2018版高考英語大一輪復習語法專題講析專題四 介詞及介詞短語

專題四介詞及介詞短語考點一常見介詞的用法常用介詞如in，on，for，with，against，of，beyond，out of，across等含義較多，應全面把握。1against有“違背，違逆；反對；對不利；倚；靠；碰撞；預防；襯托”之意。2014湖南Vacations help us perform better at work，improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.假期幫助我們在工作中表現(xiàn)得更好，提高我們的睡眠質(zhì)量和緩解憂愁。2beyond可表示范圍，限度，意為“超出，為所不及”。常用短語：beyond words/description/imagination/belief/ones reach/ones control，意為“無法用語言形容/無法用語言描述/想象不出來/無法相信/夠不著/無法控制”。2014浙江“I came to thank you，”she said，surprising me beyond speech.“我是來感謝你的。”她說。(聽到這)讓我驚訝地說不出話來。3by可表示程度或增減的幅度，還可作“按；以計；依據(jù)”講。As far as I know，workers are generally paid by the month.據(jù)我所知，工人們的工資通常按月來付。4for有“就而言；從來看；達，計；為”之意。The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.我們大多數(shù)人最關(guān)心的是大眾教育的質(zhì)量問題。2016四川The mother continued to care for the young panda for more than two years.這位母親持續(xù)照顧熊貓幼崽兩年多。 5off有“在離不遠處；在沿海的海面”之意。2014重慶She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.她在轉(zhuǎn)彎處開得如此快，以至于車差點偏離公路。6across有“橫跨”之意。Do you think this shirt is too tight across the shoulders?你覺得這件襯衫在肩膀這個地方是不是太緊了？7on/upon有“剛就；一就”之意，后接名詞或動詞ing形式。2014山東Upon graduation，Charlotte returned to Montreal and set up a private clinic.夏洛特一畢業(yè)就回到了蒙特利爾，開了一個私人診所。8over可表示時間，意為“在期間；直到結(jié)束”。Talks with the teachers union over the weekend have averted a strike.周末與教師工會舉行的談判避免了一場罷工。Over coffee，she lit a cigarette，her eyes daring him to comment.喝咖啡時，她點燃了一支煙，用挑釁的眼神看著他，諒他也不敢吭聲。9within可表示范圍、程度，意為“在之內(nèi)”。The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims.政府正盡其所能地幫助那些受害者。10of表示在范圍內(nèi)。The ceasefire resolution calls for the release of all prisoners of war.?；饹Q議要求釋放所有戰(zhàn)俘。2015福建A common memory they all have of their schooldays is the school uniform.他們對于他們學生時代的共同記憶是校服?？键c二介詞的固定搭配考查介詞短語辨析，往往要借助具體語境，另外，還要掌握常用的介詞短語及其意義。2016天津Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice to her opinion on the subject.在討論剛開始時，瑪麗一言不發(fā)，但最后她就這個主題發(fā)表了自己的觀點。2016天津I hate it when she calls me at workIm always too busy to carry on a conversation with her.我不喜歡她在我工作時給我打電話我總是太忙，不能和她進行會話。2015浙江Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes to animals both on land and sea?你聽說過成為海陸兩棲動物的棲息地的樹嗎？2015安徽They believe that there are transport developments around the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.他們相信交通的發(fā)展就要到來了，這將會帶來很多更好的變化。2015福建Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.人類生活被認為是大自然的一部分，嚴格說來，我們生存的唯一方式是與大自然和睦相處。1與介詞in搭配的常用短語in a way在某種程度上in no way沒門in the way擋住道路in vain徒勞in general 通常，大體上in detail 詳細地in turn 輪流in return 作為回報in need 需要in time 遲早；及時2與out of搭配的常用短語out of date/time 過時/過期out of question 毫無疑問out of the question 不可能out of shape 變形out of fashion 不流行out of order 出了故障out of reach 遙不可及3“in名詞of”常用搭配in honor of 為紀念in charge of 負責；掌管in terms of 依據(jù)；就而言in praise of 贊揚in favor of 支持；贊同in need of 需要4與介詞at搭配的常用短語at no time 決不at a time 一次/每次at one time 一度/曾經(jīng)at times 不時地/有時at ones request 應某人的要求at a loss 不知所措5其他?？级陶Zon behalf of 代表by chance/accident 偶然after all 畢竟；別忘了regardless of 不管，不顧on the whole 總的說來on the contrary 相反介詞與語法填空在語法填空中，介詞是必考內(nèi)容，常考表示方位、時間、地點、方式、原因、計量、材料等以及習慣用語中的介詞。典題試做1在空白處填入適當?shù)慕樵~12016全國But my connection with pandas goes back _ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，when I was the first.22016全國Most of us are more focused _ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.32016全國Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat _ their hands.答案：1.to2.on3.with應對策略1如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是填介詞。其次，還要注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。介詞與短文改錯短文改錯中對于介詞的考查常會涉及介詞誤用、缺少介詞或介詞多余的情況。典題試做2單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)12016全國My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time._22016全國Now I am leaving home to college._32016四川Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping._42015全國Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted._52015四川Please help with me and give me some advice._62015全國One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window._72015浙江My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass._82015陜西My soccer coach retired in last week._答案：1.dreams后加of2.tofor3.