備戰(zhàn)2018年高考英語 糾錯筆記系列 專題11 閱讀理解（含解析）

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1、 專題11 閱讀理解 易錯點1 只見樹木不見森林，誤把細節(jié)當(dāng)主題 （2016·天津卷）Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding. We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲憊) and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putti

2、ng off a task because it has either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel. Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle

3、the most difficult job first. Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母順序), never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day’s work with the difficult task

4、 of essay-writing. Experience proved that the rule works. Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as

5、I can — then let the unconscious take over. When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica (《大英百科全書》), I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fati

6、gue became almost unbearable. One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep. An hour later, I woke up sudd

7、enly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind provided correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing. What could be the best title fo

8、r the passage? A. Success Is Built upon Failure B. How to Handle Performance Fatigue C. Getting over Fatigue: A Way to Success D. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems 【試題解析】根據(jù)全篇文章和最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹造成失敗的兩種疲憊，以及如何克服疲憊。故選C。 【參考答案】 C 近幾年的高考閱讀理解越來越傾向于從語篇的角度考查能力，考生在做題時也要相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎w思維，要從

9、整體把握文章的大意，不可過于糾纏細節(jié)。利用文章的細節(jié)內(nèi)容進行干擾是命題人常采用的干擾方式，考生千萬不可被其迷惑。遇到主旨大意題或是標(biāo)題歸納題，切忌只見樹木，不見森林。 If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜間活動的) species on this planet. Instea

10、d，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light

11、. …… Living in a glare of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, wh

12、ich is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead. 53. It is implied in the last paragraph that . A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages C.

13、 human beings cannot go to the outer space D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe 【答案】 D 易錯點2 主觀臆斷，忽視邏輯 (2016·新課標(biāo)卷II)Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the

14、 website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have

15、 an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, ＂The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.＂ Members leave books on park benches and buses

16、, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books hav

17、e been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the ＂real＂ and not the virtual(虛擬). The site now has more than one million members in more than o

18、ne hundred thirty-five countries. 29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce BookCrossing. C. To stress the importance of reading. 【錯因分析】 考生容易做錯的原因是忽視本題上下文的邏輯關(guān)系和所涉及的相關(guān)信息，單一地、孤立地分析某句內(nèi)容從而不能全面總結(jié)。 【參考答案】B 回歸原文，重視

19、邏輯 考生做閱讀理解題的唯一依據(jù)就是文章，所有的判斷都應(yīng)圍繞文章進行。每篇文章都是完整的語篇，上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系非常緊密。在做此類題時，考生需要通過上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系揣測作者所要表達的真正意圖。 （2017·浙江）Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In

20、 those days , a brush was made from camel’s hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. …… In the city, Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (風(fēng)景

21、) painting. Wiliams ,a well-known painter, came to see him work . Wiliams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home .The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said, ＂Those two books were my comp

22、anions by day, and under my pillow at night.＂ While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist. 23. What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent? A. He took

23、 him to see painting exhibitions. B. He provided him with painting materials. C. He sent him to a school in Philadelphia. D. He taught him how to make engravings. 【答案】B 易錯點3 信息錯位，忽視題干 Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a

24、moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty(強大的) forces will come to your aid. Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear

25、 of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again. Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothin

26、g mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize. Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate

27、 of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player. ＂In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line,＂ said Tim. ＂I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw

28、 myself at that guy like a bullet (子彈)— and stopped him cold.＂ …… So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities — and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed. 1.What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game? A. His physical stren

29、gth. B. His basic skill. C. His real fear. D. His spiritual force. 【錯因分析】 考生在解答本題時，如果沒有注意到題干中的關(guān)鍵詞especially，很容易誤選B，主要是以為誤解了文中的信息＂Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player.＂，認(rèn)為一個優(yōu)秀的足球運動員應(yīng)該具備很好的技能。其實，只要把握住了題干中的especially，就能容易確定答案了。 【

30、參考答案】 D 審清題干，鎖定范圍 考生在做閱讀理解題時，一定要看清題干，即所問的問題是什么，切忌答非所問。更改原句詞匯，偷換概念，變換時態(tài)以及顛倒是非都是命題人經(jīng)常采用的干擾方式。由于題干或選項不是照抄文章中的句子，而是用其同意詞句進行表達的，所以考生一定要仔細對照文章，做出正確判斷。 (2017·全國新課標(biāo)II)I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New Yo

