中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第18章 定語(yǔ)從句的用法

中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第18章 定語(yǔ)從句的用法定語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，而且也是各種考試中撅該專查的考點(diǎn)。中考中對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的考查翻，于關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞的用法。因此在學(xué)習(xí)中，要注意牢固掌握好好關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法及特殊用法，并且學(xué)會(huì)利用相關(guān)知識(shí)來(lái)作出到斷，準(zhǔn)確解答相關(guān)試題。內(nèi)容導(dǎo)視知識(shí)點(diǎn)1關(guān)系詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)2關(guān)系代詞的用法知識(shí)點(diǎn)3關(guān)系副詞的用法知識(shí)點(diǎn)4定語(yǔ)從句的注意事項(xiàng)知識(shí)詳單在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，用來(lái)修飾主句中的某一名詞、代詞或整個(gè)主句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。知識(shí)點(diǎn)1關(guān)系詞分類先行詞句子成分例句關(guān)系代詞who人主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to students.教師是向?qū)W生傳授知識(shí)的人。whom人賓語(yǔ)The woman whom you met in the street is Kate.你在街上碰到的那個(gè)女人是凱特。whose人或物定語(yǔ)Please pass me the book whose cover is green。請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)which物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)This is the room in which he lived last year.這是他去年居住過(guò)的房子。that人或物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)Is there anything that I can do for you?我能為你做點(diǎn)什么呢?as人或物主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)He is such a person as is respected by all of us他是這樣一個(gè)受我們所有人尊敬的人。關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?你知道林肯出生的日期嗎?where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.我想住在一個(gè)陽(yáng)光充足的地方。why原因原因狀語(yǔ)That is the the reason why he was late.那就是他遲到的原因。知識(shí)點(diǎn)2關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞用法例句who/whom兩者都用于指人，who在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ);whom在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)I have no idea about the man who wrote the article.我不認(rèn)識(shí)寫(xiě)這篇文章的那個(gè)人。What is the girl whom(who) you talked to just now?剛才和你說(shuō)話的那個(gè)女孩子是干什么的?whose指人或物，在從句中作定語(yǔ),往往與它所修飾的名詞一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分He is the man whose car was stolen last night.他就是昨天晚上車被偷的那個(gè)男子。which一般指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，還可在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)That was a fault which could not be forgiven.那是不能饒恕的錯(cuò)誤。The house in which I used to live has bee a shoe.我過(guò)去住的房子現(xiàn)在變成了一家鞋店。that指人或物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，還可作表語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略;作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞不可提到that前He is the man that was punished at the meeting.他就是那個(gè)在會(huì)上受批評(píng)的人。Shanghai is the place that I visited last year.上海是我去年參觀過(guò)的地方。as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，常用于such. as和the same. as等句式中Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem.你提到的這些方面在解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題上的確很重要?！局R(shí)拓展】1.關(guān)系詞指物時(shí)，只用that不用which的情況:先行詞是all, everything, anything, nothing, no one, little, few, much, some . none等不定代詞時(shí)。例如:All that can be done has been done.所有能做的已經(jīng)做了。先行詞被the only, the very ,the just, the right, the last, all, any, some, no, few, little, much等修飾時(shí)。例如This is the very book that I am looking for.這正是我要找的那本書(shū)。先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)。例如:This is the best film that I have seen.這是我所看過(guò)的最好的電影。主句是who或者which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。例如:Who is the man that is making a speech?正在演講的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?2.只用which而不用that的情況:當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞，先行詞指物時(shí)。例如:This is the house of which the windows face south.這就是窗戶朝南的那座房子。在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞表示事物時(shí)，只能用which。例如:The plane landed safely, which made us very happy.飛機(jī)安全降落，這使我們很高興。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞用法例句when代替表示時(shí)間的名詞.而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，?？捎胦n which, in which, during which等代替We don't know the exact time when the English evening will be held.我們不知道英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)舉行的確切時(shí)間。Do you know the date when Lincoln was murdered ?