西方文化導論自然主義 naturalism.ppt
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1、NaturalismBy Elena Chapter 8 Romanticism, Realism and NaturalismNaturalism The birth of Naturalism: After the failure of Napoleons war, the French nation was thrown into a state of depression and pessimism(悲觀情緒悲觀情緒). But people still cherished(懷有懷有) good memories of Napoleon and increased their hatr
2、ed(討厭討厭) of Louis XVIII and his successors(繼繼任者任者) when the Bourbon Dynasty (波旁王朝波旁王朝) returned. Later, Napoleons grandnephew took advantage of his prestige(威望)(威望) and became the supreme administrator(統(tǒng)治者統(tǒng)治者)of France. But this pretentious(自命不凡的自命不凡的) politician threw France into chaos(混亂混亂) and di
3、saster. France was eventually invaded by Germany.自然主義的誕生自然主義的誕生拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭失敗后法國國家陷入了沮喪和悲觀的狀態(tài)。但人們還是珍惜關(guān)于拿破侖的美拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭失敗后法國國家陷入了沮喪和悲觀的狀態(tài)。但人們還是珍惜關(guān)于拿破侖的美好的回憶,但是當波旁王朝時期回來的時候,人們開始增加對路易十三和他的繼任者的好的回憶,但是當波旁王朝時期回來的時候,人們開始增加對路易十三和他的繼任者的仇恨。之后,拿破侖的外甥以拿破侖的聲望為優(yōu)勢成為法國的最高管理員。但這自命不仇恨。之后,拿破侖的外甥以拿破侖的聲望為優(yōu)勢成為法國的最高管理員。但這自命不凡的政客讓法國陷入
4、混亂和災難。德國最終侵入了法國凡的政客讓法國陷入混亂和災難。德國最終侵入了法國。 Under such circumstances(環(huán)境環(huán)境), many writers and intellectuals become more pessimistic, they believed that modern man was characterized by weak-ill, spiritual (精神的精神的) frustration(沮喪沮喪) and the tendency to give up spiritual pursuits.追求追求). For these reasons,
5、they tried to reflect and represent real life.在這樣的條件下,許多作家和知識分子變得更加悲觀,他們相信那個時代的人應該是 虛弱的 精神上很沮喪并且傾向于放棄精神追求。由于這些原因,他們試圖反映,表現(xiàn)出真實的生活。Representative Novelists of NaturalismEmile Zola Emile Franois Zola (French pronunciation: ; 2 April 1840 29 September 1902)was a French writer, the most important exempla
6、r of the literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the development of theatrical(夸張的) naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in the
7、renowned newspaper headline JAccuse. 左拉,左拉,法國作家法國作家,自然主義創(chuàng)始人,自然主義創(chuàng)始人,1872年成為年成為職業(yè)作家,左拉是職業(yè)作家,左拉是自然主義文學流派的領(lǐng)袖自然主義文學流派的領(lǐng)袖。19世紀后半期法國重要的世紀后半期法國重要的批判現(xiàn)實主義批判現(xiàn)實主義作家,作家,自然自然主義文學理論的主要倡導者主義文學理論的主要倡導者,被視為,被視為19世紀批判世紀批判現(xiàn)實主義文學遺產(chǎn)的組成部分。現(xiàn)實主義文學遺產(chǎn)的組成部分。 Zola was born in Paris in 1840. His father, Franois Zola (originally