31、rk City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well known as Paul— he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film an

32、d The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技藝）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are ty

33、pical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen. We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back— he with his

34、Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. I las

35、t saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words. 24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first? A. Paul Newman wanted it. B. The studi

36、o powers didn’t like his agent. C. He wasn’t famous enough. D. The director recommended someone else. 【答案】C 易錯點4 斷章取義，忽視語篇 You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association，founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty(貧困) and sickness, promoted education and en

37、couraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the world's most promising＂changemakers＂ seeking to solve(解決) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker. Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. T

38、he important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy contributing adult. In fact, it is many young people'

39、s ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there. When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to

40、study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka's streets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost(把……制成堆肥) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product becaus

41、e local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilizers(化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were 14，000.

42、 Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development. The author's attitude towards Ashoka's programme can be described as ＂________＂． A．changing B．forgiving C．ca

43、utious D．positive 【錯因分析】 文章介紹了Bill Drayton創(chuàng)辦的機構(gòu)Ashoka，該機構(gòu)旨在讓每一個公民都成為changemaker。如果考生不通篇理解，只注意到文章的某些細節(jié)內(nèi)容，可能誤選A或C。 【參考答案】 D 重視語境，挖掘信息 近幾年的高考閱讀理解題中出現(xiàn)了不少夾敘夾議類文章，或者是先敘述后議論、或者在敘述中夾有議論，無論是哪種類型的文章，作者都不直接表明自己的觀點或態(tài)度，而是將自己的情感貫穿于文章之中。考生在做題過程中，要從語篇的角度推斷作者的情感。遇到猜測詞義或句意類試題，考生要依據(jù)上下文進行綜合推斷，不宜只根據(jù)

44、某一處細節(jié)或某個句子下結(jié)論。 Why College Is Not Home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with a

45、dult responsibilities. For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and so

46、cial media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment

47、 as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves ＂trying on ＂ new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思維方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within

48、colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群體) differs from the family, many students wil

49、l struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student

50、behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(規(guī)定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.

51、 It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of a

52、n unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and

53、self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery. 1.What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students? A. Sympathetic B. Disapproving C. Supportive D. Neutral 【答案】A 高考閱讀理解試

54、題解題誤區(qū) 第一大誤區(qū)，閱讀文章時逐字逐句，力爭讀懂每一句話。 很多同學(xué)都覺得閱讀理解時間不夠，往往是采用的這種閱讀方法。在高考或者我們平時高考模擬考試中，英語閱讀一共應(yīng)分配的時間是35分鐘。平均每篇文章7分鐘，那么這每篇文章的7分鐘又應(yīng)該大致如何分配呢？我問過一些中學(xué)生同學(xué)，不少同學(xué)都認(rèn)為文章讀5分鐘，題做兩分鐘。他們的理由很簡單，讀完這樣一篇高考文章，沒個5分鐘不太可能。 那么我可以肯定的說，花5分鐘讀文章的同學(xué)2分鐘絕對做不完題。于是在考試中這些同學(xué)只得采取犧牲寫作文的時間這樣一種拆東墻補西墻的方法以求在閱讀上多拿分。這樣的做法往往收效甚微，感覺時間不夠的同學(xué)很多時候是因為采取了錯

55、誤的閱讀方法，這樣的話即使補進去10來分鐘時間，其實也不見得能多拿幾分。一場考試下來，同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)英語閱讀錯了很多，開始反思的時候，會這樣想，我是閱讀速度太慢，文章沒有讀懂，我應(yīng)該繼續(xù)努力提高我的英文水平，爭取下次考試能把文展輕松讀懂。 這樣一個努力方向是不現(xiàn)實的，就高考文章而言，要在7分鐘內(nèi)把文章讀的清楚明白，還要把題作對，基本是一個不可能任務(wù)。而且出題人也根本沒指望一個中學(xué)生能把高考閱讀文章讀的通通透透。高考閱讀主要考查的是同學(xué)們兩方面的能力，一個是把握文章主旨大意，另一方面是把握文章的某些細節(jié)?？季V中說閱讀理解測試學(xué)生好幾方面的能力，其實都可以歸到這兩類里，它不過寫到更具體一些而已，比如＂

