天津市高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三部分 閱讀理解 專題十六 主旨大意課件

專題十六主旨大意專題十六主旨大意-2-考情概覽考試說明指出:任何一篇文章都會有一個主旨要義。有時從文章的第一個段落,甚至第一個句子即可得出文章的主旨要義,從這一段或這個句子讀者會知道文章描述的是誰或什么(即文章的主題),亦會了解作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。有時,文章的主旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進行推斷。這類試題主要考査考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力,它對考生的歸納、概括能力有一定的要求。主旨大意題主要測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題、標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。-3-1.主旨大意題常見的命題方式有以下幾種(1)The best title for this passage is .(2)The passage/the first paragraph is mainly about .(3)What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?(4)Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?(5)The passage chiefly discusses/deals with .(6)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?(7)The passage mainly tells us that .(8)The main idea of the first/second/third/.paragraph probably is .(9)Whats the first/second/third/.paragraph concerned with?(10)What does the author try to express in Paragraph.?-4-2.主旨大意題解題策略(1)歸納文章大意任何一篇文章都有自己的中心思想。不少文章在全文或各段的開頭便展示出文章的中心思想。首先,抓住每個段落的中心要點,將每個段落的中心歸納綜合,即可得到整篇文章的中心思想。每個段落的中心要點往往是通過主題句(Topic Sentence)來體現(xiàn)的。考生應(yīng)采取略讀法,以搜尋各段主題句為目標(biāo),快速掃視全文,避免逐詞理解,把注意力集中在找主要信息上,而不是過分注意細(xì)節(jié)事實。一般來說,文章的主題或中心都在第一段或最后一段表明。某一段的主題句也常出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾,在尋找主題句或中心段時,要注意語篇特點。有些文章無明顯的主題句,但字里行間無不體現(xiàn)主題。這就要求考生在閱讀過程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實或者提供的線索來概括總結(jié)主旨大意。-5-【典例分析】 (2017天津卷,A)Suppose youre in a rush,feeling tired,not paying attention to your screen,and you send an email that could get you in trouble.Realisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked “send”.You freeze in horror and burn with shame.What to do?Here are four common email accidents,and how to recover.Clicking “send” too soonDont waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet.Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.-6-Writing the wrong nameThe sooner you notice,the better.Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake.Keep the tone measured:dont handle it too lightly,as people can be offended,especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e.incorrect ordering of Chinese names).Clicking “reply all” unintentionallyYou accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner,or what holiday youd like to take.In this instance,the best solution is to send a quick,light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness.But it can quickly rise to something worse,when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation.In this instance,step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.-7-Sending an offensive message to its subjectThe most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger.You write an unkind message about someone,intending to send it to a friend,but accidentally send it to the person youre discussing.In that case,ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry.Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.40.What is the passage mainly about?A.Defining email errors.B.Reducing email mistakes.C.Handling email accidents.D.Improving email writing.主旨大意題。文章主要講述了四種常見的電子郵件事故,并給出了相應(yīng)的補救措施。故選C項。-8-(2)概括文章標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題(title)是文章的眼睛,通過這雙“眼睛”我們可以略知文章的大意。給文章加一個適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題,首先要把握好文章的大意。不能把文章某一段的大意看作整篇文章的大意,更不可把文章的細(xì)節(jié)看成文章的大意,從而給文章加上一個觀點片面的標(biāo)題。文章的標(biāo)題實際上是對文章大意最簡潔的概括,標(biāo)題與文章大意息息相關(guān)。其次,給文章一個適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題還應(yīng)抓住文章的主題句。因為文章的大意和文章的主題句總是一脈相承的,抓住了主題句就抓住了文章的靈魂。再次,給文章加標(biāo)題應(yīng)注意文章的體裁和寫作目的。敘事類文章是為了記敘一件事或一個人物,表達作者的某種感情,所加標(biāo)題應(yīng)體現(xiàn)敘事類文章的特點。說明文是為了說明一個事物或過程,標(biāo)題應(yīng)體現(xiàn)說明文的特點。對于一些幽默類文章,應(yīng)挖掘其深層含義,所給標(biāo)題應(yīng)體現(xiàn)文章幽默的特點。-9-【典例分析】 (2016全國卷,D)The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful,or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,uneasiness,or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (間隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.-10-Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures,silence is a call for reflection.-11-Other cultures may use silence in other ways,particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example,Russian,French,and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However,Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use,persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect,particularly to an elder or a person in authority.-12-Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.-13-35.What may be the best title for the text?A.Sound and SilenceB.What It Means to Be SilentC.Silence to Native AmericansD.Speech Is Silver;Silence Is Gold主旨大意題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知,文章主要說明沉默具有文化特異性,在不同的文化中,沉默表達的含義和作用各不相同。因此B項最具概括性。-14-(3)總結(jié)段落大意每個段落通常都有個中心,中心思想通常會在首句體現(xiàn)出來,這就是常說的段落主題句。采用歸納法的段落,細(xì)節(jié)表述在前,歸納概括在后,主題句會在段尾;采用演繹法的段落,先提出觀點,后舉例子,由一般到特殊,主題句會出現(xiàn)在段首,這種情況主要出現(xiàn)在說明文和議論文中;若作者采用由特殊到一般,然后再由一般到特殊的方式,主題句會出現(xiàn)在段中。有時候,作者沒有明確寫出主題句,需要讀者根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容去歸納概括本段的大意。-15-【典例分析】 Working with a group of baboons(狒狒) in the Namibian desert,Dr.Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology,Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task,while others had to learn for themselves.To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were,Dr.Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.-16-She found that personality had a major impact on learning.The braver baboons learnt,but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did.In effect,despite being made aware of what to do,they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones.The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not,even though they spent more time watching.-17-This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals,something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive(認(rèn)知的) tasks not because they arent clever enough to solve them,but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning.If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they dont associate with the knowledgeable individuals,or they are too shy to use the information once they have it,information may not travel between all group members,preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.-18-What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.The significance of Dr.Carters research.B.The purpose of Dr.Carters research.C.The design of Dr.Carters research.D.The results of Dr.Carters research.段落大意題。通讀第一段內(nèi)容可知,該段主要介紹了艾蕾西婭卡特博士研究狒狒學(xué)習(xí)能力的方案是如何設(shè)計的。答案為C項。-19-A AB BC C(2017天津卷,C)This month,Germanys transport minister,Alexander Dobrindt,proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛).They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley” of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.-20-A AB BC CDobrindt wants three things:that a car always chooses property(財產(chǎn)) damage over personal injury;that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race;and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email,say the cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers,he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers,consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律責(zé)任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds,UK.-21-A AB BC CAn assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars,introduced earlier this year,insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say driverless cars,people expect driverless cars.”Merat says.“You know no driver.”Because of the confusion,Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own,says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California.That is happening in the UK and Singapore,where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.-22-A AB BC CThat would go down poorly in the US,however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為一篇議論文。德國交通部長就無人駕駛汽車做出了一些提議,并推進了完全無人駕駛汽車的運行,那么,如果無人駕駛汽車出現(xiàn)交通事故,應(yīng)該誰負(fù)主要責(zé)任呢?是生產(chǎn)商還是車主?-23-A AB BC C1.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A place where cars often break down.B.A case where passing a law is impossible.C.An area where no driving is permitted.D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.D解析 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第一段的最后一句可知,交通部長的提議將會明確司機的責(zé)任。根據(jù)第二段的“.the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.”可知,這個提議旨在處理半自主駕駛與完全自主駕駛之間的不明確的情形,故選D項。-24-A AB BC C2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to .A.stop people from breaking traffic rulesB.help promote fully automatic drivingC.protect drivers of all ages and racesD.prevent serious property damageB解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving.”可知,道路交通法的改變將會使完全無人駕駛汽車獲得許可。它將把完全無人駕駛汽車與人類司機置于一個平等的法律基礎(chǔ)。因此,他的提議有利于推進完全無人駕駛汽車的進程,故選B項。-25-A AB BC C3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?A.It should get the attention of insurance companies.B.It should be the main concern of law makers.C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.D.It should involve no human responsibility.D解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第七段可知,當(dāng)提到“完全無人駕駛汽車”時,人們期待的是完全沒有司機的汽車,也就是說,人們認(rèn)為,所謂的完全無人駕駛汽車不涉及人類的責(zé)任,故選D項。-26-A AB BC C4.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in .A.SingaporeB.the UKC.the USD.GermanyC解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的第一句“That would go down poorly in the US,however.”以及“The idea.would get absolutely nowhere here.”可知,在美國,完全無人駕駛汽車被用作公共設(shè)施是不太可能的。故選C項。-27-A AB BC C5.What could be the best title for the passage?A.Autonomous Driving:Whose Liability?B.Fully Automatic Cars:A New BreakthroughC.Autonomous Vehicles:Driver Removed!D.Driverless Cars:Root of Road AccidentsA解析 主旨大意題?？v觀全文可知,文章主要是圍繞自主駕駛車輛展開的討論,并討論了如果出現(xiàn)交通事故時的法律責(zé)任歸屬問題。故選A項。-28-A AB BC C(2016天津卷,D)Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has.There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.We experience this tiredness in two ways:as start-up fatigue(疲憊) and performance fatigue.In the former case,we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult.And the longer we delay it,the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is very real,even if not actually physical,not something in our muscles and bones.The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply:always handle the most difficult job first.