8、 Francesco Zolla), was an Italian engineer. With his French wife milie Aurlie Aubert, the family moved to Aix-en-Provence in the southeast, when he was three years old. Four years later in 1847, his father died leaving his mother on a meager pension. In 1858 the Zola moved to Paris, where miles chil
9、dhood friend Paul Czanne soon joined him. Zola started to write in the romantic style. His widowed mother had planned a law career for mile but he failed his Baccalaureate examination(學士學位考試) .Before his breakthrough as a writer, Zola worked as a clerk in a shipping firm and then in the sales depart
10、ment for a publisher .He also wrote literary and art reviews for newspapers. As a political journalist, Zola did not hide his dislike of Napoleon III, who had successfully run for the office of President under the constitution(憲法) of the French Second Republic, only to misuse this position as a spri
11、ngboard(助跳板) for the coup dtat that made him emperor.Greatest representative novelist of naturalism-Emile Zola(埃米爾埃米爾 左拉左拉) The writing of naturalism novelist intentionally offered no moral judgment by assuming(呈現(xiàn)呈現(xiàn)) scientific determinism(決定論,個性或行決定論,個性或行為個人不能決定為個人不能決定) that emphasized mans acciden
12、tal(偶然的偶然的), physiological(生理的生理的) nature rather than his moral or rational(理性的理性的) qualities. Zola was no exception, he held that the artist should seek answers from life and science if he wanted to represent life. According to Zola, the novelist was no longer to be a mere observer, content to reco
13、rd phenomenon(現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)象), but a detached (公正客觀的公正客觀的) experimenter who subjected (使臣服,使順從使臣服,使順從)his characters and their passion to a series of tests and who worked with emotional and social facts as a chemist works with matter. Hence, we can say that zola was a great believer in science. Zolas main wor
14、ks:Rougon -Macquart series(盧貢盧貢馬卡爾家族馬卡爾家族),it traced the social and natural history of a family whose members were under the controlling power of heredity(遺傳遺傳) and environment.Germinal(萌芽萌芽), he handled subject as diverse as a miners strike.The Drunkard(小酒店小酒店) and The Kill and Nana(娜娜娜娜)working-cl
15、ass alcoholism(酒精中毒酒精中毒)and the sexual decadence(墮落墮落) of the upper classes. Apart from these, There are also The Three Cities(三名(三名城)城),The Four Gospels(四福音書)(四福音書),and so on.左拉傳記(Zola biography) 十九世紀末。在巴黎的僻靜街區(qū),有一幢簡陋的房屋,頂樓里十九世紀末。在巴黎的僻靜街區(qū),有一幢簡陋的房屋,頂樓里住著作家左拉和印象派畫家賽尚。兩人生活清貧,但志同道合,住著作家左拉和印象派畫家賽尚。兩人生活清貧