56、根據(jù)所讀材料進行一定的判斷、推理和引申＂，這些推理引申不是沒有根據(jù)的，其根據(jù)也只能根據(jù)兩點，要么文章主旨，要么文章某個細節(jié)。 因此根據(jù)高考閱讀考查的特點，我們在讀文章時不是應(yīng)該每個細節(jié)都不放過的去讀，而是應(yīng)該讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，讀出結(jié)構(gòu)，主旨題就能解決，而其他細節(jié)題再回文章定位做出。平時我們在復(fù)習(xí)的過程中就要注意了，我們讀文章時要讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，不要在細節(jié)上做過多的糾纏。高考文章中的說明文占的比重較大，難度也大，而偏偏是這類文章結(jié)構(gòu)鮮明，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該注意把握。我們把閱讀的重點轉(zhuǎn)移到文章結(jié)構(gòu)之后，建立起正確的時間分配方法就不是難事了，那就是讀文章3 分鐘，做題4分鐘。其實你熟悉了把握結(jié)構(gòu)這種讀

57、文章的方式之后，3分鐘足夠你把握文章的大致結(jié)構(gòu)。 第二個誤區(qū)，讀文章時斷章取義。 這個誤區(qū)實際是第一個誤區(qū)的延伸，就是同學(xué)對文章缺乏大局觀，僅僅根據(jù)本段來理解本段。比如這樣一篇文章，后面有道題問的是段落主旨。我們把其他段的大意翻譯出來，只留下一二兩段： 1、One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might some day get lost in a ＂sea of technology＂ rather than experiencing the natural world. Fear-producing TV and co

58、mputer games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors, which will changes the wild places of the world, its creatures and human health for the worse, unless adults get working on child’s play. 2、Each of us has a place in nature we go sometime, even if it was torn down

59、. We cannot be the last generation to have that place. At this rate, kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes. ＂If the decline in parks use continues across North America, who will defend parks against encroachment（蠶食）?＂ asks Richard Louv, au

60、thor of Last Child in the Woods. 3. 接近自然好處多。 4. 不是孩子的錯。 5. 每個人都有責(zé)任來讓孩子重返自然。 題目：The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that___ A. kids are missing the sense of wonder outdoors B. parks are in danger of being gradually encroached C. Richard Louv is the author of Last Child in the woods D. children ar

61、e expected to develop into protector of nature 這個題目正確答案是D，而很多考生誤選了A。糾其原因，就是根據(jù)本段理解本段，沒能體會這個段落在文章中的作用。這篇文章結(jié)構(gòu)很清晰，先講了一個現(xiàn)象（孩子脫離自然），然后表明了自己的態(tài)度，最后提出解決方案。好了，文章很明顯的是，第一段講了現(xiàn)象，第三段講了態(tài)度，第4、5段講解決方案。那問題就出來了，第二段它要干嗎，是做為第一段的延續(xù)把這個現(xiàn)象更一步描述呢，還是表明了作者的態(tài)度，并引出了第三段的闡述？這樣就能看出第2段文章的主旨了，它不是在描述現(xiàn)象，它是在講作者的態(tài)度，表明了作者對孩子脫離自然后果的擔(dān)憂；四個選

62、項就只有D是最合適的，表明了作者的態(tài)度，孩子們應(yīng)該要成長成為大自然的保護者。 第三個誤區(qū)，深究生詞和難句。 高考考綱規(guī)定高考閱讀中超綱詞可占3％－5％，同學(xué)們背綱內(nèi)詞也會有盲點，在加上英語當(dāng)中有很多抽象的詞匯不好理解，我們在考試中遇到不理解的詞的情況時有發(fā)生。有些詞不影響我們對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握，細節(jié)題也沒有考到，這樣的詞可以勇敢的跳過，在考場上沒必要花時間去仔細琢磨。句子也是一樣，我們關(guān)注的只是跟主旨相關(guān)的，以及后面題目考到的那些句子。于是就有這樣一種情況，這個詞這個句子考到了我又不理解那怎么辦。那就根據(jù)上下文來猜測即可。 第四個誤區(qū)：＂選好了就不能再改，一改就會錯。＂ 做完

