（全國通用）2020高考英語一輪復習 Unit 3 Science and nature講義（含解析）牛津譯林版必修5

Unit 3 Science and nature(一)課前自主學習.閱讀單詞知其意1clone vt. 克隆n. 克隆出來的動物或植物2nutrition n. 營養(yǎng)3fellow n. 男子，家伙；同事，同類4channel n. 水道；航道；隧道5catastrophe n. 災難，災禍6insert vt. 插入，嵌入7harvest vt.& vi. 收割(莊稼)n. 收獲；收成8saleswoman n. 女售貨員，女推銷員9physician n縱聯(lián)1 醫(yī)師；內科醫(yī)生10tasty adj. 美味的，可口的11agriculture n. 農業(yè)12rainforest n. 雨林.重點單詞寫其形1accurate adj. 準確的，精確的2brief adj. 短暫的，簡潔的，簡單的3exact adj. 精確的，準確的4relation n. 關系；親戚5conduct vt. 實施；指揮樂隊6profit n. 利潤，收益vi.& vt. 獲益；對有用 7concept n. 概念；觀念8favour n. 贊同，支持；恩惠，幫助；偏愛，偏袒9ordinary adj. 普通的，一般的10confirm vt.& vi. 證實，證明；確認；使確信11transform vt.縱聯(lián)2 使改變外觀或性質(尤指向好的方 向)；使改變形態(tài)12summary n. 總結；概括，概要13actual adj. 真實的，實際的14income n. 收入，收益15crime n縱聯(lián)3 罪，罪行16hunger n. 饑餓；饑荒17breakthrough n. 突破18permission n. 準許，許可，批準.拓展單詞通其變1anxiety n憂慮，焦慮，不安anxious adj.擔憂的，焦急的2adopt vt.收養(yǎng)，領養(yǎng)；采用，采納adopted adj.收養(yǎng)的adoption n采用；收養(yǎng)3consequence n結果，后果consequent adj.隨之發(fā)生的consequently adv.因此，所以4profession n職業(yè)，行業(yè)professional adj.專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的5original adj.原來的，起初的；首創(chuàng)的；非復制的origin n起源；出身，來歷6judgement n判斷力；看法，評價；(法律)判決judge v判斷7majority n多數(shù)，大多數(shù)minority n少數(shù)民族；少數(shù)8consideration n仔細考慮；必須考慮的因素；體諒，顧及consider v考慮，認為considering prep.鑒于，考慮到considerate adj.體貼的considerable adj.大量的9reliable adj.可信賴的，可依靠的rely vi.依靠，依賴10frighten vt.使驚嚇，使驚恐frightening adj.(事物)令人害怕的frightened adj.(人)感到害怕的11intention n目的，意圖；企圖intend vt.意欲，計劃；打算縱聯(lián)1.有病不可亂投“醫(yī)”physician 內科醫(yī)生surgeon 外科醫(yī)生dentist 牙醫(yī)eye doctor 眼科醫(yī)生plastic surgeon 整形外科醫(yī)生縱聯(lián)2.前綴“trans­”之家transform 使改變形態(tài)transplant 移植translate 翻譯transmit 傳送；傳播transfer 轉移；轉讓transparent 透明的縱聯(lián)3.“犯罪”相關常見詞crime n. 罪，罪行accuse vt. 控告；指控charge vt. 控告commit vt. 犯(罪)punish vt. 懲罰；處罰sentence vt. 判決；宣判單元話題前沿科技子話題1人工智能artificial intelligence人工智能data mining 數(shù)據挖掘service­oriented robots 服務型機器人big data 大數(shù)據speech recognition 語言識別cloud computing 云計算子話題2生物技術organism n有機體 upbringing n撫育，養(yǎng)育make­up n構成，構造 genetics n遺傳學component n成分 procedure n程序breed n(動植物的)品種 sample n樣本biotechnology n生物科技transplant n& vt.移植reproduce v復制；使再現(xiàn)biodiversity n生物多樣性學考對接·活學活用高考采擷(一)閱讀中的詞匯應用1(2016·全國卷閱讀C)I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干細胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐獻者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.寫出加黑詞在此處的漢語意思：獲得，得到，本詞的常用含義為“收獲，收割”。寫出加黑詞在本單元的近義詞：insert，意為“植入”。2(2013·湖南高考閱讀表達)Podell admits that she was doubtful at first, but now she describes the project as mutually (相互地) beneficial.People learn from her but she also learns from them.She says that the majority of those who come to her are dealing with some pretty heavy issues, and they expect her not only to listen, but also to provide real answers.用本單元單詞改寫句子：she thinks the project profits_each_other寫出加黑詞塊在此處的漢語意思：大多數(shù)來找她的人寫出加黑詞在本單元的近義詞：actual，其副詞形式為：actually高考采擷(二)寫作中的詞匯應用(根據漢語及提示詞翻譯句子)1(2017·浙江高考書面表達)這匹狼可能感覺到了來自人們的威脅，開始撤退。因此，它沿著公路跑掉了，消失在遠方。