英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文美國(guó)黑人文化得以幸存的原因解析

本科畢業(yè)論文 美國(guó)黑人文化得以幸存的 原因解析學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)： 200310206057 院（系）： 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院 年級(jí)專(zhuān)業(yè)： 2003級(jí)英語(yǔ)本科1班 指導(dǎo)教師： 二七年五月The Reason for the Survival of the Afro-American CultureLiu JuanUnder the Supervision ofJiang LuSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2007攀枝花學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文 AbstractContentsAbstract.Key Words摘要關(guān)鍵詞Introduction.1I. The Origin and Development of Afro-American Culture2II. The Effects of Afro-American Culture2. The Excellent Component of the Afro-American Culture3 A. The Comparability of the Ancestors Culture.3 B. The Original and Unvarnished Character of the Afro-American Culture4 C. The Idea of Double Self-identity of Afro-American5. The Struggle that the Afro-American had Made7. The Reformation of Nationality Consciousness of the Black8. The Care and Instruction of the Elder Generation9. The Help of the White10. Promotion of Culture Movement11 A. The American Modern Black Culture Reformation11 B. The New Black Culture Movement.11 C. The American Civil Rights Movement of 1960s.11 D. Other Culture Movements 12. Other Factors 12 A. Not Yielding to the Christianization of the White13 B. Culture Diversity 13Conclusion14Acknowledgements15Notes16Bibliography17AbstractThis thesis is to study the reasons why the Afro-American culture has survived from the aspect of its history. It includes many factors such as the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, the blacks striving, and the assistant of the white and so on. Meanwhile, it also refers to some main culture movements in the process of Afro-American culture development and some figures that have made great contribution to the survival and development of Afro-American culture. Among these factors, the basic reason of survival is the excellent component of the Afro-American culture, as it provides original power for the spread of the black culture and long-drawn life-force for the continuing of the black culture. It is the black struggle that impels the survival of the black culture, and injects new energy for its development. A good many factors, such as the elders instruction and the whites help create advantageous exterior condition. According to the study of the reasons for the survival of Afro-American culture, we can find that only do Afro-Americans know their history and culture that they can have more encyclopedical and good-tempered attitude toward the world, place their self-worth properly, receive extra culture on the condition of preserving traditional cultural and make it melt with American culture and finally make the Afro-American culture be out of the effects of history and reality to obtain real freedom and development. Key WordsAfro-American culture; cultural diversity; cultural movement of the black; national consciousness摘要本論文從美國(guó)黑人文化的歷史入手，分析黑人文化的優(yōu)秀成分、黑人的抗?fàn)帯兹说膸椭葞讉€(gè)方面對(duì)黑人文化保存下來(lái)的原因進(jìn)行了研究探討。同時(shí)也提及到一些為黑人文化的延續(xù)和發(fā)展做出杰出貢獻(xiàn)的優(yōu)秀人物和美國(guó)黑人文化發(fā)展過(guò)程中的主要文化運(yùn)動(dòng)。其中,黑人文化的優(yōu)秀成份是黑人文化得以幸存下來(lái)的根本原因，它為黑人文化的傳播提供了源動(dòng)力，為黑人文化的延續(xù)提供了持久的生命力;黑人所做的斗爭(zhēng)對(duì)黑人文化的幸存起到了積極的推動(dòng)作用，它為黑人文化的發(fā)展注入了新的活力；白人的幫助以及老一輩黑人的言傳身授等諸多因素為黑人文化的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利的外部條件。通過(guò)對(duì)黑人文化的研究，我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)黑人只有了解自己的歷史,了解自己的文化,才能對(duì)世界持有更寬泛、更寬容的看法,才能正確定位自我價(jià)值,在堅(jiān)持傳統(tǒng)文化的基礎(chǔ)上接納新的外來(lái)文化,并使之融入到美國(guó)主流文化中去，最終使黑人文化擺脫歷史的包袱與現(xiàn)實(shí)的包袱,得到真正的自由與發(fā)展。關(guān)鍵詞美國(guó)黑人文化；文化多元化；黑人文化運(yùn)動(dòng)；民族意識(shí)攀枝花學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文 IntroductionIntroduction The Afro-American culture reached America with the black who were sold to America as slaves. But at that time, the Afro-American culture hardly had the possibility of survival because of several reasons. First, the African emigrations came from different countries with different language. It was very hard for the slave to communicate with different language. To survive and communicate, they had to create a language themselves. Therefore, their native language had been gradually forgotten and lost in the communication of new environment. As for religion belief, nothing was left about their original religion. The Afro-American culture could not develop and carry on. Next, at the beginning of emigrating, they were a nation with no family. And there was no history evidence to show that the normal African family structure preserved. They could not enjoy the family life and they even could not have the jural relative relation through marriage. Husband, wife, children did not exist under the slavery. The African women were regarded as personal property and humiliated at will or fed as offspring. The Afro-American culture was deeply isolated and destroyed. In addition, the strong white culture and the all-pervasive white culture media made the force of white culture double enlarged. Therefore, the development of Afro-American culture was deeply restricted as the black could neither exclude nor syncretize the value and tasting view transmitted by the white culture and media. However, though under the oppression of strong white culture and affected by so many disadvantages, the Afro-American culture does not die out. Instead, it has taken root in the other shore of Atlantic and affected with local culture mutually, mixed harmoniously and developed together to form its unique Afro-American culture. This thesis analyzes the reasons why the Afro-American culture has survived from several aspects.2攀枝花學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文 Body.The Origin and Development of Afro-American CultureIn fact, the Afro-American culture itself is mixture of African culture, America aboriginal culture and Christianity white people culture and its origin is African black culture. Therefore, we must know African black culture if we want to study the black culture. The black culture is one of the earliest human civilizations made great contribution to culture. The black once built basilica, mansion, and pyramid; developed smelt iron technology; wrote Muslim corpus juris lection; founded developed business and city culture; developed African unique industrial arts and made great contributions to the old Egypt civilization. The Kushi country, the earliest country of