去掉on4.onwith5.去掉with6.onin7.fromof8去掉in應對策略2(1)如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是缺少介詞。(2)注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。(3)不該用介詞的短語中用了介詞，如next year常寫成in the next year。(4)某些及物動詞短語中介詞缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等。(5)有些及物動詞多加了介詞，如enter the room常寫成enter into the room，return my book常寫成return back/to my book等。(6)注意分清連詞、副詞和介詞之間的區(qū)別和句法功能。書面表達中介詞易錯點聚焦1句尾介詞往往由于受到漢語的影響而缺少2因不熟悉介詞及介詞短語語法功能和不同搭配而造成語句混亂、搭配不當?shù)儒e誤(誤)I often come to school take bus，but sometimes I come by my fathers car.(正)I often come to school by bus，but sometimes I come in my fathers car.3英漢差異造成的介詞錯用.單句語法填空12017山東下學期綜合測試When he was 30，back in 1953，he was working_a research assistant in the university.22017四川資陽一診“Speed up.70 km/h isnt fast enough.You are holding up traffic，”ordered another voice from the seat next_me.32017山東青島自主學習The game was played_two teams.42017河南中原名校4月模擬I sat on the side of the stage，_my script open on a music stand in front of me.52017安徽安慶重點中學模擬Even though our eyes are closed，they move rapidly from side_side.答案：1.as解析：句意：早在1953年，當時他30歲，他就在那所大學當了一名研究助理。work as從事工作。2to解析：句意：“加快速度。每小時70千米還不夠快。你正在造成交通阻塞?！睆奈遗赃呑荒抢锇l(fā)出的另一個聲音命令道。next to挨著。3between解析：句意：比賽在兩支隊伍間進行。between在兩者之間。4with解析：句意：我坐在舞臺的一側(cè)，我的劇本打開著，放在我前面的樂譜架上。with的復合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。5to解析：句意：盡管我們眼睛緊閉，但它們(眼球)從一側(cè)到另一側(cè)迅速轉(zhuǎn)動。from.to.從到為固定搭配。.單句改錯12017安徽合肥八中段考Im very glad to hear about you are going to visit me next Friday._22017安徽合肥八中段考I will take you together to a hotpot restaurant for dinner and well talk with our plan for the weekend over dinner._32017湖南衡陽八中二模People have different opinions of money._42017湖南衡陽八中二模We cannot exchange money into friendship or love._52017江西南昌高三聯(lián)考Some of them are even particular with food._答案：1.去掉about或aboutthat解析：句意：很高興聽說你下周五要來看我。此處hear為及物動詞，直接帶賓語從句，此時賓語從句的引導詞that可以省略。2withabout解析：句意：我將帶你一起去火鍋店吃晚餐，然后我們一邊吃晚餐一邊討論周末計劃。根據(jù)賓語our plan可知，指討論的內(nèi)容，talk后應用about。3ofabout/on解析：指對某事的觀點、看法時，opinion后面接介詞on/about。4intofor解析：exchange sth. for.“交換，兌換”。5withabout/over解析：be particular about/over“講究；對挑剔”。.語法填空A(介詞及介詞短語專練)I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1._a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was，they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2._ them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3._their own，without any children or friends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it，and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4._me.Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid 5._them.All of us were nearly 6._tears：the couple，the manager，the waitresses and me.Two months later I got a call 7._a newspaper telling me my simple act of kindness was reported.I wasnt expecting anything 8._return，but I became famous 9._that act of kindness.What would and could happen 10._us if we always practice such acts of kindness on family，friends，neighbors and strangers?答案：1.with2.for3.on4.to5.for6.in7.from8.in9.for10.toB2017四川廣元中學高三段考Just as I began a new job in New York，I had to learn another important job：father.I was a businessman.At the office I had three new 1._(project)，and at home I had a young son who was growing fast and 2._(need) me.I was puzzled and didnt know how to deal with the relationship between job and family until one day，during my business trip in Chicago，I came 3._an old family friend Dan,4._was once a patient of my father.He told me something about my father.5._was my father that helped him go through depression.When Dan knew he got depression，he was very upset and wanted 6._(give) up，but my father，his doctor，encouraged him to go on 7._(fight) against depression.My father said to him，“You have 8._wonderful life and three fine children.Take some time with them.Its family that we live fornot just ourselves.Think of that 9._you will know lifes worth the fight.” His words touched me，and I 10._(sudden) realized that family are the most important in the world.I should spend more time staying with them.答案：1.projects2.needed3.across4.who5.It6.to give7.fighting8.a9.and10.suddenly