(consequence)The_wolf_might_feel_the_threats_from_the_people,_starting_to_withdraw.As_a_consequence/In_consequence,_it_ran_away_off_the_road_and_disappeared_in_the_distance.2(2013·廣東高考書面表達)另外，候選人應該愿意與他人保持良好關系。(relation)Moreover,_the_candidates_should_be_willing_to_keep_good_relations_with_others. (二)課堂重點釋疑1adopt vt.收養(yǎng)，領養(yǎng)；采用，采納記牢(1)adopt one's advice (suggestion)/plan/idea采納某人的建議/計劃/想法adopt a positive attitude 采取積極的態(tài)度adopt an orphan 領養(yǎng)孤兒(2)adopted adj. 領養(yǎng)的adoption n. 收養(yǎng)；采納練通單句語法填空Many animal welfare organizations provide care and adoption (adopt) services for homeless animals.Parents who have an adopted child want to know whether they should tell the child he or she is_adopted.(adopt)完成句子After much consideration, the president decided to adopt_her_suggestion (采納她的建議)Pupils should be helped to adopt_a_positive_attitude_to (對采取積極的態(tài)度) their life.用準adopt與adapt 是容易混淆的形似詞，adapt意為“適應”。寫美(2018·全國卷書面表達)我希望你采納我的建議，祝你玩得愉快。I_hope_you_would_adopt_my_suggestions_and_have_a_good_time.2consequence n結果；后果記牢(1)as a consequence/result in consequence因此，結果 as a consequence/result of in consequence of 因為的緣故(2)take/accept/face the consequences of 承擔的后果(3)consequent adj. 作為結果的，隨之發(fā)生的 consequently adv. 因此，結果；所以練通單句語法填空As a consequence, they can't concentrate on their study and tend to be sleepy in class.Consequently (consequent), she understood it and became interested in Chinese traditional culture.The warming of the Earth and the consequent (consequence) climatic changes affect us all.完成句子Today, as_a_consequence_of/in_consequence_of (由于) the rapid development of digital technology, the appearance of people and their way of life have been revolutionary changed.The young should learn to take/accept/face_the_consequences_of (承擔的后果) their actions.寫美(2013·福建高考書面表達)結果，孩子們變得如此依賴父母，以至于他們沒有獨立的思考或創(chuàng)意。As_a_consequence,_children_become_so_reliant_on_their_parents_that_they_have_no_independent_thoughts_or_creative_ideas.3transform vt.& vi.使改變外觀或性質(尤指向好的方向)；使改變形態(tài)；轉化；轉換；改造記牢(1)transform (.) into .(把)變成/轉化成be transformed from . into/to . 由變成；由遷到(2)transformation n. (外觀或性質的)改變，變革練通單句語法填空She helps transform literature into braille (盲文) to bring the power of story and knowledge to the hearts and minds of blind readers.Every moment of every day, energy is being transformed (transform) from one form into another.He has made a complete transformation (transform) from a comedian into a dramatic actor.寫美(2014·湖南高考書面表達)當你走路時，一臺小型機器將行走所產生的能量轉換成電能并儲存起來。When_you_walk,_a_small_machine_transforms_the_energy_produced_by_walking_into_electric_energy_and_stores_it.聯(lián)想“把變成”的其他表達：turn .into .; change .into .等。4conduct vt.指揮樂隊；導電；實施，進行；引導n.行為，舉止辨清寫出下列句中conduct的含義From childhood, she tried to live by the teachings of her parents and gradually accumulated a set of standards of conduct. 行為，舉止Knowledge is the candle to conduct you to the bright and true life. 引導In the new century we need to conduct new foreign trade policies to realize high­speed development of our economy. 