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1、專題十五推理判斷專題十五推理判斷-2-考情概覽考試說(shuō)明指出:閱讀文章的主要目的是獲取信息,即作者所要傳達(dá)的信息。在實(shí)際的閱讀活動(dòng)中,有時(shí)需要根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理,推測(cè)作者未提到的事實(shí)或某事發(fā)生的可能性等。這類題目旨在考查考生透過(guò)文章的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力,屬深層理解題。-3-閱讀能力的考查不僅要求理解具體事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié),也要求理解抽象的含義;既要求理解字面意思,又要求理解其深層含義;既要求理解文章中某句、某段的含義及全文的邏輯關(guān)系,又要求根據(jù)其含義及邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行推理和判斷。-4-1.推理判斷題常見的命題方式有以下幾種(1)We can know from th
2、e passage that .(2)We can infer from the passage that .(3)The passage/author implies/suggests that .(4)It can be concluded from the passage that .(5)The underlined sentence indicates that .(6)From the passage we can draw the conclusion that .(7)Where does this passage probably come from?(8)The passa
3、ge is probably taken out of .(9)The author developed the passage/his main idea by .(10)The first/last paragraph serves as a(n) .-5-2.推理判斷題解題策略(1)細(xì)節(jié)推斷題細(xì)節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,推斷具體的細(xì)節(jié),如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可以根據(jù)短文提供的信息,或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生要把握文章的內(nèi)在關(guān)系,理解文章的真正含義,然后做出判斷。此類題常用infer,imply,suggest,conclude,learn,intend
4、,mean,describe 等詞提問(wèn),或提問(wèn)中含有表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,如:can,could,might,would 等和其他表示可能性的副詞或詞組,如probably,most likely等。-6-【典例分析】 (2017全國(guó)卷,B)Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater,employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups.It was a scene that had been repeated many times
5、in the theaters 75-year history.This time,however,the cleanup was a little different.As one group of workers carried out the rubbish,another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the buildings end.The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in
6、the old theater.Though the movie is 30 years old,most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building.Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is pre
7、paring to close down.-7-Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete.He added that the theaters location(位置) was also a reason.“This used to be the center of town,” he said.“Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”Last week some cit
8、y officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However,these plans were abandoned because of financial problems.Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm,which plans to build a shopping complex on the land wh
9、ere the theater is located.The theater audience said good-bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time.After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie.The theater will be missed.-8-26.What will probably happen to the building?A.It will be repaired.B.It will be turned into a museum.C.
10、It will be knocked down.D.It will be sold to the city government.推理判斷題。從文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句可推知,要在原地建造一座購(gòu)物中心,因此劇院應(yīng)該是會(huì)被推倒。故選C項(xiàng)。-9-27.What can we infer about the audience?A.They are disappointed with Bradford.B.They are sad to part with the old theater.C.They are supportive of the city officials.D.They are eag
11、er to have a shopping center.推理判斷題。從第二段第二句“Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building.”可推知,觀眾對(duì)老劇院依依不舍。teary-eyed“熱淚盈眶的”。故選B項(xiàng)。-10-(2)因果推斷題本類題目要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測(cè)導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因?？忌_把握文章的內(nèi)涵,理解文章的真正含義。因果推斷題不是考查文章直接給出明顯的因果
12、關(guān)系,它不是細(xì)節(jié)理解題。它需要考生通讀文章或者某個(gè)段落,在字里行間推斷出題設(shè)的因果關(guān)系。因此,要準(zhǔn)確把握文章的內(nèi)容和作者要表達(dá)的意圖,切忌以個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)或者個(gè)人想象主觀臆斷其中的因果關(guān)系。常見的題設(shè)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)why,because,because of,what is/was the main reason等詞匯。-11-【典例分析】 (2016全國(guó)甲卷,B)Five years ago,when I taught art at a school in Seattle,I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find ou
13、t something about my students.I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student,and said:“Make something out of the Tinkertoys.You have 45 minutes today-and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”A few students hesitated to start.They waited to see what the rest of the class would do.S
14、everal others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations.-12-Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and
15、 a good part of his bedroom at home.I was delighted at the presence of such a student.Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downs
16、ide.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare,“But Im just not creative.”“Do you dream at night when youre asleep?”-13- “Oh,sure.”“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.”The student would tell something wildly imaginative.Fl
