浙江省2019年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 專題一 閱讀理解講義

閱讀理解閱讀理解真題檢測(一)2018年6月浙江高考AIn 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719 but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steampowered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy (識字) rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad.In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim were held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon (名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.How did Dickens get to the top？For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901；today a casual reader might be able to name a halfdozen of them.Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life.Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress.But its also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible and important for our own culture to understand how he made himself a lasting one.語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了英國著名作家查爾斯·狄更斯及其作品是如何奠定他在英國文學(xué)中的地位的。21Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century?AThey were difficult to understand.BThey were popular among the rich.CThey were seen as nearly worthless.DThey were written mostly by women.解析：選C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容尤其是最后一句“Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad.”可知，那時印刷技術(shù)落后，人們識字率低，很多作品上沒有作者名字，小說被認(rèn)為是愚蠢的、有悖道德的或糟糕透頂?shù)?。故選C項。22Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress_.Ahis reputation in FranceBhis interest in modern artChis success in publicationDhis importance in literature解析：選D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Removing him from the pantheon (名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.”可知，把他從英國文學(xué)的名人堂移除就跟盧浮宮廉價出售蒙娜麗莎的感覺一樣，可見狄更斯在英國文學(xué)史上的重要性，由此可推知D項正確。23What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo remember a great writer.BTo introduce an English novel.CTo encourage studies on culture.DTo promote values of the Victorian age.解析：選A寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文中對查爾斯·狄更斯及其作品在英國小說史上重要性的介紹，和文章最后一句可知，本文寫于查爾斯·狄更斯誕辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者寫本文是為了紀(jì)念查爾斯·狄更斯這位偉大的作家。BSteven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts (收銀臺)The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds,_plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers arguments：many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plasticbag use it cancels out.However, longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists dont dispute(質(zhì)疑)these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章分析了幾種購物袋的使用情況，塑料袋造成了環(huán)境問題，盡管紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源；環(huán)保專家認(rèn)為塑料袋和紙袋都不要用，希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。24What has Steven Stein been hired to do?AHelp increase grocery sales.BRecycle the waste material.CStop things falling off trucks.DArgue for the use of plastic bags.解析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume”可知，塑料購物袋制造商雇用像Steven Stein這樣的科學(xué)家來說明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為的那樣對地球有壞處，故選D項。25What does the word “headwinds” in paragraph 2 refer to?ABans on plastic bags.BEffects of city development.CHeadaches caused by garbage.DPlastic bags hung in trees.解析：選A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前的“these”可知，此處指代上一句內(nèi)容“The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in .”即在大約90個城市都禁止使用塑料袋，由此可知，A項“禁止使用塑料袋”為正確選項。26What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plasticbag makers?AThey are quite expensive.BReplacing them can be difficult.CThey are less strong than plastic bags.DProducing them requires more energy.解析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第二句“However, longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.”可知，生產(chǎn)這種耐用且能重復(fù)使用的購物袋需要更多的能源，故選D項。27What is the best title for the text?APlastic, Paper or NeitherBIndustry, Pollution and EnvironmentCRecycle or Throw AwayDGarbage Collection and Waste Control解析：選A標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要敘述了三方面的內(nèi)容：塑料購物袋產(chǎn)生“白色垃圾”；塑料購物袋制造商想出了對策用可重復(fù)使用的購物袋；環(huán)保專家希望塑料袋和紙袋都不用。故A項“塑料袋、紙袋或者兩者都不用”可作為文章的最佳標(biāo)題。CAs cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young.The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line(裝配線)on September 27,1908.Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.Modern America was born on the road，behind a wheel.The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American going forward at high speed to find new worlds.The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a neverending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farmbased society into an industrial power.The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.The problems of excessive (過度的) energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas LFriedman.He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.Friedman points out that the green economy (經(jīng)濟(jì)) is a chance to keep American strength.“The ability to design，build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.” 語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了美國經(jīng)典的“汽車文化”，它對美國各方面的影響是巨大而深遠(yuǎn)的。汽車給美國人民帶來了便利，把美國從一個以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的國家變成一個工業(yè)大國，汽車成為美國社會的一個文化符號。但與此同時，汽車也帶來了很多問題，例如能源的過度消耗、氣候變化以及污染等。28Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?ATo explain Americans love for travelling by car.BTo show the influence of cars on American culture.CTo stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.DTo praise the effectiveness of Americas road system.解析：選B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture .even the hamburger.”可知，汽車塑造了某些最持久的美國文化，其中就包括漢堡。由此可知，汽車對于漢堡文化的形成，影響是非常大的。所以，在第二段中提及漢堡，就是為了展現(xiàn)汽車對于美國文化有相當(dāng)大的影響。故選B項。29What has the use of cars in America led to?ADecline of economy.BEnvironmental problems.CA shortage of oil supply.DA farmbased society.解析：選B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.”可知，驅(qū)動美國夢的汽車導(dǎo)致了全球性的生態(tài)災(zāi)難，即汽車的使用引起了環(huán)境問題。故選B項。30What is Friedmans attitude towards Americas future?AAmbiguous.BDoubtful.CHopeful. DTolerant.解析：選C觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Friedman points out that the green economy (經(jīng)濟(jì)) is a chance to keep American strength.”可知，F(xiàn)riedman 認(rèn)為綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)是使美國保持實(shí)力的一個機(jī)遇。由此可知，他對美國的未來充滿了希望。故選C項。閱讀理解真題檢測(二)2017年11月浙江高考AWhen I was in fourth grade, I worked part­time as a paperboy. Mrs. Stanley was one of my customers. Shed watch me coming down her street, and by the time Id biked up to her doorstep, thered be a cold drink waiting. Id sit and drink while she talked.Mrs. Stanley talked mostly about her dead husband, “Mr. Stanley and I went shopping this morning，” shed say. The first time she said that, soda (汽水) went up my nose.I told my father how Mrs. Stanley talked as if Mr. Stanley were still alive. Dad said she was probably lonely, and that I ought to sit and listen and nod my head and smile, and maybe shed work_it_out_of_her_system. So thats what I did, and it turned out Dad was right. After a while she seemed content to leave her husband over at the cemetery (墓地)I finally quit delivering newspapers and didnt see Mrs. Stanley for several years. Then we crossed paths at a church fund­raiser (募捐活動). She was spooning mashed potatoes and looking happy. Four years before, shed had to offer her paperboy a drink to have someone to talk with. Now she had friends. Her husband was gone, but life went on.I live in the city now, and my paperboy is a lady named Edna with three kids. She asks me how Im doing. When I dont say “fine，” she sticks around to hear my problems. Shes lived in the city most of her life, but she knows about community. Community isnt so much a place as it is a state of mind. You find it whenever people ask how youre doing because they care, and not because theyre getting paid to do so. Sometimes its good to just smile, nod your head and listen.語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文，講述了作者小時候作為報童傾聽別人的訴說，而現(xiàn)在作者也會向送報紙的人訴說自己的經(jīng)歷，并感慨在我們的社會中，人與人之間需要互相關(guān)愛。21Why did soda go up the authors nose one time?AHe was talking fast.BHe was shocked.CHe was in a hurry. DHe was absent­minded.解析：選B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“her dead husband”可知，Stanley先生已經(jīng)去世了，可是Stanley太太卻說：“Stanley 先生和我今天早上去購物了?！庇纱丝赏茢喑觯琒tanley太太的話使“我”很震驚。再結(jié)合第三段父親向“我”解釋原因的內(nèi)容也可以推知當(dāng)時“我”是很震驚并迷惑不解的，所以選B項。22Why did the author sit and listen to Mrs. Stanley according to Paragraph 3?AHe enjoyed the drink.BHe wanted to be helpful.CHe took the chance to rest.DHe tried to please his dad.解析：選B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知，“我”不理解為什么Stanley太太談?wù)揝tanley先生時仿佛他還在世?！拔摇毕蚋赣H說了這件事并聽從父親的建議，靜靜地坐著傾聽Stanley太太的訴說，“我”希望這對她有幫助。23Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase “work it out of her system”？