實施，進行Most metals can conduct electricity. 導電Who will conduct the orchestra tonight？指揮寫美(2010·湖南高考書面表達)到目前為止，我們已經開展了各種英語學習活動，例如觀看英語電影、舉辦圣誕派對、與外國學生聚會等。So_far_we_have_conducted_a_variety_of_activities_on_English_learning,_such_as_watching_English_films,_holding_Christmas_parties_and_getting_together_with_foreign_students_etc.5majority n多數(shù)，大多數(shù)記牢(1)a/the majority of .大多數(shù)be in the/a majority 占大部分/大多數(shù)(2)minority n. 少數(shù)in the/a minority 占少數(shù)(3)major n& v. 專業(yè)；主修adj. 主要的major in 主修；以為專業(yè)練通單句語法填空A majority of Africans are (be) forced to work for the Europeans.Even though some British people are quite strange, the majority of them are (be) really friendly and I've made some good friends.For example, if you look at the audience at a classical concert, the majority are/is (be) over the age of fifty.單句改錯I hope to gain a bit more knowledge of gardening so that it can help me to major the gardening after attending college.major后加in完成句子The white are in_the_majority in Australia while the native people in_the_minority.在澳大利亞，白人占多數(shù)而土著人占少數(shù)。用準(1)the majority單獨作主語時，謂語動詞用單復數(shù)形式均可。(2)the majority of 寫美(2015·浙江高考書面表達)當我有不同的觀點時，我可能會選擇放棄自己的看法，而去尊重大多數(shù)人的觀點。When_I_have_a_different_opinion,_I_may_choose_to_give_it_up_and_respect_the_opinion_of_the_majority.6confirm vt.& vi.證實，證明；確認；使確信 記牢confirm one's belief堅定某人的信念be confirmed by sb. 被某人認可It has been confirmed that . 已確定/證實練通完成句子They worked out an effective method, which was_confirmed_by_the_leadership (被領導認可了)It_has_not_been_confirmed (尚未得到證實) that the agreement is to be signed.The recent airplane crash confirms_my_belief (堅定了我的信念) that stronger safety regulations are needed.寫美(2011·江蘇高考書面表達)這張照片使我確信，成為一個好女兒比“好”學生更重要。The_picture_confirms_me_it_is_even_more_important_to_be_a_good_daughter_than_a_“good”_student.7favour n贊同，支持；恩惠，幫助；喜愛；偏愛，偏袒vt.支持，偏袒辨清寫出下列句中favour的含義We have to apply the same rules to everyone, showing no favour.偏愛，偏袒Chinese export commodities have enjoyed growing favour among buyers abroad.喜愛I want to ask a favour of you; will you lend me your car？幫助I talked to Susie about travelling abroad, and she was all in favour of going abroad.贊同 記牢(1)in favour of支持，贊同；有利于in sb.'s favour 有利于某人(2)do sb. a favour/do a favour for sb. 給某人以恩惠；幫助某人ask sb. a favourask a favour of sb.請某人幫忙(3)favourable adj. 贊同的；有利的；良好的favourite adj.& n. 特別喜愛(歡)的(東西)練通單句語法填空Everyone present at the meeting was in favour of what he put forward.It used to be my favourite (favour) restaurant but the standard of cooking has fallen off recently.He made a favourable (favour) impression on his future colleagues.同義替換Now I wonder whether you could do me a favour.Now I wonder whether_you_could_do_a_favour_for_me.Now I wonder whether_I_could_ask_you_a_favour.寫美(2016·全國卷書面表達)我寫信告訴你一些關于我即將到來的暑假的計劃，我也希望你幫我一個忙。I_am_writing_to_tell_you_something_about_my_plan_for_the_coming_summer_vacation_and_I_also_want_you_to_do_me_a_favour.8frighten vt.使驚嚇，使驚恐記牢(1)frighten sb. into/out of doing sth.