電大本科小學(xué)教育《科學(xué)與技術(shù)》試題及答案1參考小抄

專業(yè)好文檔中央廣播電視大學(xué)2010-2011學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期“開(kāi)放本科”期末考試 科學(xué)與技術(shù) 試題一、填空題（每空2分，共10分）1科學(xué)是技術(shù)發(fā)展的理論基礎(chǔ)，技術(shù)是科學(xué)發(fā)展的-，它們相互依存、相互滲 透、相互轉(zhuǎn)化。2我國(guó)863計(jì)劃中，被評(píng)選列入該綱要的8個(gè)技術(shù)群是- 、航天技 術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、激光技術(shù)、自動(dòng)化技術(shù)、能源技術(shù)、新材料技術(shù)和海洋技術(shù)。3新技術(shù)革命的興起是以 -為先導(dǎo)的。4當(dāng)今新材料發(fā)展有以下特點(diǎn)：結(jié)構(gòu)與功能相結(jié)合、智能型材料的開(kāi)發(fā)、-、- 等。二、選擇題（每題2分，共10分）5自然界中一切物體的相互作用，都可以歸結(jié)為四種基本的相互作用，即引力、弱 力、電磁力和( )相互作用。 A地磁力 B分子力 C強(qiáng)力 I）結(jié)合力6基因是含特定遺傳信息的核苷酸序列，是( )的最小功能單位。 A細(xì)胞 B蛋白質(zhì) C氨基酸 I）遺傳物質(zhì)7. 1996年，世界上第一只克隆羊多利面世，這是世界上首次利用( )技術(shù)而 培養(yǎng)出的克隆動(dòng)物。 A細(xì)胞核移植 B細(xì)胞融合 C細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) D細(xì)胞膜嫁接8由無(wú)數(shù)恒星和星際物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的巨大集合體稱為( )。 A星系 B星空 C星云 D星際9光纖通信利用光纖來(lái)傳送( )信號(hào)，它是20世紀(jì)70年代發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種新的 通信方式。 A電 B聲 C光 D機(jī)械三、名詞解釋（每題5分，共20分）10核能11納米材料12地球外部圈層結(jié)構(gòu)13.物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)力與高科技的關(guān)系式四、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題15分，共30分）14.簡(jiǎn)述科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)展的動(dòng)因。15.筒述新材料發(fā)展的方向。五、論述題（共30分）16.為什么說(shuō)科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力？試卷代號(hào)：1171 中央廣播電視大學(xué)2010-2011學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期“開(kāi)放本科”期末考試科學(xué)與技術(shù) 試題答案及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) （供參考） 2011年7月一、填空題（每空2分，共10分） 1手段 2生物技術(shù) 3信息技術(shù) 4少污染或不污染環(huán)境 能再生 節(jié)約能源 長(zhǎng)壽命等（答對(duì)其中兩個(gè)即可）二、選擇題（每題2分，共10分） 5C 6D 7A 8A 9C三、名詞解釋（每題5分，共20分） 10.核能是在原子核變化過(guò)程中，從變化前后原子核質(zhì)量虧損的質(zhì)量差轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的能量。 11納米材料就是用特殊的方法將材料顆粒加工到納米級(jí)（10-9米），再用這種超細(xì)微粒子制造的材料。 12.地球外部圈層結(jié)構(gòu)指地球外部離地表平均800千米以內(nèi)的圈層，包括大氣圈、水圈和生物圈。 13.物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)力一（勞動(dòng)者十勞動(dòng)資料十勞動(dòng)對(duì)象十管理+）高科技四、簡(jiǎn)答題（每題15分，共30分） 14科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)生和發(fā)展的動(dòng)因有兩個(gè)方面：一是存在于科學(xué)外部的；二是存在于科學(xué)內(nèi)部的。 (1)科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)展的外部動(dòng)因 恩格斯曾經(jīng)指出：“經(jīng)濟(jì)上的需要曾經(jīng)是，而且越來(lái)越是對(duì)自然界的隊(duì)識(shí)iLi展的主要?jiǎng)恿Α薄?一般地說(shuō)，在19世紀(jì)中葉以前，科學(xué)是落后于生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)的，它的發(fā)展是在生產(chǎn)需要的推動(dòng)下進(jìn)行的。而從19世紀(jì)下半葉以后，科學(xué)理論研究不僅走在技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)的前面，還為技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了各種可能的途徑。