你知道林肯遇刺的日期嗎？when代替表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，常用in which，on which，to which等代替The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided州.我們舉行演講比賽的地點(diǎn)還未定下來(lái)。He did all his research in the room where he lived.他在自己住的房間里做了所有的研究。why代替表示原因的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，?？捎胒or which代替He didn't tell her the reason why he was happy.他沒(méi)有告訴她他那么高興的原因。Is this the reason why she refused our offer?這是她拒絕我們幫助她的理由嗎?【知識(shí)拓展】關(guān)系副詞的省略:（1）The time, every time, each time, the moment等后的關(guān)系副詞可省略。例如:By the time （when ）he was fourteen years old, Einstein had learnt advanced maths all by himself.到十四歲時(shí)，愛(ài)因斯坦已經(jīng)自學(xué)了高等數(shù)學(xué)。在某些表示地點(diǎn)的名詞后，關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)也可省略.如the place等。例如:This is the place （where）we met years ago. 這就是我們多年前見(jiàn)面的地方。（3）先行詞the reason后面的關(guān)系副詞可省略。例如:The reason （why）he did that is quite clear.他那樣做的理由是非常清楚的。知識(shí)點(diǎn)4定語(yǔ)從句的注意事項(xiàng)關(guān)系代詞的省略在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞which, who, whom或that在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，且前無(wú)介詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可以省略。例如:The people (whom/who) I work with are all friendly.和我一起工作的人都很友好。The children like the bread (which/that) my wife makes.孩子們喜歡我妻子做的面包。判斷關(guān)系詞的方法在判斷應(yīng)使用哪一個(gè)關(guān)系詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，首先應(yīng)該找準(zhǔn)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，確定先行詞指的是什么，指的是人.指的是物.還是指的一句話的內(nèi)容，等等。其次要確定關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。需要注意的是，先行詞往往決定不了關(guān)系詞的使用，關(guān)鍵是粉關(guān)系詞在從句中所起的具體作用。例如:I'll never forget the day when we moved to Beijing.(先行詞指的是時(shí)間，關(guān)系詞在從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，故使用關(guān)系副詞wh.作為引導(dǎo)詞)我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們搬到北京的那一天。I'll never forget the days (which/that) we spent together一。t summer.(先行詞盡管指的是時(shí)間。但在從句中作的是賓語(yǔ)，因此不能使用when作為引導(dǎo)詞)我將水遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記去年夏天我們共同度過(guò)的那段時(shí)光。定語(yǔ)從句的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)根據(jù)先行詞來(lái)確定.即先行詞為單數(shù)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù);先行詞為復(fù)數(shù)，則從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。例如:He is one of the students who were late for school.(句中的students是先行詞，故從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)形式)他是遲到的學(xué)生中的一個(gè)。He is the only one of the students who was late for school. ( one之前有“the only“或“the very修飾時(shí)，one就是先行詞.故從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該使用單數(shù)形式)他是學(xué)生中唯一遲到的一個(gè)?！厩蓪W(xué)記憶】關(guān)系代詞的用法.:關(guān)系詞來(lái)引定從，它們的用法各不同. That可做主賓用，指人指物它都行.which只能指物用，主賓定語(yǔ)它也能。who和whom指人用，分作主賓要弄清。whose一詞真叫行，指人指物都能用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)when才行，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)where能。原因狀語(yǔ)why對(duì)應(yīng), as用作主和賓。修飾全句或部分，which和as要分清。固定搭配應(yīng)分明，從句當(dāng)中定功能?？键c(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1 考察關(guān)系代詞的用法1.(哈爾濱中考)Everyone has his aim in life. However, you can't get fat on one mouthful. Start with the easiest thing_ you can control A. who B. that C. which 【解析】選B。先行詞thing是物，且由最高級(jí)修飾，關(guān)系代詞用that,2.(綏化中考) The story book_ you lent me is very interesting. A. which B. it C. what 【解析】選A。先行詞為T(mén)he story book，指物，關(guān)系詞which在從句中作lent的賓語(yǔ)。故選A,3.(龍東中考)Shirley is the girl_ taught me how to use Wechat(微信). A. whom B. which C. who 【解析】選C, the girl作先行詞，表示人，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故關(guān)系代詞用who,4.(咸寧中考)-Have you seen the documentary named A Bite of China(舌尖上的中國(guó))? -Yeah! It's the most funny one_ I have ever seen. A. that B. what C. which D. where 解析選A。先行詞one前有最高級(jí)修飾，故關(guān)系詞用that,考點(diǎn)2考察關(guān)系副詞的用法5.(棗莊中考)He is unlikely to find the school_ he taught 50 years ago.A. where B. when C. how D. why 【解析】選A。句憊為:他不可能找到那所他五十年前任教的學(xué)校。先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系副詞where.6.(山東德州中考)Yesterday Li Ming went to the village_ his family lived ten years ago。 A. when B. which C. where D. that【解析】選C。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞為the village, 關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖堑攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系副詞where.