高考英語閱讀試題的命題方向與試題設(shè)計.doc

高考英語閱讀試題的命題方向與試題設(shè)計高考英語的命題者一般要遵循年度英語考試大綱中關(guān)于閱讀理解試題的六個命題方向，然后根據(jù)這六個命題方向設(shè)計出20個小題，每題2分。通常，這六個微技能考點題量的分布如下：文章的主旨大義1道左右；事實細(xì)節(jié)9道左右；簡單的推理判斷6道；推斷詞義1道；文章結(jié)構(gòu)1道；作者的態(tài)度和意圖2道。其中，事實細(xì)節(jié)題為表層理解題，其他11小題為深層理解題。下面分而述之。一表層理解試題的命題方向我們先討論表層理解的試題的一般命題方向。這9道事實細(xì)節(jié)題雖屬表層理解，主要檢測學(xué)生的文章認(rèn)讀能力，也就是對文章提供的具體事實和線索能加以辨讀，但現(xiàn)在的考題也要求考生注意全文的綜合性事實，也就是采用多線詰問法，而不全是單線詰問法。（盡管近年的單線詰問法的考題仍然有，但不是主流，而且相對比較容易，我們這里不予討論。）這就要求考生必須全文把握。一般而論，在多線詰問法中命題者又有以下兩種詰問方法：肯定性多線詰問法所謂多線詰問實際上就是考查考生對散布在全文中的重要的信息點的認(rèn)讀與辨析的能力，要求考生既能再認(rèn)，又能辨認(rèn)！而肯定性則是指四個選項中有而且只有一個是肯定性的且符合文章線索的正確項，另外三個則是不符合文章線索的錯誤選項。通常的提問方法是：Which of the following.is true? 我們研究高考英語全國卷和地方卷中閱讀理解試題的提問方式，可以從中看出命題者的肯定性多線詰問法的一般設(shè)計。這需要考生對四個選項（四個文章細(xì)節(jié)）做出正確的認(rèn)讀與辨析，否則，就會因誤讀而誤判！例如：1According to the author, which of the following statements is true? （05皖-62）2Which of the following describes a well-designed tool? （05京-61）3Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?（05渝-68）4Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts?（05浙-54）5Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage. （05閩-59）6How many reasons are mentioned for a visit to lighthouse?（05渝-70）否定性多線詰問法否定性多線詰問法剛好和肯定性多線詰問法相反，是命題者希望考生從所給的四個選項，也就是從四個文章細(xì)節(jié)中排除三個肯定的且符合文章線索的選項，選擇一個不符合文章線索的選項。主要的問題設(shè)計是：Which of the following is NOT mentioned.?All the following .EXCEPT.?對于這種詰問法，考生一般會有三種錯誤。一是審題失誤，二是答題失憶，三是正誤失判。審題錯誤反映考生對EXCEPT或NOT沒注意或沒看清楚或沒反應(yīng)過來！答題失憶則說明考生在答題過程中，特別是在文中找細(xì)節(jié)時（重讀）忘記了題目的原意！正誤失判則表明考生對正確選項和肯定選項不能很好地和很清楚地區(qū)分開來。請參看以下問題設(shè)計。1The British try to solve the problem of queuing by all the following EXCEPT _.（05粵-70）2 All the following are included in the price of 299 EXCEPT _.（05閩-68）3Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? （05贛-62）4Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage？（05蘇-62）5Which of the following CANNOT be true according to the passage?（05滬-78）嚴(yán)格意義上講，題干采用否定詰問并不是很好的做法。二深層理解試題的命題方向高考英語閱讀理解試題不僅要求考生對表層理解辨讀無礙，而且要求對其中的深層理解試題也能舉重若輕。不過，我們要特別提醒的是深層理解試題既需要考生的抽象概括能力，又需要考生對全文有良好的駕御能力和一定的邏輯推理能力。深層理解試題主要檢測考生理解文章主旨要義、簡單的推理判斷、根據(jù)上下文推斷詞義、理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)以及理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度等五個方面的能力。這些既是從測試規(guī)律中獲得的一般經(jīng)驗，也是考生必要的也是必須掌握的閱讀技能。文章主旨要義題的一般設(shè)計文章主旨要義的命題方向一般有三種詰問方式。最佳標(biāo)題法：即直接詰問最佳標(biāo)題，這要求考生必須對全文有高度的概括并可以通過該標(biāo)題回顧文章主題。此類詰問一般全卷有1道，也有2道的（05國1-58和62）。例如：1What might be the most suitable title for the text?（05皖-63）2Which of the following would be the best title for the text? （05國3-41）3What might be the most suitable title for the text?（05浙-56）全文主旨法：即詰問文章主題內(nèi)容，這也要求考生有一定抽象思維的能力，并能恰倒好處地把握全文。例如：1The text is mainly about _ .（05國3-54）2What does this passage mainly talk about?（05渝-71）3The passage mainly tells us about _ in UK.（05滬-79）段落要義法：即就某一段落詰問考生以檢測考生對段落的把握能力。1What does the last paragraph mainly discuss?（05浙-60）2We can learn from the last paragraph that_.（05浙-55）3In the last paragraph, the writer implies that there is a long way to go _ .