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1、第二部分第二部分 語法專題語法專題專題十一專題十一 非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞精講必備考點(diǎn)精講必備考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)一 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語動(dòng)詞不定式作主語考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)二 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)三 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)四 動(dòng)詞不定式的特殊句型動(dòng)詞不定式的特殊句型考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)五 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語考點(diǎn)六考點(diǎn)六 疑問詞疑問詞 + + 動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式考點(diǎn)八考點(diǎn)八 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞考點(diǎn)七考點(diǎn)七 動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式精講必備考點(diǎn)(時(shí)態(tài))精講必備考點(diǎn)(時(shí)態(tài))我們把在句子當(dāng)中起名詞、形容詞或副詞作用,充當(dāng)謂語之外的其
2、他句子成分的動(dòng)詞稱為非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞有三種形式:動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)和動(dòng)名詞??键c(diǎn)一 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語動(dòng)詞不定式是一種非限定動(dòng)詞,而非限定動(dòng)詞是指那些在句中不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語的動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞不定式分為帶to的不定式(to + 動(dòng)詞原形)和不帶to的不定式。動(dòng)詞不定式不能單獨(dú)用作謂語動(dòng)詞,不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制,但保留動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)。1. 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。To say something is one thing; to do it is another. 說是一回事,做是另一回事。2. 動(dòng)詞不定式在句子中作主語時(shí)通常放在句末,而用it作形式主語,其結(jié)構(gòu)為
3、:It + be + adj. (+ for / of sb.) + 動(dòng)詞不定式。Its so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。It is not difficult to work out the problem. 做出這道題并不難。【典例精析】It takes me half an hour _ the piano every day. A. playB. playingC. to play答案:C。解析:it 是形式主語,動(dòng)詞不定式是真正的主語。It takes sb. some time to do sth.,做某事花費(fèi)某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間??键c(diǎn)二 動(dòng)詞不
4、定式作賓語1. 一些動(dòng)詞后可跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。這類動(dòng)詞主要有:want,wish,like,decide,help,try,begin,forget,learn,ask,agree,hope,promise等。2. find,think,make,believe等動(dòng)詞后跟不定式作賓語時(shí),常用it作形式賓語而把真正的賓語動(dòng)詞不定式短語放在句末?!镜淅觥?. The children decide _ their school yard this Friday afternoon. A. cleanB. to cleanC. cleaning D. cleaned解析:decide后接動(dòng)詞不
5、定式作賓語,意為“決定做某事”。答案:B。2. At times, parents find it difficult _ with their teenage children.A. talkB. talkedC. talkingD. to talk解析:find + it + adj. (+ for sb.) + to do sth.發(fā)現(xiàn)做某事是的,it作形式賓語,動(dòng)詞不定式是真正的賓語。答案:D。考點(diǎn)三 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語分類功能例句接 帶 t o的 不 定式ask,tell,get,wish,like,want,teach,would like等動(dòng)詞之后常接帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。這
6、類動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),仍要用帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語。He was asked to make an apology for his rudeness. 他被要求為自己的粗魯?shù)狼?。分類功能例句接不帶to的不定式make,let,have,hear,see,listen to,feel,watch等動(dòng)詞之后,必須接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。但當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),作主語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞不定式的to要還原。I heard him sing in the classroom. = He was heard to sing in the classroom (by me). 我聽見他在教室里唱歌。
7、既可以接帶to的不定式,也可以接不帶to的不定式help之后,既可以接帶to的不定式,也可以接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。Will you help me ( t o ) w a s h t h e clothes? 你能幫助我洗衣服嗎?【典例精析】Our teacher often asks us _ questions in groups. A.discussB. to discussC. discussingD. discussed解析:ask sb. to do. sth. 要求某人做某事,動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。 答案:B??键c(diǎn)四 動(dòng)詞不定式的特殊句型1. too . to . 太而不能The