Arecover from her sadnessBmove out of the neighborhoodCturn to her old friendsDspeak out about her past解析：選A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二至三段內(nèi)容可知，Stanley太太剛開始無法接受丈夫去世的事實(shí)，常常向“我”傾訴她去世的丈夫的事，后來“我”接受了父親的建議，靜靜地傾聽她的訴說。結(jié)合第三段最后一句“After a while she seemed content to leave her husband over at the cemetery (墓地)”可知，不久之后，她慢慢地接受了丈夫去世的事實(shí)，從悲傷中恢復(fù)過來。24What does the author think people in a community should do?AOpen up to others.BDepend on each other.CPay for others help.DCare about one another.解析：選D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容尤其是“You find it whenever people ask how youre doing because they care, and not because theyre getting paid to do so.Sometimes its good to just smile, nod your head and listen.”可推知，在我們的社會中，人與人之間需要互相關(guān)愛，哪怕有時候僅僅是微笑、點(diǎn)頭和傾聽，都能夠給別人以關(guān)心，由此選D項。BIts surprising how much simple movements of the body can affect the way we think. Using expansive gestures with open arms makes us feel more powerful, crossing your arms makes you more determined and lying down can bring more insights (領(lǐng)悟)So if moving the body can have these effects, what about the clothes we wear? Were all well aware of how dressing up in different ways can make us feel more attractive, sporty or professional, depending on the clothes we wear, but can the clothes actually change cognitive (認(rèn)知的) performance or is it just a feeling?Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on peoples powers of attention. The idea is that white coats are associated with scientists, who are in turn thought to have close attention to detail.What they found was that people wearing white coats performed better than those who werent. Indeed, they made only half as many errors as those wearing their own clothes on the Stroop Test (one way of measuring attention). The researchers call the effect “enclothed cognition”， suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways.This opens the way for all sorts of clothes­based experiments. Is the writer who wears a fedora more creative? Is the psychologist wearing little round glasses and smoking a cigar more insightful? Does a chefs hat make the resultant food taste better?From now on I will only be editing articles for PsyBlog while wearing a white coat to help keep the typing error count low. Hopefully you will be doing your part by reading PsyBlog in a cap and gown (學(xué)位服)語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文，主要講述了“具衣認(rèn)知”理論，該理論認(rèn)為人們的衣著會影響人們的認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)。25What is the main idea of the text?ABody movements change the way people think.BHow people dress has an influence on their feelings.CWhat people wear can affect their cognitive performance.DPeople doing different jobs should wear different clothes.解析：選C主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第四段中的“The researchers call the effect enclothed cognition，suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways.”并結(jié)合全文可知，本文主要講述了人們的衣著能夠影響人們的認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)，故C項能概括全文主旨。26Adam and Galinskys experiment tested the effect of clothes on their wearers _.Ainsights BmovementsCattention Dappearance解析：選C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on peoples powers of attention.”可知，該實(shí)驗主要測試的是穿著白色的實(shí)驗室衣服對人們的注意力的影響，由此可知選C項。27How does the author sound in the last paragraph?AAcademic. BHumorous.CFormal. DHopeful.解析：選B推理判斷題。作者最后一段提到從現(xiàn)在開始他要穿著白外套來編輯文章，以此來保持低的打字出錯率，并希望讀者穿著學(xué)位服閱讀文章。因此，作者是在用幽默風(fēng)趣的語言來表達(dá)自己和讀者在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中如何運(yùn)用“具衣認(rèn)知”理論，故選B項。CThere are energy savings to be made from all recyclable materials, sometimes huge savings. Recycling plastics and aluminum, for instance, uses only 5% to 10% as much energy as producing new plastic or smelting (提煉) aluminum.Long before most of us even noticed what we now call “the environment，” Buckminster Fuller said, “Pollution is nothing but the resources (資源) we are not harvesting. We allow them to be left around because weve been ignorant of their value.” To take one example, lets compare the throwaway economy (經(jīng)濟(jì)) with a recycling economy as we feed a cat for life.Say your cat weighs 5kg and eats one can of food each day. Each empty can of its food weighs 40g. In a throwaway economy, you would throw away 5,475 cans over the cats 15­year lifetime. Thats 219kg of steel more than a fifth of a ton and more than 40 times the cats weight.In a recycling economy, we would make one set of 100 cans to start with, then replace them over and over again with recycled cans. Since almost 3% of the metal is lost during reprocessing, wed have to make an extra 10 cans each year. But in all, only 150 cans will be used up over the cats lifetime and well still have 100 left over for the next cat.Instead of using up 219kg of steel, weve used only 6kg. And because the process of recycling steel is less polluting than making new steel, weve also achieved the following significant savings: in energy use 47% to 74%; in air pollution 85%; in water pollution 35%; in water use 40%.語篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章主要通過循環(huán)利用養(yǎng)貓所使用的食物罐的例子，闡述了如何循環(huán)利用可回收材料以達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的。28What does Buckminster Fuller say about pollution?AIt is becoming more serious.BIt destroys the environment.CIt benefits the economy.DIt is the resources yet to be used.解析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Pollution is nothing but the resources (資源) we are not harvesting.We allow them to be left around because weve been ignorant of their value.”并結(jié)合全段內(nèi)容可知，Buckminster Fuller認(rèn)為所謂的污染物就是尚未利用的資源，我們忽視了它們的價值，由此可知應(yīng)選D項。29How many cans will be used up in a cats 15­year lifetime in a recycling economy?A50. B100.C150. D250.解析：選C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“But in all，only 150 cans will be used up over the cats lifetime”可知，通過循環(huán)利用，養(yǎng)一只貓15年只需要用掉150個食物罐，故選C項。30What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo promote the idea of recycling.BTo introduce an environmentalist.CTo discuss the causes of pollution.DTo defend the throwaway economy.解析：選A寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第一段和第二段可知，作者在文章開頭就提出了論點(diǎn)，即循環(huán)利用可回收材料更節(jié)能；第三至五段又具體通過養(yǎng)貓所使用的食物罐為例來進(jìn)一步論證。由此可推知，作者寫本文的目的在于倡導(dǎo)循環(huán)利用的理念，故選A項。閱讀理解能力歷來是浙江高考英語考查的重點(diǎn)，也始終占據(jù)著主體地位。閱讀理解題解答的順利與否，直接影響著后面其他試題的答題時間和答題心態(tài)。因此，掌握一定的閱讀理解解題技巧，可以幫助考生快速、準(zhǔn)確的選擇出正確答案，從而在高考中取得高分。一、命題特點(diǎn)要知曉1短文特點(diǎn)浙江高考英語閱讀理解共設(shè)三篇文章，總詞數(shù)不少于800，生詞率不超過3%。一共有10個小題，每小題2.5分，共計25分。2選材特點(diǎn)語篇來源于國外英文圖書、報刊、網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體等，多為最新時文，或經(jīng)過出題者改寫，具有濃厚的時代氣息。題材多樣，涉及英語國家的文化習(xí)俗、人口、地理、建設(shè)、歷史、社會、科技等概況。所選材料語言地道、內(nèi)容豐富，緊跟時代步伐，有較為豐富的文化蘊(yùn)涵，貼近考生生活。3體裁特點(diǎn)體裁包括記敘文(含夾敘夾議文)、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文。(1)記敘文是通過敘述、描寫、說明、抒情、議論的表達(dá)方式來記人、敘事、寫景、狀物以表達(dá)作者的特定思想情感。(2)說明文是按照特定的時間、空間、邏輯順序來介紹或說明某種事物的特征、功能等。(3)議論文是指采用特定的論據(jù)來論證某種觀點(diǎn)。(4)應(yīng)用文是采用特定的格式來介紹或說明某個主題。二、題型技法要用好浙江高考英語閱讀理解題型以細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題為主，詞義猜測題、主旨大意題較難，所占比例較少，命題很好地體現(xiàn)了“注重基礎(chǔ)，體現(xiàn)層次”，有利于選拔人才的高考命題思想。細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題考查內(nèi)容主要涉及時間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果、數(shù)字等及議論文中的例證細(xì)節(jié)和定義類細(xì)節(jié)。這類題目的共同特點(diǎn)是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。當(dāng)然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，考生需要根據(jù)文章提供的信息自己組織語句回答問題。1事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題尋讀法事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題分為直接理解題和間接理解題，前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提問，或判斷正誤；后者需與原文信息轉(zhuǎn)換，表達(dá)上與原文有差異。常見命題形式有：What can we learn from the passage?All the following are mentioned EXCEPT _.Which of the following is mentioned (NOT mentioned)?Which of the following statements is TRUE/RIGHT/FALSE/WRONG about .?典例1(2018·6月浙江高考閱讀B節(jié)選)The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plasticbag use it cancels out.However, longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.26What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plasticbag makers?AThey are quite expensive.BReplacing them can be difficult.CThey are less strong than plastic bags.DProducing them requires more energy.分析：本題為事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，可用尋讀法從文中找到信息源。由題干中的“reusable bags”可確定信息源為倒數(shù)第二句。根據(jù)該選段倒數(shù)第二句“However, longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.”可知，生產(chǎn)這種耐用且能重復(fù)使用的購物袋需要更多的能源，故選D項。2排列順序題首尾定位法(找出第一個事件和最后一個事件，用排除法縮小范圍)排列順序題常出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說明文中，一般要求排列出事件發(fā)生的先后順序。常見命題形式有：Which of the following is the CORRECT order of .?Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph .?3圖文匹配題按圖索驥理清線索設(shè)題形式：給出圖表，根據(jù)圖表提問問題。這種類型的題目考查的較少。4數(shù)字計算題(方法：審題帶著問題找細(xì)節(jié)對比、分析、計算)這類題目雖然可在文中直接找到相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，但需經(jīng)過計算方可確定答案。典例2(2018·全國卷閱讀C節(jié)選)At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small number