16、,但志同道合,奮發(fā)創(chuàng)作。左拉的一本描寫妓女悲慘命運的小說奮發(fā)創(chuàng)作。左拉的一本描寫妓女悲慘命運的小說娜娜娜娜問世問世后大獲成功,為自己嘔心瀝血的巨著后大獲成功,為自己嘔心瀝血的巨著盧貢盧貢.馬加爾家族馬加爾家族增增添新的篇章,這時在法國發(fā)生了轟動的德雷弗案件,德雷弗是添新的篇章,這時在法國發(fā)生了轟動的德雷弗案件,德雷弗是猶太裔炮兵大尉,因涉嫌間諜罪,被捕入獄。他自己叫冤上訴,猶太裔炮兵大尉,因涉嫌間諜罪,被捕入獄。他自己叫冤上訴,他的老婆慕名來向左拉求援。左拉了解案情后,深為德雷弗感他的老婆慕名來向左拉求援。左拉了解案情后,深為德雷弗感到不平,于是呼吁輿論,發(fā)起了廣泛的聲援行動。左拉本人則到不平
17、,于是呼吁輿論,發(fā)起了廣泛的聲援行動。左拉本人則遭到軍方右翼勢力的非難。不久,德雷弗被宣判無罪獲釋。左遭到軍方右翼勢力的非難。不久,德雷弗被宣判無罪獲釋。左拉維護正義的行為博得公眾贊許。一九拉維護正義的行為博得公眾贊許。一九二年,左拉因煤氣中二年,左拉因煤氣中毒而身亡。法國人民懷著悲痛的心情悼念左拉,作家法朗士發(fā)毒而身亡。法國人民懷著悲痛的心情悼念左拉,作家法朗士發(fā)表了悲壯的悼詞。左拉的遺體安放在旁代翁宮。表了悲壯的悼詞。左拉的遺體安放在旁代翁宮。 現(xiàn)實主義作家左拉現(xiàn)實主義作家左拉 1919世紀后半期法國重要的世紀后半期法國重要的批判現(xiàn)實主義批判現(xiàn)實主義作家,作家,自然主義文學理論的自然主義文
18、學理論的主要倡導者主要倡導者,一生寫成數(shù)十部長篇小說,一生寫成數(shù)十部長篇小說,代表作為代表作為萌芽萌芽。左拉的創(chuàng)左拉的創(chuàng)作和世界觀充滿矛盾:一方面對現(xiàn)存的制度進行毀滅性的批判,一方面作和世界觀充滿矛盾:一方面對現(xiàn)存的制度進行毀滅性的批判,一方面又對資本主義社會抱有不切實際的幻想。又對資本主義社會抱有不切實際的幻想。他的創(chuàng)作從理論到實踐都有其他的創(chuàng)作從理論到實踐都有其特色。早期作品短篇小說集特色。早期作品短篇小說集妮儂的故事妮儂的故事(18641864)、長篇小說)、長篇小說克洛克洛德的懺悔德的懺悔(18651865),脫不開對浪漫主義作家的模仿。后來,),脫不開對浪漫主義作家的模仿。后來,他對
19、現(xiàn)實他對現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義逐漸產(chǎn)生濃厚興趣。主義和自然主義逐漸產(chǎn)生濃厚興趣。在泰納的環(huán)境決定論和在泰納的環(huán)境決定論和克羅德克羅德貝貝爾納的遺傳學說的影響下,形成其自然主義理論:主張以科學爾納的遺傳學說的影響下,形成其自然主義理論:主張以科學實驗方法寫作,對人物進行生理學和解剖學的分析;作家在寫實驗方法寫作,對人物進行生理學和解剖學的分析;作家在寫作時應無動于衷地記錄現(xiàn)實生活中的事實,不必攙雜主觀感情。作時應無動于衷地記錄現(xiàn)實生活中的事實,不必攙雜主觀感情。但在左拉身上,自然主義、現(xiàn)實主義兩種傾向兼而有之。但在左拉身上,自然主義、現(xiàn)實主義兩種傾向兼而有之。 左拉作品(左拉作品(Zolas wor
20、ks) 他受巴爾扎克他受巴爾扎克人間喜劇人間喜劇的啟示,的啟示,創(chuàng)作一套長達創(chuàng)作一套長達600600萬字、萬字、由由2020部長篇小說構(gòu)成的巨著部長篇小說構(gòu)成的巨著魯貢魯貢瑪卡爾家族瑪卡爾家族,反映了,反映了法國第二帝國時代社會各方面情況。法國第二帝國時代社會各方面情況。描寫罷工斗爭的描寫罷工斗爭的萌芽萌芽和反映普法戰(zhàn)爭、第二帝國崩潰、巴黎公社起義的和反映普法戰(zhàn)爭、第二帝國崩潰、巴黎公社起義的崩潰崩潰最最為重要。為重要。他還寫了三部曲他還寫了三部曲三城市三城市、盧爾德盧爾德(18941894)、)、羅馬羅馬(18961896)、)、巴黎巴黎(18981898),以及),以及四福音書四福音書中中
21、的前三部:的前三部:繁殖繁殖(18991899)、)、勞動勞動(19011901)、)、真理真理(作家死后的(作家死后的19031903年出版),第四部年出版),第四部正義正義尚未完成。左拉尚未完成。左拉因煤氣中毒而逝世于因煤氣中毒而逝世于19021902年年9 9月月2929日。日。他的他的小酒店小酒店、娜娜娜娜、金錢金錢、婦女樂園婦女樂園亦十分著名。亦十分著名。19081908年,法蘭西年,法蘭西共和國政府以左拉生前對法國文學的卓越貢獻,為他補行國葬,共和國政府以左拉生前對法國文學的卓越貢獻,為他補行國葬,并使之進入偉人祠。并使之進入偉人祠。 GerminalRougon -Macquar
22、t seriesThe Drunkard NanaNaturalist Art Among so many artists of that time, Vincent Van Gogh may be the most famous one.Vincent Willem Van Gogh was a Dutch(荷蘭) post-Impressionist(后印象派) painter whose work, notable(著名) for its rough beauty, emotional honesty, and bold(大膽的) color, had a far-reaching(深遠