8、 boy is too young to look after himself. 那個(gè)男孩太小還不能照顧自己。2. . enough to . 足夠He is old enough to go to school. 他到了上學(xué)的年齡了。3. Why dont you + 不帶to的不定式? = Why not + 不帶to的不定式?Why dont you get her a photo album? = Why not get her a photo album? 為什么不給她買個(gè)相冊(cè)呢?4. had better + (not) + 不帶to的不定式最好(不)Youd better not
9、 stay there today. 你今天最好別待在那兒。5. Will you please + 不帶to的不定式? 你能嗎?Will you please close the door? 你能把門關(guān)上嗎?6. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 寧愿做某事而不愿做某事She prefers to receive a small gift that has some thought behind it rather than receive a lot of money. 她寧愿收到一份有意義的小禮物也不愿收到一大筆錢?!镜淅觥縎hes not
10、strong enough _ walking up mountains. A. to goB. goingC. goD. went解析: “形容詞或副詞+enough to+動(dòng)詞原形”為固定結(jié)構(gòu),其意為“足夠可以”。 答案:A??键c(diǎn)五 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語1. 表目的。在強(qiáng)調(diào)這種目的狀語時(shí),不定式前可加in order或so as,動(dòng)詞不定式也可放在句首,使其所表示的目的更加明顯突出。2. 表結(jié)果。 通常有以下結(jié)構(gòu)too . to .(太而不能);.enough + 不定式 ;be + 形容詞+ 不定式;so . as to .(如此以致于)。 3. 表原因?!镜淅觥?. Vocabular
11、y is important to language learning. Therefore, youd better try different ways you can think of _ words and expressions. A. rememberB. to rememberC. remembering解析:you can think of為定語,修飾前面的先行詞ways。動(dòng)詞不定式在這里作目的狀語。答案:B。2. He hurried back home _ his schoolbag. A.fetchedB. to fetchC. fetchingD. fetches解析:
12、動(dòng)詞不定式在這里作目的狀語。句意為:他匆忙回家去取書包。 答案:B??键c(diǎn)六 疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式疑問代詞who,what,which和疑問副詞when,where,how等詞后可加動(dòng)詞不定式,構(gòu)成一種特殊的動(dòng)詞不定式短語,可在句中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。【典例精析】 Excuse me. Could you please tell me _ my car? Sure. Park it right here. Ill help you. how to stopB. where to parkC. where to stopD. when to park解析: “疑問副詞 + 不定式”在句中作
13、賓語。park指“停放車輛”,stop指“停止、阻止某物、人”,句意為:打擾一下,你能告訴我應(yīng)該把車停在哪里嗎?答案:B。考點(diǎn)七 動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式. 只能接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的功能,在句中可以作主語、賓語或表語。常見的可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞有:enjoy,finish,mind,suggest,keep,give up等。He hasnt finished reading the novel. 他還沒有看完那部小說。We must practise speaking English every day. 我們必須每天練習(xí)說英語。. 既可接動(dòng)詞不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)
14、詞既可接動(dòng)詞不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞love,like,hate,prefer,begin,start,need,remember,forget,try,stop等動(dòng)詞后,既可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語,也可以用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語,但意義不同。I remembered to post the letter. 我記得要發(fā)信。(信還沒發(fā))I remembered posting the letter. 我記得發(fā)過信了。(信已經(jīng)發(fā)了)He stopped singing. 他停止唱歌。(不再唱)He stopped to sing. 他停下來并開始唱歌。(停下正在做的事,開始唱). 感官動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名
15、詞感官動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞感官動(dòng)詞后既可接不帶to的不定式,也可接動(dòng)名詞;接不定式時(shí)指“(看到、聽到、見到)全過程”,接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)指“瞬間動(dòng)作”。I always hear the girl sing in the next room. 我總是聽到那個(gè)女孩在隔壁房間唱歌。I heard the girl singing in the next room. 我聽到那個(gè)女孩正在隔壁房間里唱歌?!镜淅觥?Dont forget _ the classroom tomorrow afternoon. Thanks. I wont.A.to keep cleanB. cleaningC. swe
16、epingD. to clean up解析:forget后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí),意為“忘記要做某事”,表示還沒有做某事,forget后面跟動(dòng)名詞時(shí),意為“忘記做過某事”,表示已經(jīng)做了某事。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語tomorrow afternoon可知,事情還沒有做,所以用不定式,排除B與C,keep clean意為“保持干凈”,clean up意為“打掃”。答案:D??键c(diǎn)八 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞分類分類構(gòu)成構(gòu)成意義意義現(xiàn)在分詞 動(dòng)詞原形加-ing表示正在進(jìn)行或主動(dòng),所修飾的人或物是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。過去分詞 動(dòng)詞原形加-ed表示已經(jīng)完成或被動(dòng),所修飾的人或物是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。developing country 發(fā)展中國家(正在發(fā)展的)developed country 發(fā)達(dá)國家(已經(jīng)發(fā)展了的)