kinds of membrane separation system. 　　根據(jù)安裝與運(yùn)移方式不同，后兩種又設(shè)計(jì)成井上固定、井上移動(dòng)和井下移動(dòng)三種。在撲滅巷道火災(zāi)中，建臨建密閉后，向封閉區(qū)注氨氣，使火區(qū)氣體氧濃度降至10%以下可滅明火，降到1%～2%可快速滅火；燃燒深度大的火源，注氨量要達(dá)到火區(qū)體積的2～3倍。我國(guó)煤礦采空區(qū)防火時(shí)的注氮量為200--400m3/h；封閉火區(qū)滅火時(shí)注氨量為600～800m3/h；開(kāi)放火區(qū)滅火的氨氣需求量更大。就目前來(lái)看，氨氣防滅火系統(tǒng)的配套仍落后于綜采、綜放開(kāi)采技術(shù)的發(fā)展，特別是注漿等防滅火方法很難適應(yīng)綜放工作面采空區(qū)三

41、維空間大和漏風(fēng)大的特點(diǎn)，致使我國(guó)煤礦每年有多起因火災(zāi)而封閉工作面的事故發(fā)生。 According to the installation and migration in a different way, after the two kinds of suppling and design three kinds of fixed, mobile and inoue underground movement. At the extinguish fire in a roadway overlay airtight, ammonia injection to closed area, burn

42、ing gas oxygen concentration below 10% can out the flame, down to 1% ~ 2% can be rapid fire; Deep burning fire, ammonia injection rate to reach 2 ~ 3 times the size of fire area. The amount of nitrogen injection in Chinas coal mine fire of 200-400 m3 / h; Fire sealing powder injection amount of ammo

43、nia is 600 ~ 800 m3 / h; Open fire extinguishing of ammonia gas demand is bigger. For now, ammonia gas fire extinguishing system and supporting still lags behind that of the fully mechanized mining technology development, especially the grouting fire prevention methods, such as it is difficult to ad

44、apt to fully-mechanized caving goaf three-dimensional space and of the characteristics of big air leakage in coal mine in our country every year, many closed working face by fire accident. 　　3.2阻燃物質(zhì)防滅火技術(shù) 3.2 fire prevention technique of flame retardant material 　　該技術(shù)是指將一些阻燃物質(zhì)送人擬處理區(qū)，以達(dá)到防滅火目的。使用的

45、阻燃物質(zhì)主要有黃泥漿、粉煤灰漿、頁(yè)巖泥漿、選煤廠尾礦漿、阻化劑和阻化泥漿。阻化劑主要有無(wú)機(jī)鹽吸水液、氫氧化鈣阻化液、硅凝膠、表面括性劑、高聚物乳液粉末狀防熱劑。 Refers to the technology will some flame retardant material to send people to deal with area, to achieve the purpose of preventing and extinguishing the fire. Use flame retardant materials mainly with yellow mud, fly a

46、sh slurry and mud shale, coal slurry, the inhibitor agent and the inhibitor of mud. Inhibitor agent are mainly inorganic salt water fluid, the resistance to calcium hydroxide solution, silica gel, the surface enclosed agent, polymer latex powder thermal protective agent. 　　3.3堵漏風(fēng)防火技術(shù)　 3.3 lost ci

47、rculation wind fire prevention technology 　采場(chǎng)工作面推過(guò)后，及時(shí)封閉和采空區(qū)相連通的巷道，進(jìn)行無(wú)煤柱工作面順槽巷旁充填隔離帶，以及隔離煤柱裂隙注漿堵謂風(fēng)等，均屬于堵漏風(fēng)防滅火技術(shù)。 Stope face after push, timely closed and connected to goaf roadway, without coal pillar mining gateway lane beside the packing belt, as well as the isolated coal pillar fissure groutin

48、g wall refers to the wind, etc., all belong to plugging the wind fire prevention technology. 　　3.4綜合防滅火技術(shù) 3.4 comprehensive fire prevention technology 　　對(duì)于礦井防滅火出現(xiàn)的復(fù)雜性，采取單一方法通常不能取得理想的防滅效果。而采取綜合防滅火措施，即將幾種防滅技術(shù)有機(jī)地結(jié)合，可達(dá)到最佳的防滅火效果。 For the complexity of mine fire prevention, adopt single method often

49、 cant achieve ideal control effect. The comprehensive fire prevention measures, the organic ground combines several out prevention technologies, can achieve the best effect of preventing and extinguishing the fire. 　　本文論述了近年來(lái)我國(guó)在煤礦礦井火災(zāi)預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)理論，礦井防滅火技術(shù)、外源火災(zāi)檢測(cè)及防治和礦井防滅火決策系統(tǒng)等方面的研究和應(yīng)用進(jìn)展，并分析了我國(guó)在煤礦礦井防滅火技術(shù)研究

50、和一些存在的問(wèn)題。 This paper discusses the prediction theory in coal mine fire in China in recent years, mine fire prevention technology, prevention and control of exogenous fire detection and mine fire prevention decision system and the progress in research and application of and analyzes in the coal mine fire prevention technology research in China and some existing problems. 7