（05鄂-71）推理判斷題的一般設(shè)計考生通過對一篇文章的閱讀后應(yīng)該可以根據(jù)文章的脈絡(luò)、語氣、事實細(xì)節(jié)、邏輯等做出一般性的簡單的推理判斷?？梢哉f，只要把文章認(rèn)真看過并且讀懂，一般的推理題對于考生而言不算太難。不過，各位考生要特別留意字里行間，并對命題人的一般詰問方式有所體會。一般而論，推理判斷題有以下幾種詰問方式。主體是全文推斷，這顯而易見地說明對全文的把握是考生必須具備的能力。全文推斷1It can be inferred from the text that _.（05皖-61）2We may infer from the text that the criminal knows how to reach the car owners because _ .（05國3-53）3What can be inferred from the passage?（05渝-58）4From the passage, we can conclude that _.（05遼-59）5According to the text, the Sierra Club is most likely to be _.（05魯-68）6We may conclude from the passage that _.（05津-55）段落推斷1We learn from paragraph 1 that_ .（05國3-58）單句推斷1What can we infer from the sentence “But has the world changed?” in the second paragraph?（贛-61）事例推斷1From the second example we can infer that the parents of the two daughters _.（05皖-74）2Kristen felt sad and cried because _.（05粵-58）來源推斷1The two letters most probably appear in a _.（05湘-71）文脈推斷1What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?（05蘇-75）2What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?（05滬-75）對象推斷1The intended readers of the passage are_.（05滬-73）詞義推斷題的一般設(shè)計詞義推斷能力也是考生必須具備的閱讀技能之一。一般來講，根據(jù)上下文我們本可以輕松推斷出我們不懂的生詞，但是，在考試狀態(tài)下我們的思維水平并不是正常值，這就要求我們必須了解命題者對這種問題的一般設(shè)計。詞義推斷題通常有三種詰問法。可能詞義法1The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means _.（05皖-56）肯定詞義法1The underlined word “detour” in paragraph 5 means _.（05國1-61）2The underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” in Paragraph 4 means _.（05渝-68）最佳詞義法1The word “satiated” in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “_”.（05滬-76）2The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “_”.（05滬-70）文章結(jié)構(gòu)題的一般設(shè)計文章結(jié)構(gòu)題檢測的是考生對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)把握能力。通常有兩種設(shè)計。一是指代詰問法，是考查考生對文章中指示代詞對前文或后文的指代的判斷能力。二是組織結(jié)構(gòu)法，是考查考生對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)與組織形式的判斷能力。指代詰問法1The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to _.（05皖-72）2The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to _ .（05國3-52）3The underlined word “they” (paragraph1) refers to_.（05浙-53）4The underlined word “these” in Paragraph 2 refers to “_”.（05鄂-64）5We learn from the text that “the honest ones” in the fourth paragraph most probably refers to colleges_.（05魯-59）組織結(jié)構(gòu)法1How is the text organized?（05浙-52）2The example of the little boy is used to show that _.（05京-72）3Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?（05蘇-72）作者的態(tài)度和意圖題的一般設(shè)計我們讀過一篇文章后必然要對作者的意圖和態(tài)度有一個清晰的概念。這種能力也是高考考生所必須掌握的能力。理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度的試題設(shè)計一般有兩種。一種是直接詰問作者的意圖或態(tài)度，另一種則是詰問文章的意圖。詰問作者意圖或態(tài)度1What is the authors opinion about the sudden change in teenage children?（05皖-75）2Which point of view may the author agree to?（05渝-75）3What is the writers purpose in writing the passage?（05贛-71）詰問文章意圖1The main purpose of the passage is to call on people to _.（05滬-74）2What is the purpose of the passage?（05閩-69） 通過對高考英語閱讀理解的六大命題方向以及具體的命題設(shè)計的研究，我們掌握了命題的一般規(guī)律和特殊規(guī)律，高考英語閱讀理解試題的編撰能夠幫助我們更好地輔導(dǎo)學(xué)生取得好的成績。