23、的) influence on 20th-century art. After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental(精神的) illness, he died at the age of 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted(自身造成的). His work was then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer still.Van Gogh文森特文森特
24、威廉威廉梵高梵高 文森特文森特威廉威廉梵高梵高(Vincent Willem van Gogh,18531890),荷蘭),荷蘭后印象派后印象派畫家。他是表現(xiàn)主義的先驅(qū),畫家。他是表現(xiàn)主義的先驅(qū),并深深影響了二十世紀藝術(shù),尤其是野獸派與德國表并深深影響了二十世紀藝術(shù),尤其是野獸派與德國表現(xiàn)主義。梵高的作品,如現(xiàn)主義。梵高的作品,如星月夜星月夜、向日葵向日葵與與有烏鴉的麥田有烏鴉的麥田等,現(xiàn)已擠身于全球最具名、廣為等,現(xiàn)已擠身于全球最具名、廣為人知與昂貴的藝術(shù)作品的行列。人知與昂貴的藝術(shù)作品的行列。1890年年7月月29日,梵高日,梵高終因精神疾病的困擾,在美麗的法國瓦茲河畔結(jié)束了終因精神疾病的
25、困擾,在美麗的法國瓦茲河畔結(jié)束了其年輕的生命,時年他才其年輕的生命,時年他才37歲。歲。 文森特威廉梵高(Vincent Willem van Gogh,18531890),荷蘭后印象派代表性畫家。 1853年3月30日生于津德爾特,早期因為表達內(nèi)心的悲痛,曾割斷了自己的耳朵。1890年7月29日在法國瓦茲河畔因患精神病自殺身亡。早年經(jīng)商,后熱衷于宗教,1880年以后開始學習繪畫。曾在巴黎結(jié)識E.貝爾納、P.西涅克和P.高更等畫家。 早期作品受印象主義和新印象主義畫派影響,代表作有食土豆者、塞納河濱等。曾兩次在咖啡館和飯館等地向勞工階層展出自己的作品。不久厭倦巴黎生活,來到法國南部的阿爾勒,開
26、始追求更有表現(xiàn)力的技巧;同時受革新文藝思潮的推動和日本繪畫的啟發(fā),大膽探索自由抒發(fā)內(nèi)心感受的風格,以達到線和色彩的自身表現(xiàn)力和畫面的裝飾性、寓意性。 Art Feature(藝術(shù)特色)(藝術(shù)特色):pointillism pwntilizm (點彩畫法點彩畫法) Master work(代表作):(代表作):sunflower向日葵、The postman LuLan 郵遞員魯蘭、Cafe night market 咖啡館夜市、The Starry Night 星月夜、包扎著耳朵的自畫像Wrap the self-portrait of the ear 、 星光燦爛、Van Gogh in M
27、ichaels bedroom 梵高在阿爾勒臥室、Near the bridges 阿爾附近的吊橋等,都包含著深刻的悲劇意識(a sense of the tragic)以及強烈的個性(strong individuality)和形式(form)上的獨特追求。 Creative concepts(創(chuàng)作理念創(chuàng)作理念) 印象主義印象主義(Impressionism)梵高著意于真實情感的再現(xiàn),也就是說,他要表現(xiàn)的是他對事物的感受,而不是他所看到的視覺形象(visual image)。 梵高在巴黎結(jié)識了印象主義畫家之后,他的調(diào)色板就變亮了。他發(fā)現(xiàn),他唯一深愛的東西就是色彩,輝煌的、未經(jīng)調(diào)和的色彩。他手
28、中的色彩特征,與印象主義者們的色彩根本不同。即使他運用印象主義者的技法,但由于他對于人和自然特有的觀察能力,因而得出的結(jié)論也具有非凡的個性。 梵高把他的作品列為同一般印象主義畫家的作品不同的另一類,他說:“為了更有力地表現(xiàn)自我,我在色彩的運用上更為隨心所欲。”其實,不僅是色彩(colour),連透視(perspective)、形體(body)和比例(scale)也都變了形,以此來表現(xiàn)與世界之間的一種極度痛苦但又非常真實的關(guān)系(In order to performance and the world between extreme pain but very real relationship
29、 )。而這一鮮明特征在后來成了印象派(Impressionism)區(qū)別于其他畫派而獨立存在的根本。 Creative concepts(創(chuàng)作理念) 表現(xiàn)主義表現(xiàn)主義(Expressionism) 梵高死后不出幾年,一些畫家就開始模仿他的畫法,為了梵高死后不出幾年,一些畫家就開始模仿他的畫法,為了表現(xiàn)強烈的感情,可以不對現(xiàn)實作如實的反映,這種創(chuàng)造性的表現(xiàn)強烈的感情,可以不對現(xiàn)實作如實的反映,這種創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度被稱作表現(xiàn)主義(態(tài)度被稱作表現(xiàn)主義(Expressionism) ,并且證明是現(xiàn)代繪,并且證明是現(xiàn)代繪畫中一種歷久不衰的傾向。即為了主觀意識而對物體進行再塑畫中一種歷久不衰的傾向。即為了主觀意