the black, which lay in the upriver Nile once conquered by Gippy and became one of Egypts provinces. Then they accepted Egyptian religion and management system, studied Egyptian architectural arts, character, workmanship, and mixed their own traditional value of culture with Egyptian culture to make it preserve and carry forward. The black of Kushi became stronger after absorbing the Egyptian culture. Furthermore, in reverse, they conquered Egypt and developed their own phoneticizd letter system, smelting iron technology, religion belief, industrial arts, city culture, foreign trade and commodity economy. The Kushi culture declined at about 400AD. Then it formed the Sudan culture of western Africa which made the economy of these black countries of East African developed and made Sudan the business center of the whole African continent, because of its camel trade in inland and foreign trade on the sea after mastering the smelting iron technology. However, the golden time of African culture ended with the coming of European slave trader. The Effects of Afro-American CultureThe black culture has far-reaching effects both in the world and American culture. There are two aspects about it. One is that the black culture is a jewelly part in the development of American culture because the religion culture of Africa also makes deep effects both in American and Latin American religion cultures. On the other hand, though the black in Europe and Asia are correspondingly less and always cannot form an independent culture community, the European and Asian society provide motivity for their own development by absorbing the excellent component of Africa black culture through culture selection. In addition, the modern American culture is mainly formed by the culture mixture of European white and African black. Comparatively, the main part is European culture, and the African culture is mainly in art and physical culture especially in exoteric art and popular physical culture. Jazz, for example, is a composed rhythm formed voluntarily by the mutual absorbing and effect between black music and the local music. In a word, if there were not art gene of the black, it is hard for us to imagine that America should hold leading status in the world popular culture and what the world popular culture would be. Moreover, the Afro-American played an important role in American history. They actively joined in American Revolution and antifascist war and made a series of battle achievements. The Afro-American also had made great contribution to the development of American economy and culture and were always the major strength of American agriculture. There are 1/3 black workers in iron and steel industry, half in automobile industry. And the blacks achievements in music, literature and sports are more notable. . The Excellent Component of the Afro-American CultureThe excellent component of the Afro-American culture is the basic reason of its survival, as it provides original power for the spread of the black culture and long-drawn life-force for the continuing of the black culture.A. The Comparability of the Ancestors Culture Most black sold to America come from three regions of Africa, the up Guyana, the down Guyana and the Angolan seashore. And the three regions can be divided into seven sub-regions and the culture within each sub-region is very similar. Most slaves are prisoners and they are carried to America in the ship. While the prisoners of one war always come from the same sub-region culture, therefore, the slave on one or even a set of mongered slave ships are similar in culture. Because of the similarity in culture, the contact between slaves formed on the mongered slave ship are strengthened in the new environment. Whats more, the slave monger of the Europe always chronically monger the salve of one certain port of Africa to an narrowed area of America. On the other hand, many planters of America are not very strict with the salves coming from some certain areas. Though they are in different plantations, the slave with different cultural underground can often meet each other. The slave with the same cultural underground can even marry and form a family. Therefore, it is not strange that the Africa black culture can transmit to American and carry on. The following are some examples.The spread of the language and name culture of Africa black in Africa play an important role in the development and continuing of Afro-American culture. The lyric of the black song is also an important form of the spread of African language in America. The name of the Afro-American is a way of surpassing slavery, keeping self-respect and insuring their identity identification. Some blacks can trace their family origin back to many years ago by having their planters surname as their own surname. This is propitious to increase the identification of their unique culture. Moreover, the African name also appears directly in the Afro-American name, “some African names are well known by the black and white”. To name after “Monday”, “Friday” is the continuing of the way of African naming. Even if when they use European names, the black are willing to use the names that sound like African names. B. The Original and Unvarnished Character of the Afro-American CultureThe Afro-American culture has the original and unvarnished character mainly in music and art. It is passed down from the African black culture.In music, the original and unvarnished black music mixes with other music culture and creates more and newer characterized music culture. The music culture of North and South America is deeply affected by the black music culture. And the bluesy and jazz are the two contributions that the Afro-American have made for the American culture. The bluesy music is revolting music. It gets rid of the restriction of western civilization and gains free rhythm to express symbolically the discontentment about the restriction that imposed on them. It also expresses the Afro-American cultures pleasure and feeling of collectivity. Hughes says with high appreciation that the black culture has potential charm and its unique rhythm is as strong as humans heart and does not disappoint you forever. It is full of the sense of humor and has deep strength. In art, the blacks art of painting and sculpture have deep impact to the world culture. The art of Afro-American culture has its own abstract, balance and no theatrical emotional painting. Their paintings focus on practical