17、ying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads.“Thats pretty creative.Who does that for you?”“Nobody.I do it.”“Really-at night,when youre asleep?”“Sure.”“Try doing it in the daytime,in class,okay?”-14-28.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?A.To help them to s
18、ee their creativity.B.To find out about their sleeping habits.C.To help them to improve their memory.D.To find out about their ways of thinking.推理判斷題。文章第四段最后一句“But Im just not creative.”引出下文師生間的對(duì)話,根據(jù)文章最后一句“Try doing it in the daytime,in class,okay?”可以看出,老師以孩子晚上做的夢(mèng)引出白天課堂上要勇于嘗試,大膽想象。因此A項(xiàng)正確。-15-(3)文章來(lái)源
19、推斷題要推測(cè)文章的來(lái)源,則要求考生本身具備一定的常識(shí)。比如考生要對(duì)報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、科普、小說(shuō)、廣告、說(shuō)明書、旅游指南等有基本的了解,這樣才能根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)對(duì)號(hào)入座、選出正確的答案。-16-【典例分析】 When I was nine years old,I loved to go fishing with my dad.But the only thing that wasnt very fun about it was that he could catch many fish while I couldnt catch anything.I usually got pretty upse
20、t and kept asking him why.He always answered,“Son,if you want to catch a fish,you have to think like a fish.” I remember being even more upset then because,“Im not a fish!” I didnt know how to think like a fish.Besides,I reasoned,how could what I think influence what a fish does?-17-As I got a littl
21、e older I began to understand what my dad really meant.So,I read some books on fish.And I even joined the local fishing club and started attending the monthly meetings.I learned that a fish is a cold-blooded animal and therefore is very sensitive to water temperature.That is why fish prefer shallow
22、water to deep water because the former is warmer.Besides,water is usually warmer in direct sunlight than in the shade.Yet,fish dont have any eyelids(眼皮) and the sun hurts their eyes.The more I understood fish,the more I became effective at finding and catching them.-18-When I grew up and entered the
23、 business world,I remember hearing my first boss say,“We all need to think like sales-people.” But it didnt completely make sense.My dad never once said,“If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was,“You need to think like a fish.” Years later,with great efforts
24、to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me,I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers.It is not an easy job.I will show you how in the following chapters.-19-35.This passage most likely comes from .A.a fishing guideB.a popular sales bookC.a novel
25、on childhoodD.a millionaires biography文章出處題。根據(jù)最后兩句話“It is not an easy job.I will show you how in the following chapters.(這不是一份輕松的工作,我將在下面幾章里向你們展示如何去做)”。由此可知,文章來(lái)自教授大家如何做銷售的書籍。故選B項(xiàng)。-20-(4)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)推斷題根據(jù)不同文章的內(nèi)容和寫作目的,作者會(huì)采用記敘、議論、說(shuō)明或應(yīng)用文體。作者也會(huì)采用敘述、例證、對(duì)比等不同的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。答題時(shí)須從作者的寫作手法入手,分清層次、明確主旨,并找出文中作者的觀點(diǎn)以及與其緊密相關(guān)的論據(jù)。-21
26、-英語(yǔ)文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章的開頭,簡(jiǎn)要概括文章的中心思想;主題句根據(jù)段落的寫作手法的不同可能在段落的開頭,也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或末尾。段與段之間常用連接詞和過(guò)渡詞連接,使文章行文連貫、邏輯嚴(yán)密。不同的文段在全文中可能會(huì)起到:引言/介紹(introduction),舉例(example),對(duì)比(comparison),結(jié)論(conclusion),評(píng)論(comment),背景(background),論證(demonstration)等作用。為突出主題,作者可能采用不同的寫作手法來(lái)組織文章,通過(guò)舉例、比較、類比等手法來(lái)闡明主題觀點(diǎn)。這類題是近年來(lái)出現(xiàn)的主要考查議論文結(jié)構(gòu)
27、的新命題方式,并逐步得到認(rèn)可。對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查主要有兩個(gè)層面:一是按段落的組織方式,二是按寫作方法(論證方法)。-22-【典例分析】 (2016北京卷,D)Why College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity.However,now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence,during which ma
28、ny of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.-23-For previous generations,college was a decisive break from parental control;guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades,however,continued connection with and dependenc
29、e on family,thanks to cell phones,email and social media,have increased significantly.Some parents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility,universities have given in to the idea tha
30、t they should provide the same environment as that of the home.-24-To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility,college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This process involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思維方面) and personally.While
31、we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges,we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a college community(群體) dif
32、fers from the family,many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging.If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern,they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.-25-Moreover,the tendency for univers
33、ities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders.If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(規(guī)定) and controlled,the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to mini
34、mize may actually be encouraged.It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out,particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and
