ToniMorrison托尼莫里森

Part I.BiographyPart II.Major Works and Awards Part IV.A Brief Analysis of Beloved Part III.Writing FeaturesPart I.Biograph of Toni MorrisonToni Morrison(1931)1931194919531955195719581964197019701973197319771977198719871993199319961996Toni Morrisons Time TableToni Morrison born February 18,1931 in Lorain,Ohio grandfather was born a slave her family lost their land and were forced to work in the mines and mills of the industrialized NorthLorain,Ohio1949-1955 attended Howard University in 1949 received a B.A.(Bachelor of Arts)In English from Howard in 1953 earned a Master of Arts degree from Cornell University in 1955 became an English instructor at Texas Southern University after graduation in 1955.returned to Howard to teach English in 1957.became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority.1955-1957 got married in 1958 got divorced in 1964 and moved to New York,working as an editor.began her writing career.1964-a turning point of Morrison became an English instructor at Texas Southern University after graduation in 1955.returned to Howard to teach English in 1957.became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority.1955-1957Writing Career In 1993,Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.“Toni Morrison,who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic inport,gives life to an essential aspect of American reality.”1993 The National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture.“Time,it seems,has no future.”be honored with the 1996 National Book Foundations Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.1996 In 1984,she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair.From 19892006,she held the Rober F.Goheen Chair at Princeton University.In June 2005,she was awarded as an honorary Doctor of Letters degree.Later LifePart II.Major Works and AwardsNovels 19701970 The Bluest Eye The Bluest Eye 最藍的眼睛最藍的眼睛 19731973 SulaSula 秀拉秀拉 19771977 Song of SolomonSong of Solomon 所羅門之歌所羅門之歌 19811981 Tar BabyTar Baby 柏油孩子柏油孩子、黑寶貝、黑寶貝 19881988 BelovedBeloved 寵兒寵兒 19921992 Jazz Jazz 爵士樂爵士樂 19991999 ParadiseParadise天堂天堂、樂園、樂園 19931993 Love Love 愛愛 20082008 A MercyA Mercy恩惠恩惠 Non-fictions Remember:The Journey to School Integration The Black Book Birth of a Nationhood What Moves at the Margin Race-ing Justice,En-gendering Power:Essays on Anita Hill,Clarence Thomas,and the Construction of Social Reality Play in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary ImaginationChildrens literatureThe Book of Mean People (2002)The Big Box(1999)PlaysDreaming of Emmett(1986)Libretto(歌劇腳本歌劇腳本)Margaret Garner(first performed May 2005)Other worksThe Bluest Eye A novel based on elements of Morrisons own experience,contrasts two black families:the dysfunctional(不正常的)breedloves and the healthy,loving McTeers.Sula Sula portrays two black women who choose different paths in life.Song of Solomon Flight as a Means of Escape Abandoned Women The Alienating Effects of RacismTar Baby A novel about contentions and conflicts based on learned biases and prejudices.These biases exist on a race level,gender