嚇得某人做/不敢做某事frighten . away/off 嚇走/跑frighten sb. to death 把某人嚇得要死(2)frightening adj. (事物)令人恐懼的，可怕的frightened adj. (人)害怕的，受到驚嚇的be frightened at/by 因害怕，被嚇壞了be frightened of/that 擔心，對害怕be frightened to do 害怕做(3)fright n. 恐懼，害怕練通單句語法填空(2016·浙江高考)A sudden stop can be a very frightening (frighten) experience, especially if you are travelling at high speed.They frightened the small boy into telling (tell) them the secret.The mothers are frightened of the children going camping, for they may get lost in the mountain.單句改錯Seeing so many people injured during the conflict, the girl stood there shaking with a frightening look.frighteningfrightened完成句子The bird came to the window, but I moved suddenly and frightened_it_away/off.那只鳥兒飛到窗前，可我的身子突然一動，把它嚇走了。用準過去分詞形式的形容詞，如puzzled, confused, frightened, excited, surprised等，除了可以用來描述人的心理活動以外，還可以用來修飾與人有關的一些名詞，如look, voice, smile, expression, face等。寫美(2017·浙江高考書面表達)Paul迅速打開門，這個被嚇壞了的人迅速沖進車里，砰地關上(slam)了他身后的門。Paul_quickly_unlocked_the_door,_and_the_frightened_man_dived_in,_slamming_the_door_behind_him.9profit n利潤，收益；好處，益處 vi.獲益 vt.對有用/好處辨清寫出下列句中profit的詞性和含義I think it will profit you nothing to follow his example.vt.對有用/好處On the basis of our sales forecasts, we may begin to make a profit next year.n.利潤，收益I like reading each day for profit and pleasure. n好處，益處I'm sure that all of you will profit from this special experience.vi.獲益寫美(2017·江蘇高考書面表達)中國電影票房收入在2015年持續(xù)增長，為電影制片商帶來了巨大的利潤。The_box­office_income_of_Chinese_movies_witnessed_a_constant_increase_in_2015,_which_brought_great_profit_for_film_makers.詞匯過關綜合訓練.單詞拼寫1I heard you suffered from anxiety (焦慮) when you took an exam recently.2Dr Yuan also helps many less developed countries to increase their rice harvests (收成)3It is a surprise that the faraway village has been transformed (改造) into a famous tourist city in only ten years.4I respect his judgement (判斷力) and I'll follow any advice he gives me.5Scientists have made a breakthrough (突破) in their treatment of the disease.6For children with hearing loss, they cannot pick up language as easily as ordinary (普通的) people.7As far as he is concerned, to increase the farmers' income (收入) is of greater importance than anything else.8For a hit show, profits (利潤) can add up to millions of dollars.單句語法填空1I think he did it by accident, not by intention (intend)2His success was a long history; but briefly (brief) speaking, he succeeded after many failures.3Most of them were in favour of my opinion while David was against it.4He was a wonderful father to both his natural and adopted (adopt) children.5The majority who attended the meeting yesterday were (be) students.6She worked hard at her lessons and as a consequence got high marks.7I have been told the Learning Center provides help for students and I'm anxious to_get (get) help from you.單句改錯1Electric heaters have their electric energy transformed to heat.tointo2The same cognitive (認知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have adopted by adult scientists.have后加been3Hearing a strange noise, the poor man, trembling and frigh­tening, ran out of the dark cave.frighteningfrightened4Strictly speaking, you shouldn't enter the lab without the permission.