art with clear and brief line. The worlds great painter Picasso breathes the African primitivism into his own painting and gain good effects. Then, the white artists of America follow and breathe the Africa black culture into their own works. In sculpture, the European artists make a deep rethinking after seeing African sculptural works. They think Rodin makes sculpture as soft as wax oil and the African sculpture is the real sculpture. Therefore, the European sculptors increase sculptures hardness and strength to represent peoples feeling of pain and psychosis of struggling in quick changing times with exaggerated distortion twist. Therefore, it is said that the cubism art which is the most fundamental revolution in the art history of 20th century was founded with the aid of the African culture spread. With the spread of the black music, painting and sculpture art all over the world, the Afro-American culture not only makes deep effect to the world culture but also makes it recognize by more and more people. In America, the white artist also realizes that the black culture is no longer original, wild and lower culture. And this impels actively the continuing of Afro-American culture in America.C. The Idea of Double Self-identity of Afro-AmericanIt is to absorb the foreign cultures that the black culture can develop and expand in America. The Afro-American culture is not the pure black culture but the mixture of the black culture, the Africa aboriginal culture and the Christianity white culture. This proofs that the Afro-Americans idea of identify with foreign culture is one more important reason why the Afro-American culture should develop and expand. The American self-identity of the black concludes the following two aspects.First, they consider themselves as Americans. America is always called “melting port” of multinational culture. The minority of different complexion and cultures lives in the land of America and mixes and affects the white each other. Therefore, the American identity of the Afro-American is propitious for the black culture to absorb more foreign cultures and enriches its own culture. To the new Afro-Americans, Africa is only an abstract and mental root, the place where their ancestor had lived, the mother of Afro-American but not their own country. And this can be seen in many black writers works. In Afro-American Fragment, Hughes surveys the unnatural relationship between the Afro-American and the African bequest and says Africa is so old and far away and nothing is left except the history record. George. Schuyler points out that there is no problem for African to go back to Africa but we cannot as we have been no longer African for three hundred years. James Weldon Johnson expresses the same viewpoint, he emphasizes that though Afro-Americans origin is in Africa, they are complete Americans like any other people of the country. In Nella Larsens novel Passing, one person refuses to emigrate to Africa because she thinks she is American, grows up in the American land and do not want her root to be pulled out. Hughes shows definitely in much poesy that he is an American. He writes in the Big Sea that I am just an Afro-American, though I love the appearance and rhythm of Africa, I am not African, I am Chicagoan, Kansas and Broadway people. Though the Afro-Americans suffer a lot in their own country from the brutal and callous racialism of white, their determination of motherland identity is strong and unchanged. Though the ancestor of the new black is in Africa, they think they must strive in the land to be called by them the homestead. They struggle not for overthrowing the America but establishing their idea that the black can enter into the American society with dignity and become a real American citizen who has the right and obligation in constitution. It is the American identity of the Afro-American that make them identified by more and more Americans and the black culture identified by the whole American. And it also makes them aided by more people on the way of striving for rights.Next, the black consider the black culture as a branch of American culture with one of the final aim of making the black enter into the American society with dignity and contribute to the development of American culture. The new black intellectual considers their culture as the production of American society. Therefore, this is more propitious for the Afro-American culture mixes into the “melting port” of American culture. And the development of the Afro-American culture has broader space.Anyway, it is the American and cultural self-identity of the Afro-American that makes the Afro-American culture have wider development space, gain more Americans assistants and recognizing and become an jewelly part of American culture. The Struggle that the Afro-American had MadeThe earliest Afro-Americans struggle for human rights started off with church. In north, the liberated black first organized and established church themselves to get rid of the whites church. Under the leading of the black church, the black of northern big cities once launched many bedins to ask for abolishing the slavery completely and giving the black more decision-making rights.John Russwurm, one of the earliest black people who gained university diploma, founded Freedoms Journal in 1827. At that time, the journal became the forerunner of anti-slavery. The journal also declared that if the slave could not be given freedom, they should stand up and have rebellion to gain freedom with their blood.Many actives who advocated to abolish slavery secretly founded a liaison net composed by more than 3000 people in America and Canada to help the black in southern America escape from the slave owner to Canada and states of north which had abolished the slavery. At that time, the slave owners called the secret network “Underground Railroad”.Though the Civil War from 1861 to 1865 abolished the slavery, the black still suffered the racialism and oppression and it was hard for the Afro-American to enjoy the treatment as same as the white in politics, economy, education, housing and many other aspects. They lived in the bottom of the American society and had the threatening of unemployment, poverty, illness and death at any moment. So they carried through a series of revolting struggle.In recent years, the social status of the black has been improving due to the long effort and struggle. The number of the black in parliament of all levels and g