30、識而對物體進行再塑造。造。 盡管高更和梵高的名字雙雙成為現(xiàn)代表現(xiàn)主義的先鋒,成盡管高更和梵高的名字雙雙成為現(xiàn)代表現(xiàn)主義的先鋒,成為極端個性化的藝術(shù)家的典型,但要設(shè)想他們的個人特點有多為極端個性化的藝術(shù)家的典型,但要設(shè)想他們的個人特點有多在不同則是很難的。梵高更是個攻擊傳統(tǒng)觀念(在不同則是很難的。梵高更是個攻擊傳統(tǒng)觀念(Against traditional idea)的人,語言刻?。ǎ┑娜?,語言刻薄(mean about words)、)、玩世不恭(玩世不恭(cynicism)、冷漠無情()、冷漠無情(apathy),有時蠻橫無),有時蠻橫無禮(禮(insolence) 。而梵高對于共事的藝術(shù)
31、家,則充滿了一種。而梵高對于共事的藝術(shù)家,則充滿了一種天真的熱情的深沉的愛天真的熱情的深沉的愛And for the artists to work with van gogh, is full of a naive enthusiasm of the deep love. 。 Creative concepts(創(chuàng)作理念) Artistic sense of mission(藝術(shù)使命感藝術(shù)使命感) 梵高是一位具有真正使命感的藝術(shù)家,梵高在談到他的創(chuàng)梵高是一位具有真正使命感的藝術(shù)家,梵高在談到他的創(chuàng)作時,對這種感情是這樣總結(jié)的:作時,對這種感情是這樣總結(jié)的:“為了它,我拿自己的生命為了它,我拿
32、自己的生命去冒險;由于它,我的理智有一半崩潰了;不過這都沒關(guān)去冒險;由于它,我的理智有一半崩潰了;不過這都沒關(guān)系系”. Van Gogh never gave up his faith :The art should care about realistic problems, explore how to awaken our conscience, changing the world 。 梵高從來沒有放棄他的信念:藝術(shù)應當關(guān)心現(xiàn)實的問題,探索梵高從來沒有放棄他的信念:藝術(shù)應當關(guān)心現(xiàn)實的問題,探索如何喚醒良知,改造世界如何喚醒良知,改造世界藝術(shù)影響藝術(shù)影響(Art effect) 當時他的
33、作品雖很難被人接受,卻對西方20世紀的繪畫藝術(shù)有深遠的影響。 法國的野獸主義、德國的表現(xiàn)主義以及20世紀初出現(xiàn)的抒情抽象主義等,都從他的主體在創(chuàng)作過程中的作用、自由抒發(fā)內(nèi)心感情、意識和把握形式的相對獨立價值、在油畫創(chuàng)作中吸收和擷取東方繪畫因素等方面,得到啟發(fā),形成了各自不同的繪畫流派。 梵高摒棄了一切后天習得的知識,漠視學院派珍視的教條,甚至忘記自己的理性。在他的眼中,只有生機盎然的自然景觀,他陶醉于其中,物我兩忘。他視天地萬物為不可分割的整體,他用全部身心,擁抱一切。梵高很晚才作為一位極具個性化的畫家而嶄露頭角,距他去世時只有八年。 Posthumous fame(死后的成就)Followi
34、ng his first exhibitions in the late 1880s, van Goghs fame grew steadily among colleagues, art critics, dealers(商人們) and collectors(收藏家). After his death, memorial exhibitions were mounted in Brussels, Paris, The Hague and Antwerp. In the early 20th century, there were retrospectives in Paris (1901
35、and 1905), and Amsterdam (1905), and important group exhibitions in Cologne (1912), New York (1913) and Berlin (1914).These had a noticeable impact on later generations of artists. By the mid 20th century van Gogh was seen as one of the greatest and most recognizable painters in history. In 2007 a g
36、roup of Dutch historians compiled the Canon of Dutch History to be taught in schools and included van Gogh as one of the fifty topics of the canon, alongside other national icons such as Rembrandt and De Stijl. Together with those of Pablo Picasso(巴勃羅畢加索 ), Van Goghs works are among the worlds most