去掉第二個the5One­third of the country is covered with trees and the majority of the citizens is black people.第二個isare.翻譯句子1所有出席會議的人都贊成該計劃。(in favour of)All_the_people_present_at_the_meeting_are_in_favour_of_the_plan.2他恃強凌弱，總是嚇得人們按他的意愿做事。(frighten sb.into)He_was_a_bully.He_tried_to_frighten_people_into_doing_what_he_wanted.3我遺憾地告訴你，由于你的工作很糟，我不得不解雇你。(in consequence of, dismiss)I_regret_to_tell_you_in_consequence_of_your_bad_work,_I_am_forced_to_dismiss_you.4我們每個人都要有夢想，并且要對夢想采取積極樂觀的態(tài)度。(adopt a positive attitude)Every_one_of_us_should_have_a_dream_and_adopt_a_positive_attitude_to_our_dreams.5能量可以從一種形式轉變成另一種形式。(transform)Energy_can_be_transformed_from_one_form_into_another.(一)課前自主學習1on_the_one_hand_._on_the_other_hand_.一方面另一方面2toy_with 戲弄，擺弄；把當作兒戲3push_ahead_with 義無反顧地進行，努力推進4for_sale 供出售，待銷售5be/get_burnt_out串記1 耗盡體力，累垮6follow_in_one's_footsteps 效仿某人7take_._into_consideration串記2認真考慮8in_favour_of串記3 贊同，支持9point_of_view 觀點10make_sense 有意義，有道理，講得通11put_._in_place 準備就緒，布置妥當12rather_than 而不是13deal_with 處理，對付14compared_with 與相比較15point_out 指出16in_summary串記4 概括地說17in_agreement_with 同意；與一致18turn_out 結果是，證明是；生產同根短語串記串記1.“累垮”表達種種be/get burnt out be/get worn outbe/get tired out be/get exhausted串記2.“考慮”短語知多少take . into consideration 認真考慮take . into account 考慮take account of 考慮think over 仔細考慮串記3.“inn.of”短語薈萃in favour of 支持，贊同in memory of 為了紀念in honour of 為了紀念in view of 鑒于；由于in terms of 就而言in case of 以防；萬一in need of 需要in place of 代替；取代in search of 尋找，尋求串記4.學會“總結”好處多in summary in shortin brief in conclusionin a/one word to sum up1medical treatment 醫(yī)療2moral ideas 道德觀念3die of heart failure 死于心臟衰竭4one of the more forward­looking technologies 較有遠見的技術之一5the scientific advances 科學進步6in the field of science 在科學界7come back from work 下班回來8further information 進一步的信息1The_first_mammal_to_be_cloned successfully from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep.第一只成功地用成年動物細胞克隆出的哺乳動物是多利羊。2The boy was more frightened than hurt.這個男孩與其說受傷不如說是害怕。3Nowhere is this truer_than with genetically modified (GM) food.轉基因食品就是最好的例子。學考對接·活學活用高考采擷(一)閱讀中的詞塊和句式1(2018·浙江高考閱讀B)Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit _ (講得通) when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.根據漢語意思填入本單元短語：makes_sense可用本單元短語take_.into_consideration升級加黑詞匯，意為“考慮；把考慮在內”，其同義短語為take_.into_account。2(2018·江蘇高考閱讀B)When a dark­colored cake was served on a black plate rather_than_a_white_one (而不是白色的), customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.(完成句子)高考采擷(二)寫作中的短語和句式(根據提示翻譯句子)1(2013·湖南高考書面表達)一方面，我們認為友誼第一，比賽第二；另一方面，既然我們都盡力了，我們就沒有遺憾。(on the one hand .on the other hand)On_the_one_hand,_we_think_that_friendship_comes_first,_and_a_match_comes_second.On_the_other_hand,_since_we_all_tried_our_best,_we_had_no_regret.2(2018·浙江高考書面表達)這是我第一次嘗試騎馬。(動詞不定式作后置定語)This_is_my_first_attempt_to_ride_a_horse.(二)課堂重點釋疑短語集釋1on the one hand . on the other hand . 一方面另一方面辨清 on (the) one hand . on the other (hand) .意為“一方面另一方面”，常用來表述一個事物的兩個方面，通常用于引出不同的，尤指對立的觀點、思想等for one thing . for another (thing).