level,and a class level.Beloved Morrisons best novel and won her the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction（普利策小說獎）.Awards 1977 National Book Critics Circle Award for Song of Solomon 1977 American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award 1987-88 Robert F.Kennedy Book Award 1988 American Book Award for Beloved 1988 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in Race Relations for Beloved 1988 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Beloved 1989 MLA Commonwealth Award in Literature1993 Nobel Prize for Literature 1993 Commander of the Arts and Letters,Paris 1994 Condorcet Medal,Paris 1994 Pearl Buck Award Awards1994 Rhegium Julii Prize for Literature 1996 Jefferson Lecture 1996 National Book Foundations Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters 2000 National Humanities Medal UUA:Frederic G.Melcher Book AwardAwardsPart III.Writing features by 唐光麗1.Powerful fictional style 2.Provocative themes 3.Sophisticated narrative techniques 4.Poetic styleWriting features1.Powerful fictional style In beloved,Paul D,fellow slave from Kentucky comes to live with them.She eventually takes over the household,feeding on Sethes memories and explanations to gain strength.Beloved nearly destroyed her mother until the community of former slave women who have ostracized Sethe and Denver since the murder join together to exorcise Beloved at last.Writing features2.Provocative themesA.Strong feeling of feminist consciousness and nationalism.eg,the bluest eye Sula BelovedB.Describe mainly the impression of black women who are oppressed by race and gender.eg,the protagonist of beloved Sethe Writing features In her novel the bluest eye and Sula,Morrison expesses his strong feeling of feminist consciousness and nationalism;meanwhile,its also reveal the distort character of black people,for example,Pecola in the bluest eye surmised that the reason she was abused at home and ridiculed at school was her black skin,which was equated with ugliness.She imagined that everything would be all right if she had blue eyes and blond hair.Writing featuresC.Integrate the past and present life of African Aericans to show the distort of colonial system,racial discrimination and dissimination of black peoples life.D.appeal to find the lost culture and rebulid the nationalism.Writing features In sula,she is the pariah of her hometown With the discovery at the age of 12 that she and her friend Nel Wright were neither white nor male,and that all freedom and triumph was forbidden to them,life evolved into an unlimited experiment.Not bound by any social codes,Sula was first thought to be unusual,then outrageous,and eventually evil Writing features In song of solomon,Morrison expresses her nationalism.The Milkmans Macon odyssey became a kind of cultural epic for all African-American people;it mapped in symbolic fashion the heritage of a people,from a mythic African past,through a heritage obscured by slavery,to a present built upon questioned values.Part IV.A Brief Analysis of Beloved Background Characters and Plot Writing features