63、一篇閱讀后，必須花半分鐘左右檢查一下，看是否勾錯選項，是否自己選的選項本身就是矛盾的，是否每個答案都能在文中找到了映射等等。 如果感覺有一道題目自己第一遍做錯了，檢查后想改，怎么辦呢？很簡單：對比兩個選項間的映射，哪個選項映射的觀點在文中表達得更清晰（比如，選項就是文中某一觀點的另一種說法），哪個選項的結(jié)論更合乎作者的思維和推理方式，哪個選項的內(nèi)容更接近主題中心而不是針對某一細節(jié)，那就應(yīng)該選哪個選項。 事實上，避免不敢對已經(jīng)做了的選擇的答案進行修改的最有效的方法，是在第一遍做題的時候就仔細分析選項在文章中的映射。沒有完全把握的題目可以放一放，等做完其它小題時你對全

64、文已經(jīng)有了全局的把握，再回頭思考這個問題，可能更容易做出選擇。 第五個誤區(qū)：＂先讀文章，然后才做題。＂ 考場上分秒必爭，但一篇三四百字的文章考的問題往往只有5個，很多信息是多余的，過兩眼就行；而有的一個單詞卻牽連數(shù)個選項，就得研究上下文，找出對應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵詞，然后參考題目認(rèn)真加以分析。 從經(jīng)驗來看，做閱讀理解題時，基本要用十幾秒時間迅速瀏覽，弄清文章的主題是什么，比如環(huán)境保護、求職、醫(yī)療等等。再找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后用一分鐘讀文章后的題目，了解問題是什么。有了文章的關(guān)鍵詞，又知道了提問的主要問題，再回過頭讀文章時效率就比較高了。 而在瀏覽完考題之后，一定要細讀

65、文章，對題目涉及到的段落、句子做簡單標(biāo)記，接著要仔細分析每個題目在文中的映射，再做出選擇。最后，可以結(jié)合文章中心上下檢查一遍，一個完整的解題順序就完成了。 做閱讀理解是慢功出細活，不要妄想有什么捷徑，只要＂闖＂過這幾大誤區(qū)，就能取得更好的成績。 高考閱讀的基本解題思路： 第一，掃描提干，劃關(guān)鍵項。 第二， 通讀全文，抓住中心。 1. 通讀全文，抓兩個重點： 　　①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出題）； 　?、谄渌鞫蔚亩问缀投挝簿?。（其他部分略讀，有重點的讀） 　　2. 抓住中心，用一分半時間思考3個問題： 　　①文章敘述的主要內(nèi)容是什么？ 　　②

66、文章中有無提到核心概念？ 　?、圩髡叩拇笾聭B(tài)度是什么？ 第三，仔細審題，返回原文。（仔細看題干，把每道題和原文的某處建立聯(lián)系，掛起鉤） 　　定位原則： 　　①通常是由題干出發(fā)，使用尋找關(guān)鍵詞定位原則。（關(guān)鍵詞：大寫字母、地名、時間、數(shù)字等） 　　②自然段定位原則。出題的順序與行文的順序是基本一致的，一般每段對應(yīng)一題。 　　要樹立定位意識，每一題、每一選項都要回到原文中某一處定位。 第四，重疊選項，得出答案。（重疊原文=對照原文） 　　1. 通過題干返回原文：判斷四個選項，抓住選項中的關(guān)鍵詞，把選項定位到原文的某處比較，重疊選項，選出答案。 　　2.作題練習(xí)要求：要有選一個答案的理由和其余三個不選的理由 閱讀理解的解題技巧 1.例證題 ： ① 例證題的標(biāo)記。當(dāng)題干中出現(xiàn)example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 時。 ② 返回原文，找出該例證所在的位置，既給該例子定位。 ③ 搜索該例證周圍的區(qū)域，90%向上，10%向下，找出該例證支持的觀點。例子周圍具有概括抽象性的表達通常就是它的