意為“首先，再者”，陳述的兩個方面的情況常常一致 練通完成句子On_the_one_hand,_we should develop our economy; on_the_other_hand,_we should protect the environment.一方面我們應該發(fā)展經濟；另一方面我們應該保護環(huán)境。I'm not going to buy it; for_one_thing I don't like the color, and for_another it's far too expensive.我不會買它，首先我不喜歡這顏色，再者也太貴了。用準on the one hand中的the可以省略，而on the other hand中的the不能省略。另外，on the other hand可以單獨使用。寫美(2013·山東高考書面表達)一方面，我可以掙錢來減輕家庭的負擔。另一方面，我可以積累社會經驗，這對我將來的生活也有好處。On_the_one_hand,_I_can_earn_some_money_to_reduce_the_burden_of_my_family.On_the_other_hand,_I_can_accumulate_some_social_experience,_which_does_good_to_my_future_life.2follow in one's footsteps 效仿某人記牢(1)follow in the footsteps of . 效仿follow one's example 以某人為榜樣follow one's advice/directions 聽從/遵循某人的建議/指示(2)as follows 如下，如下所述練通單句語法填空You can't follow in another person's (person) footsteps, and no one else will be able to follow in yours.The settings of each activity are as follows in this table.完成句子We mustn't blindly follow_in_the_footsteps_of foreign practice.我們不能亦步亦趨盲目地照外國辦法行事。We must all follow_his_example and serve the people with all our hearts.我們都應以他為榜樣，全心全意為人民服務。The good points of the novel may be summarized as_follows.這部小說的優(yōu)點概括起來有以下幾個方面。寫美(2016·四川高考書面表達)夏天是一年中我最喜歡的季節(jié)。 原因如下。Summer_is_my_favorite_season_of_the_year.The_reasons_are_as_follows.3take . into consideration認真考慮記牢(1)show consideration for對表示關心under consideration 在討論/考慮中out of consideration for 出于對的考慮/體諒(2)consider vt. 考慮；認為considerate adj. 考慮周到的，體貼的considerable adj. 大量的considering prep. 考慮到；就而言；鑒于練通單句語法填空Everything taken (take) into consideration, his work is well done.It's said that the plan is under consideration by the Ministry of Education.If you can help other people with pleasure and show your consideration for them, everybody will like to be with you.完成句子Your teacher will take_your_recent_illness_into_consideration (考慮你最近生病的情況) when judging your examination results.You should turn your music down out_of_consideration_for_your_neighbours (出于對你的鄰居們的體諒)寫美(2012·安徽高考書面表達)考慮了所有因素之后，我決定將理科作為我的主要學科。After_taking_everything_into_consideration,_I_decided_on_science_as_my_main_subject_of_study.句式集釋1動詞不定式作后置定語教材原句The_first_mammal_to_be_cloned successfully from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep.悟拓展例句(1)He is always the first to_bear hardships and the last to_enjoy comforts.他是一個總是吃苦在前、享樂在后的人。(2)It's said that she has the ability to_do the challenging work well.據說她有能力做好這一項具有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作。(3)He had no money and no place to_live_in.他沒有錢也沒有地方住。析用法規(guī)則用法歸納(1)當中心詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級等修飾時或前有the only, the last, the right時，常用動詞不定式作后置定語。(2)動詞不定式作后置定語用來修飾的詞是抽象名詞，常見的有：ability, chance, opportunity, ambition, attempt, offer, way以及time, place等。背寫作佳句(1)(2015·北京高考寫作佳句)It offers teenagers, like you and me, a chance to enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture.(要點句)(2)(2014·福建高考寫作佳句)In this way, I can not only work it out but also improve my ability