Themes Reflection 用殺死自己親生嬰兒 來拯救孩子的“瘋狂”的黑人母親 變成鬼魂不斷侵擾 親人的黑人嬰兒 致人瘋狂的美國 種族主義的夢魘1.Archetype:the true story of Margaret Garner,a fugtive slave,from The Black Book（黑人之書）.2.History:Beloved straddles(游離)the line between fiction and history;from an experience of a single family,she creates a powerful commentary on the psychological and historical legacy of slavery.3.Style:affected by such modernist masters as Faulkner or Joyce.1.Sethe(塞絲塞絲)the protagonist of Beloved,a proud and independent woman who is extremely devoted to her children and attempts to murder them in an act of motherly love and protection.2.Denver(丹芙丹芙)Sethes youngest child,the dynamic character in the novel.She overcomes her fear of the world and starts to fight for independence and self-possession.3.Paul D(保羅保羅.D)A former slave from Sweet Home who survived the horrors of slavery and has evolved into a resourceful,contemplative man.He challenges Sethe to try to make a future with him.4.Baby Suggs(貝比貝比.薩格斯）薩格斯）Sethes mother-in-law.Baby becomes a preacher after Halle buys her freedom,and she provides a stabilizing force for Sethe and Denver.5.Beloved(寵兒寵兒)Sethes third child and oldest daughter who was killed at the age of two.Her restless spirit haunts the family first as a ghost and then as a flesh-and-blood woman.Beginning:1848,Sweet Home “Sweet Home”Sethe,Halle Suggs,Paul D,Paul A,Paul F,SixoMr.Garner&Mrs.Garner“Schoolteacher”Treat his slaves humanelyTreat slaves as animals 1.Development:1855“Sweet Home”Run away Cincinnati(辛辛那提辛辛那提)Sethe,Halle Suggs,Paul D,Paul A,Sixo Climax:1855,28 days after Seth settled in 124 Bluestone Road,Cincinnati.Take Sethe backschoolteacherSetheKill her babyClimax:1864,presence of Beloveds ghost Climax:1873,a young woman Beloved appears Climax:1873-1874,life with Beloved Ending:1875 Beloved disappearsDenver is preparing to go to collegePaul D returns toSethe Sethe recoversbut stays in bed for her days 1.Symbolism and meterphor 2.Gothic:setting,supernatural,character 3.Post-modernism:Stream of consciousness，interior monologue 4.Narritive techniques:multiple points of view,manipulation of narrative time,and flashback 5.Esthetic language:poetic and musical 6.Artistic Characteristics:traditional African culture1.1.首先，首先，“寵兒寵兒”是瑟思用鋸鋸斷喉嚨、可是瑟思用鋸鋸斷喉嚨、可能已經(jīng)會爬的那個能已經(jīng)會爬的那個女兒的幽靈女兒的幽靈。2.2.其次，其次，“寵兒寵兒”是死在販運非洲黑人的海是死在販運非洲黑人的海上中間通道上的一個幽靈，是所有死于種上中間通道上的一個幽靈，是所有死于種族主義釀造的災(zāi)難中的族主義釀造的災(zāi)難中的黑人的化身黑人的化身，具有，具有超越個體命運的普遍意義。超越個體命運的普遍意義?！八麄儧]有與我沾親帶故，但依然是我的骨肉親他們沒有與我沾親帶故，但依然是我的骨肉親人；他們沒有享受嬌寵溺愛，但依然是我的愛子人；他們沒有享受嬌寵溺愛，但依然是我的愛子寵兒。寵兒。”圣經(jīng)圣經(jīng)羅馬書羅馬書Who is Beloved?3.3.第三，第三，“寵兒寵兒”代表了黑人現(xiàn)實中仍就在代表了黑人現(xiàn)實中仍就在遭受的不平等的苦難，是過去苦難的延伸。遭受的不平等的苦難，是過去苦難的延伸。寵兒是每個人的寵兒，是每個黑人心目中寵兒是每個人的寵兒，是每個黑人心目中那段慘痛的那段慘痛的歷史記憶歷史記憶。用殺死自己親生嬰兒 來拯救孩子的“瘋狂”的黑人母親 變成鬼魂不斷侵擾 親人的黑人嬰兒 致人瘋狂的美國 種族主義的夢魘 莫里森摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的單一敘述視角，莫里森摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的單一敘述視角，代之以多重敘述視角。小說中如瑟絲殺嬰、代之以多重敘述視角。小說中如瑟絲殺嬰、丹芙出生這樣重要的事件不是由一個人或丹芙出生這樣重要的事件不是由一個人或一個聲音一次性講述，而是由多人多次講一個聲音一次性講述，而是由多人多次講述。每個人雖然講的是同一事件，但都不述。每個人雖然講的是同一事件，但都不是完整故事，而是從不同層面為故事提供是完整故事，而是從不同層面為故事提供和積累了互為補充的信息。