35、 their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore,there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.-26-Every college discussion about community values,social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of
36、 student autonomy and self-regulation,of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.-27-70.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要點(diǎn))C:Conclusion-28-文章結(jié)構(gòu)題。 本文一、二段闡明大學(xué)生過(guò)分依賴家庭,未實(shí)現(xiàn)從被家庭庇護(hù)到提高自主意識(shí)和成人責(zé)任意識(shí)的成功轉(zhuǎn)型,為Introduction。第三段為P
37、1,建議大學(xué)生積極探索、實(shí)驗(yàn)、辯論、質(zhì)疑,提升思維能力和個(gè)人素養(yǎng)。四、五段為P2,從兩個(gè)方面(即Sp1和Sp2)強(qiáng)調(diào)了社交行為的重要性。最后兩段為總結(jié)段。故選C項(xiàng)。-29-A AB BC C(2017天津卷,D)I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting.But where are we doing all of this waiting,and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours?To understand the issue,lets t
38、ake a look at three types of “waits”.The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait.It is without doubt the most annoying of all.Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until its f
39、ull.During these waits,the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.-30-A AB BC CA cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait.This one requires a bit of disci
40、pline.Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait.Directions are very specific.“Bring three cups of water to boil,add mix,simmer three minutes,remove from heat,let stand five minutes.”I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly.After all,Forced Waiti
41、ng requires patience.Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait.This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary.Unlike the Forced Wait,which is also voluntary,waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.-31-A AB BC CTurning
42、 ones life into a waiting game requires faith and hope,and is strictly for the optimists among us.On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes,but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it.As long as one doesnt come to rely on it,wishing for a
43、 few good things to happen never hurts anybody.We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting.The next time youre standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that youll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky,dont be desperate.Youre probably just a
44、s busy as the next guy.-32-A AB BC C【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為一篇說(shuō)明文。我們的一生有三分之一的時(shí)間都在等待,文章主要講述了三種類型的等待,并告誡我們:下次在等待的時(shí)候,不要灰心喪氣。-33-A AB BC C1.While doing a Watched-Pot Wait,we tend to .A.keep ourselves busyB.get absent-mindedC.grow anxiousD.stay focusedB解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的第五句“During these waits,the brain slips away from the
45、 body and wanders about until.onto your socks.”以及最后的mindless可知,你的思維會(huì)從你的身體溜走,在外面游蕩,直到水滿溢出來(lái),淋濕了你的襪子。也就是說(shuō),在我們等著洗碗池放滿水的過(guò)程中,往往會(huì)心不在焉,故選B項(xiàng)。-34-A AB BC C2.What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait?A.The Forced Wait requires some self-control.B.The Forced Wait makes people passi
46、ve.C.The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions.D.The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain.A解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“This one requires a bit of discipline.”可知,“被迫等待”需要一點(diǎn)紀(jì)律,需要自我控制,需要詳盡的說(shuō)明,而且需要耐心。B選項(xiàng)文中未提及,而C項(xiàng)與D項(xiàng)均屬于“被迫等待”的特征,屬于張冠李戴,故選A項(xiàng)。-35-A AB BC C3.What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait?A.It is less vol
47、untary than the Forced Wait.B.It doesnt always bring the desired result.C.It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.D.It doesnt give people faith and hope.B解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的最后一句“Unlike the Forced Wait.waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.”可知,等待幸運(yùn)的突破并不意味著一定會(huì)產(chǎn)生你想要的結(jié)果
48、。故選B項(xiàng)。-36-A AB BC C4.What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?A.Take it seriously.B.Dont rely on others.C.Do something else.D.Dont lose heart.D解析 推理判斷題。文章最后一段的第二句是the next time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,其中提到了三種等待,dont be desperate是主句,這是句子的核心。因此我們可以推斷,作者建議我們不要絕望,不要心灰意冷。故選D項(xiàng)。-37-A AB BC C5.The
49、 author supports his view by .A.exploring various causes of “waits”B.describing detailed processes of “waits”C.analyzing different categories of “waits”D.revealing frustrating consequences of “waits”C解析 推理判斷題?？v觀全文可知,作者分析了三種不同類型的等待來(lái)支持自己的觀點(diǎn),故選C項(xiàng)。-38-A AB BC C(2016天津卷,C)When John was growing up,other k
50、ids felt sorry for him.His parents always had him weeding the garden,carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers.But when John reached adulthood,he was better off than his childhood playmates.He had more job satisfaction,a better marriage and was healthier.Most of all,he was happier.Far happi
51、er.These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston.The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not.“Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力) and came to feel th