37、expensive paintings ever sold, as estimated from auctions(拍賣) and private sales. Those sold for over $100 million (todays equivalent(等價的)) include Portrait of Dr. Cachet(嘉舍醫(yī)師的畫像) , Portrait of Joseph Rollin and Irises(鳶尾花 ). A Wheatfield with Cypresses(麥田與松樹)was sold in 1993 for $57 million, a spect
38、acularly high price at the time, while his Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear(戴著繃帶失去耳朵的自畫像)was sold privately in the late 1990s for an estimated $80/$90 million.Wrap the self-portrait of the earSun flower夜間咖啡館圣-雷米阿爾的房間夜間咖啡館The Starry NightVincent (Starry starry night) by Don McleanStarry starry nightPa
39、int your palette blue and greyLook out on a summers dayWith eyes that know the darkness in my soulShadows on the hillsSketch the trees and daffodilsCatch the breeze and the winter chillsIn colors on the snowy linen landNow I understand what you try to say to meAnd how you suffered for your sanityAnd
40、 how you tried to set them freeThey would not listenThey did not know howPerhaps theyll listen you nowStarry starry nightFlaming flowers that brightly blazeSwirling clouds in Violet hazeReflect in Vincents eyes of china blueColors changing hueMorning fields of amber grainWeathered faces lined in pai
41、nAre Soothed beneath the artists loving handNow I understand what you try to say to meAnd how you suffered for your sanityAnd how you tried to set them freeThey would not listenThey did not know howPerhaps theyll listen you nowFor they could not love youBut still your love was trueAnd when no hope w
42、as left inside On that starry starry nightYou took your life as lovers often doBut I could have told you VincentThis world was never meant for one as beautiful as youStarry starry nightPortraits hung in empty hallsFrameless heads on nameless wallsWith eyes that watch the world and cant forgetLike th
43、e stranger that youve metThe ragged man in ragged clothThe silver thorn in a bloody roseLying crushed and broken on the virgin snowNow I think I know what you try to say to meThat how you suffered for your sanityAnd how you try to set them freeThey would not listen theyre not listening stillPerhaps they never willThank youThank youElenaElena
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