和積累了互為補充的信息。Multiple points of view(多重敘述視角）多重敘述視角）賽絲和保羅賽絲和保羅D D結(jié)合時共同憶起黑爾與結(jié)合時共同憶起黑爾與塞絲在玉米地里的新婚及壓壞的玉米用作塞絲在玉米地里的新婚及壓壞的玉米用作會餐的段落：會餐的段落：“扒下緊裹的葉鞘，撕扯的扒下緊裹的葉鞘，撕扯的聲音總讓她覺得它很疼。第一層一扒下來，聲音總讓她覺得它很疼。第一層一扒下來，其余的就屈服了，玉米穗向他橫陳羞澀的其余的就屈服了，玉米穗向他橫陳羞澀的排排苞粒，終于一覽無余?；ńz多么松散。排排苞粒，終于一覽無余。花絲多么松散。多么美妙、松散、自由。多么美妙、松散、自由?！惫倌芡ǜ兄?，官能通感中，感情使想象得以發(fā)揮，而想象的語言又激感情使想象得以發(fā)揮，而想象的語言又激發(fā)了感情。發(fā)了感情。賽絲和保羅賽絲和保羅D D結(jié)合時共同憶起黑爾與結(jié)合時共同憶起黑爾與塞絲在玉米地里的新婚及壓壞的玉米用作塞絲在玉米地里的新婚及壓壞的玉米用作會餐的段落：會餐的段落：“扒下緊裹的葉鞘，撕扯的扒下緊裹的葉鞘，撕扯的聲音總讓她覺得它很疼。第一層一扒下來，聲音總讓她覺得它很疼。第一層一扒下來，其余的就屈服了，玉米穗向他橫陳羞澀的其余的就屈服了，玉米穗向他橫陳羞澀的排排苞粒，終于一覽無余?；ńz多么松散。排排苞粒，終于一覽無余。花絲多么松散。多么美妙、松散、自由。多么美妙、松散、自由?！惫倌芡ǜ兄?，官能通感中，感情使想象得以發(fā)揮，而想象的語言又激感情使想象得以發(fā)揮，而想象的語言又激發(fā)了感情。發(fā)了感情。Traditional African culture 非洲人的時間觀非洲人的時間觀 在非洲黑人的觀念中在非洲黑人的觀念中,時間由時間由“現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在”向向“過去過去”方向運動方向運動,而不是投向而不是投向“未來未來”。對他。對他們來說們來說,時間只有被經(jīng)歷過的才是有意義的時間只有被經(jīng)歷過的才是有意義的,才是才是真實的真實的.莫里森在講述莫里森在講述寵兒寵兒這一故事時打破這一故事時打破了生與死、人與鬼的界限了生與死、人與鬼的界限寵兒寵兒里時間錯置，里時間錯置，敘述離題，對過去的挖掘斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，稍有可能，敘述離題，對過去的挖掘斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，稍有可能，就停頓下來。小說克服了重重阻力，在對過去的就停頓下來。小說克服了重重阻力，在對過去的回憶、忘卻、壓抑、挖掘、拒絕、顯現(xiàn)中向前推回憶、忘卻、壓抑、挖掘、拒絕、顯現(xiàn)中向前推進。進。Morrison清晰地意識到了自己肩上的責(zé)清晰地意識到了自己肩上的責(zé)任：以現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)和人性的光芒實現(xiàn)對諸如任：以現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)和人性的光芒實現(xiàn)對諸如黑人婦女這樣的雙重（多重）弱勢群體的黑人婦女這樣的雙重（多重）弱勢群體的觀照與關(guān)懷，為他（她）們和他（她）們觀照與關(guān)懷，為他（她）們和他（她）們的心靈作史。她堅持自稱的心靈作史。她堅持自稱“黑人女作家黑人女作家”，因為因為“身為身為黑人黑人和和女性女性，我能進入到那些，我能進入到那些非黑人、非女性者所不能進入的情感與感非黑人、非女性者所不能進入的情感與感受的廣闊領(lǐng)受的廣闊領(lǐng)域域”。1.Feminism Feminism activityWomens writingDifferent worksDifferent charactersBackground information:1)Darwinism 2)Maxism 3)prolaim of Nietzsche(尼采)4)theory of relativity 5)Freudanism Feminism activityStages:1)第一代女權(quán)主義(19世紀(jì)下半葉至20世紀(jì)初)-教育和立法上應(yīng)當(dāng)平等，在經(jīng)濟上與男性平等 2)現(xiàn)代女權(quán)主義(20世紀(jì)初至60年代)-物質(zhì)上的地位,性的解放 3)后現(xiàn)代女權(quán)主義(20世紀(jì)60年代至今)-超出女性范圍的哲學(xué)思考，社會主義和性自由的色彩更濃厚 Feminism activity女 性（1840-1880）女 權(quán)（1880-1920）女 人（1920-）女性寫作Morrisons work 不再停留在控訴美國社會對黑人的種族歧視與壓迫，而是從獨特的角度描寫女性經(jīng)驗，在抨擊種族歧視的同時揭露性別歧視，或者主要反映黑人婦女爭取婦女平等權(quán)利的斗爭 In her work Toni Morrison has explored the experience and roles of black women in a racist and male dominated society.In the center of her complex and multilayered（多層的）narratives is the unique cultural inheritance of African-Americans.About Beloved Tell us what it is to be a woman so that we may know what it is to be a man.What moves at the margin.What it is to have no home in this place.To be set adrift（漂?。ゝrom the one you knew.What it is to live at the edge of towns that cannot bear your company.（Nobel Lecture,1993）Sethethe twisted character .The love for Beloved:1.“要么是愛，要么不是。