進(jìn)入二十世紀(jì)以后，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)產(chǎn)生了空前的先行作用，科學(xué)變成了超越一般技術(shù)進(jìn)步的因素。 (2)科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)展的內(nèi)部動(dòng)因 科學(xué)作為系統(tǒng)化的理論知識(shí)體系，有其自身的矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng)和繼承積累關(guān)系?？茖W(xué)發(fā)展的內(nèi)部矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng)是它的內(nèi)部動(dòng)力。它表現(xiàn)為： 新事實(shí)和舊理論的矛盾 各種不同觀點(diǎn)、假說(shuō)和理論的矛盾 15隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，人類總是不斷地對(duì)材料提出新的要求。當(dāng)今新材料的發(fā)展有以下幾點(diǎn)： (1)結(jié)構(gòu)與功能相結(jié)合。即新材料應(yīng)是結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上較為完美的結(jié)合。 (2)智能型材料的開(kāi)發(fā)。所謂智能型是要求材料本身具有一定的模仿生命體系的作用，既具有敏感又有驅(qū)動(dòng)的雙重的功能。 (3)少污染或不污染環(huán)境。新材料在開(kāi)發(fā)和使用過(guò)程，甚至廢棄后，應(yīng)盡可能少地對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生污染。 (4)能再生。為了保護(hù)和充分利用地球上的自然資源，開(kāi)發(fā)可再生材料是首選。 (5)節(jié)約能源。對(duì)制作過(guò)程能耗較少的，或者新材料本身能幫助節(jié)能的，或者有利于能源的開(kāi)發(fā)和利用的新材料優(yōu)先開(kāi)發(fā)。 (6)長(zhǎng)壽命。新材料應(yīng)有較長(zhǎng)的壽命，在使用的過(guò)程中少維修或盡可能不維修。五、論述題（共30分） 16. (1)19世紀(jì)的下半葉，馬克思在考察了近代歐洲科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)革命的歷史以后，提出了生產(chǎn)力包括科學(xué)技術(shù)的著名論斷。鄧小平同志堅(jiān)持馬克思主義，進(jìn)一步提出了：科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力的論斷。鄧小平同志的論斷強(qiáng)調(diào)了在現(xiàn)階段科學(xué)技術(shù)不僅是生產(chǎn)力，而且是“第一”生產(chǎn)力。當(dāng)今，高科技及其產(chǎn)業(yè)不僅可以促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的大幅度提高，而jL高科技領(lǐng)域的每一個(gè)突破都會(huì)帶動(dòng)一大批新產(chǎn)業(yè)的建立，深刻地改變著傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的技術(shù)面貌。因此，兩者的關(guān)系應(yīng)該是指數(shù)規(guī)律，即：物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)力一(勞動(dòng)者十勞動(dòng)資料十勞動(dòng)對(duì)象十管理十)高科技。顯然，這是對(duì)科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力的最直觀描述。（15分） (2)科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步改變社會(huì)生產(chǎn)和生活方式。18世紀(jì)中葉產(chǎn)生的蒸汽技術(shù)革命，導(dǎo)致了人類社會(huì)的第一次工業(yè)革命。19世紀(jì)70年代，以電能的開(kāi)發(fā)和應(yīng)用為主要標(biāo)志的電力技術(shù)革命，在世界范圍展開(kāi)了新的工業(yè)革命的浪潮。20世紀(jì)下半葉，以微電子信息技術(shù)、生物工程和新材料為核心的第三次科技革命已經(jīng)拉開(kāi)帷幕，科技進(jìn)步對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展的影n向比過(guò)去顯得更加強(qiáng)烈?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)革命的迅速發(fā)展的另一方面，也改變著人的生活方式。在科學(xué)發(fā)展過(guò)程中形成的科學(xué)精神和科學(xué)方法，改變著人的知識(shí)能力，創(chuàng)造了現(xiàn)代文明。導(dǎo)致了整個(gè)人類的生活方式發(fā)生著深刻的改變。（】5分）Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011."Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the "racist behaviour of their fans" duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA." Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.