52、ey were worthwhile members of society,”said George Vaillant,the psychologist(心理學(xué)家) who made the discovery.“And because they felt good about themselves,others felt good about them.”-39-A AB BC CVaillants study followed these males in great detail.Interviews were repeated at ages 25,31 and 47.Under Va
53、illant,the researchers compared the mens mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores.Points were awarded for part-time jobs,housework, effort in school,and ability to deal with problems.The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly shar
54、p.Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people,five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real differ
55、ence in how the boys turned out.-40-A AB BC CWorkingat any ageis important.Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility,independence,confidence and competencethe underpinnings(基礎(chǔ)) of emotional health.They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals.Th
56、e most competent adults are those who know how to do this.Yet work isnt everything.As Tolstoy once said,“One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love,to work for the person one loves and to love ones work.”【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為議論文。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),一個(gè)在童年時(shí)期曾在家里或社區(qū)工作過(guò)的男人長(zhǎng)大后會(huì)擁有更大的社會(huì)價(jià)值感,他的
57、個(gè)人幸福指數(shù)也會(huì)更高。而且這種感覺會(huì)在他人生中的各個(gè)階段都有所體現(xiàn)。-41-A AB BC C1.What do we know about John?A.He enjoyed his career and marriage.B.He had few childhood playmates.C.He received little love from his family.D.He was envied by others in his childhood.A解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第四句“He had more job satisfaction,a better marriage and
58、was healthier.”可知,他對(duì)自己的工作和婚姻狀況都比較滿意。故選A項(xiàng)。-42-A AB BC C2.Vaillants words in Paragraph 2 serve as .A.a description of personal values and social valuesB.an analysis of how work was related to competenceC.an example for parents expectations of their childrenD.an explanation why some boys grew into happ
59、y menD解析 推理判斷題。由第二段George Vaillant所說(shuō)的話可知,那些在家里和社區(qū)工作的男孩子能力較強(qiáng),并且感覺到自己是對(duì)社會(huì)有用的人,由于他們自我感覺好,所以其他人也會(huì)感覺他們很優(yōu)秀。這些話解釋了為什么有些男孩子會(huì)成為幸福的男人。故選D項(xiàng)。-43-A AB BC C3.Vaillants team obtained their findings by .A.recording the boys effort in schoolB.evaluating the mens mental healthC.comparing different sets of scoresD.mea
60、suring the mens problem solving abilityC解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段中的“the researchers compared the mens mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores”可知,Vaillants team是通過(guò)比較不同組的分?jǐn)?shù)獲得他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)的。故選C項(xiàng)。-44-A AB BC C4.What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?A.Quick to react.B.Having a th
61、in edge.C.Clear and definite.D.Sudden and rapid.C解析 詞義猜測(cè)題。由畫線詞后一句可得知那些在童年時(shí)期工作過(guò)的人,其人際關(guān)系和收入優(yōu)于其他人,失業(yè)率也低許多。故可推出男人童年時(shí)期的經(jīng)歷與成年后的發(fā)展之間的聯(lián)系是令人驚奇地直接明了。分析選項(xiàng)中只有C項(xiàng)最貼近其詞義。-45-A AB BC C5.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A.Competent adults know more about love than work.B.Emotional health is essential to
62、a wonderful adult life.C.Love brings more joy to people than work does.D.Independence is the key to ones success.B解析 推理判斷題。由最后一段第一、二句可知,責(zé)任感、獨(dú)立性、自信心和能力是一個(gè)人情感健康的基礎(chǔ)。它們也能夠幫助人們使他們明了必須要合作、一起朝著共同的目標(biāo)前進(jìn)。由此推出,情感健康對(duì)于一個(gè)快樂的成年人的生活是必要的。故選B項(xiàng)。-46-A AB BC CItalians were reminded to slow down and relax on World Slow D
63、ay,an annual event celebrating lifes simple pleasures.“Lets take this day to stop and think about all the things we miss while were rushing through our lives,”said Bruno Contigiani,the President of the Art of Living Slowly Association.Contigiani,62,a one-time high-powered manager,is now an ambassado
64、r for the slow life movement around the world.He started the first World Slow Day in 2007 to encourage the values of living and working at a more natural pace,and to make people rethink their daily lifestyle.-47-A AB BC CContigianis association suggests “14 commandments” for living better,such as wa
65、king up five minutes earlier to enjoy breakfast without rushing.Others include walking whenever possible,and reading in the evenings instead of watching television.This year,Contigiani left Italy where the event has spread around the country for Shanghai,one of the fastest moving cities in the world
66、.The slow-living supporter said he wandered around the busiest streets of the commercial center for an entire afternoon,inviting people to “slow down”.“Among the 14 commandments,the one about waking up five minutes earlier was the most popular by far,”Contigiani said.-48-A AB BC CBack in Italy,the now well-known event hosts a lot of activities,such as reminding people to stop and smell the roses.In central Milan,you would probably be fined if you walk too fast.In parks and public spaces,free yog
天津市高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三部分 閱讀理解 專題十五 推理判斷課件