淡的愛根本就不是愛”,trying to put my babies where they would be safe”-愛的瘋狂 2.the spoiling to Beloved -愛的畸形,愛的愧疚 社會對女性的戕害女性畸形的反抗與悲慘的掙扎The awakening(1899)Golden notebook(1962)The color purple(1982)Beloved(1987)愛情與欲望的覺醒愛情與欲望的覺醒導(dǎo)致瘋狂的絕望與毀滅導(dǎo)致瘋狂的絕望與毀滅混亂多變的時代下混亂多變的時代下失重靈魂的探索與追求失重靈魂的探索與追求壓迫與反抗的交織壓迫與反抗的交織喚醒真正的信仰與自由喚醒真正的信仰與自由歷史與現(xiàn)實的交錯歷史與現(xiàn)實的交錯締造民族文化悲壯史詩締造民族文化悲壯史詩女權(quán)主義作品The AwakeningBeloved強大的社會文化傳統(tǒng)強大的社會文化傳統(tǒng)面前，女性的困惑與無奈，以及面前，女性的困惑與無奈，以及難以承受的壓抑人性的精神磨難難以承受的壓抑人性的精神磨難 意識覺醒后的意識覺醒后的絕望與毀滅絕望與毀滅種族主義的現(xiàn)實暴力和種族主義的現(xiàn)實暴力和歷史創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致人格的分裂歷史創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致人格的分裂和全民族的記憶缺失和全民族的記憶缺失無法擺脫的無法擺脫的創(chuàng)傷與折磨創(chuàng)傷與折磨女性作品對比 The awakening(覺醒)-Edna(埃德娜)平淡無奇平淡無奇壓抑孤寂壓抑孤寂裸體自殺裸體自殺 只為涅槃重生只為涅槃重生肉體解放肉體解放 催生深沉思索催生深沉思索 邂逅愛情邂逅愛情挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威女性角色對比 “Leonce,go to bed,I meant to stay out here.I dont intend to.Dont speak to me like that again;I shall not answer you ”心理和社會意識的心理和社會意識的 覺醒賦于挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威的力量覺醒賦于挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威的力量 The awakening(覺醒)-Edna(埃德娜)平淡無奇平淡無奇壓抑孤寂壓抑孤寂裸體自殺裸體自殺 只為涅槃重生只為涅槃重生肉體解放肉體解放 催生深沉思索催生深沉思索 邂逅愛情邂逅愛情挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威女性角色對比 She cast the unpleasant,pricking garment from her,and for the first time in her life she stood naked in the open air,at the mercy of the sun,the breeze that beat upon her,and the waves that invited her.How strange and awful it seemed to stand naked under the sky!How delicious!She felt like some new-born creature,opening its eyes in a familiar world that it had never known.She didnt look back now,but went on and on,thinking of the blue-grass meadow that she had traversed when a little child,believing that it had no beginning and end.“過去的日子就像在做夢一般但愿可以沉睡不醒，醒來卻發(fā)現(xiàn)啊，也好，或許醒來終究是比較好的，即使受苦，也總比一生都被幻象所蒙蔽來得好”（臨死前的宣言臨死前的宣言）覺醒的最終意義：寧可醒來覺醒的最終意義：寧可醒來后付出生命的代價也不愿再懵懂地生活下去后付出生命的代價也不愿再懵懂地生活下去 Beloved(寵兒)Sethe(塞絲)塞絲”非洲文化中的男性神，一般人身，一半鳥身。剛強毅力和自由的代表，希望與自由的化身 女性角色對比Edna VS Sethebackgrounddestinythe theme2.Racialism 她的筆觸超越了憤怒，也不再“控訴”，而是以一種斬釘截鐵的痛切陳述一個黑奴黑奴（或解放了的黑奴）在世界上的根本處境：“任何一個白人，都能因為他腦子里突然閃過的一個什么念頭，而奪走你的整個自我。不止是奴役、殺戮或者殘害你不止是奴役、殺戮或者殘害你，還要玷污你。還要玷污你。玷污得如此徹底，讓你都不可能再喜歡你自讓你都不可能再喜歡你自己己。玷污得如此徹底，能讓你忘了自己是誰忘了自己是誰，而且再也不能回想起來 Racialism Amnisia to historyConnotation of BelovedNational amnisia“小說中的人物不愿回憶，我不愿回憶，黑人不愿回憶，白人不愿回憶，我是說，這是全民族的記全民族的記憶缺失癥憶缺失癥”“我們生活的美國是一個過去總是被抹去、將來一個過去總是被抹去、將來總是清白無辜的地方總是清白無辜的地方，其間盡管移民們來來往往，但是美國歷史總是清清爽爽的。過去不在場、或過去不在場、或者被浪漫化者被浪漫化。這個文化不鼓勵評述過去的真相，更不會接受關(guān)于過去的真相。與30年前相比，現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在記憶處于更加危險的境地。在記憶處于更加危險的境地?！盩he torment of the history and devastating slaveryFear for the pastAvoid encountering with the pastOverwhelming by the past寵寵兒兒女兒的幽靈女兒的幽靈過去到完整，過去到完整，分裂到完整的橋梁分裂到完整的橋梁慘痛的歷史記憶慘痛的歷史記憶歷史現(xiàn)實中歷史現(xiàn)實中的不平等與苦難的不平等與苦難災(zāi)難中的黑人化身災(zāi)難中的黑人化身災(zāi)難中的黑人化身災(zāi)難中的黑人化身 寵兒是整個美國白人社會的“他者”，提醒著白人：黑奴制是不容回避的一部分，它的作用已超越了恢復(fù)黑人記憶的范疇，也號召黑人應(yīng)克服自身的狹隘性和局限性，使黑人社區(qū)成為黑人名副其實的精神樂園，為解放黑人指明了一條出路 vs傳統(tǒng)的反奴隸制作品傳統(tǒng)的反奴隸制作品寵兒寵兒進行表層抗議進行表層抗議倡導(dǎo)種族道義倡導(dǎo)種族道義弘揚文化與生命弘揚文化與生命的價值意義的價值意義對歷史文化對歷史文化的重新整合的重新整合尋求自我歷程和尋求自我歷程和重構(gòu)黑人民族意識重構(gòu)黑人民族意識才能幫助走出陰影，才能幫助走出陰影，成為自由人成為自由人人類立場人類立場 1 1987年一經(jīng)出版，立刻震驚美國文壇，評論界譽為“美國文學(xué)史上的里程碑”。1988年，獲美國普利策圖書獎。1993年，作者莫里森獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎。1998年，寵兒被搬上銀幕，由著名電視主持人奧普拉溫芙蕾飾演塞斯。