-29-A AB BC CYears ago,I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors.Applying my own rule,I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母順序),never letting myself leave out a tough idea.And I always started the days work with the difficult task of essay-writing.Experience proved that the rule works.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle.Though willing to get started,we cannot seem to do the job right.Its difficulties appear so great that,however hard we work,we fail again and again.In such a situation,I work as hard as I canthen let the unconscious take over.When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica(大英百科全書),I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles.Nothing like this had ever been done before,and day after day I kept coming up with solutions,but none of them worked.My fatigue became almost unbearable.-30-A AB BC COne day,mentally exhausted,I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved.I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself,not with me.Relieved,I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.An hour later,I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind.In the weeks that followed,the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.Though I worked as hard as before,I felt no fatigue.Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.Human beings,I believe,must try to succeed.Success,then,means never feeling tired.-31-A AB BC C【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為一篇夾敘夾議文。你在完成一件事情時,是否感到過疲勞?其實只要我們克服了做事情的兩種疲勞啟動疲勞和執(zhí)行疲勞,我們就能獲得成功。-32-A AB BC C1.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to .A.delay tasksB.work hardC.seek helpD.accept failureA 解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第二句“In the former case,we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult.”可知,在前一種情況下(啟動疲勞),由于任務(wù)太枯燥或是太難,我們不斷推遲任務(wù)開始的時間。故選A項。-33-A AB BC C2.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue?A.Writing essays in strict order.B.Building up physical strength.C.Leaving out the toughest ideas.D.Dealing with the hardest task first.D解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段最后一句“The solution is obvious though.:always handle the most difficult job first.”可知,作者認(rèn)為應(yīng)對啟動疲勞的方法是先從最困難的工作開始。故選D項。-34-A AB BC C3.On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue?A.Before starting a difficult task.B.When all the solutions fail.C.If the job is rather boring.D.After finding a way out.B解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第一句可知本段講述performance fatigue;由第三句“Its difficulties appear so great that,however hard we work,we fail again and again.”可推知,在我們所有的方法都不能解決難題時,人們?nèi)菀桩a(chǎn)生執(zhí)行疲勞。故選B項。-35-A AB BC C4.According to the author,the unconscious mind may help us .A.ignore mental problemsB.get some nice sleepC.gain complete reliefD.find the right solutionD解析 推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第二段第二句中的“the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.”可推知,人們在潛意識下能夠想到難題的解決方法。故選D項。-36-A AB BC C5.What could be the best title for the passage?A.Success Is Built upon FailureB.How to Handle Performance FatigueC.Getting over Fatigue:A Way to SuccessD.Fatigue:An Early Sign of Health ProblemsC解析 主旨大意題。文章介紹了人們工作時會遇到兩種疲勞:啟動疲勞和執(zhí)行疲勞。作者結(jié)合自身經(jīng)歷告訴讀者應(yīng)對這兩種疲勞的方法。最后得出結(jié)論:只要克服了這兩種疲勞,人們就能獲得成功。故C項最適合作文章標(biāo)題。-37-A AB BC CHolland Finley is a senior at the University of Texas in Austin.She has always been an athlete,but at a young age she had no idea that her growth as a competitor would help her set the path for her growth as a student,leader,and community member.Holland has been involved in a large number of sports her whole life,but her onset of asthma(哮喘) in middle school caused her to reevaluate her athletic pursuits.Instead of giving up,however,she decided to focus on sports that required more strength than endurance(忍耐力).-38-A AB BC CHolland quickly began cheerleading and wakeboarding(尾流跳板運動),and even though she had to suffer from serious injuries,she became a Jr.Womens World Champion in wakeboarding and made the UT Cheer squad(小隊) in her freshman year.She won the 2013 Collegiate Womens National Cable Wakeboarding Championship title.-39-A AB BC CWhile Hollands commitment to athletics is strongly influential in her life,it is her commitment to service and the community that makes her special.She challenges herself to excel further in the classroom than she does on the water,and uses her drive to help others.Convinced by the power of will and creativity,Holland has sought to make a difference on her campus.She founded Orange Outreach within UTs Student Government.Orange Outreach plans monthly community service events for students and staff,and hosts an online platform where groups within Austin who need volunteers can post bulletins(公告).Holland is confident that whichever path her life takes her down,she will be able to use her determination and skills to help others.-40-A AB BC C【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是記敘文。文章講述了Holland Finley自強不息、樂于助人并鼓勵他人從事志愿工作的故事。-41-A AB BC C1.Because of asthma,Holland .A.gave up her athletic pursuitsB.began to focus on limited sportsC.had to drop out of middle schoolD.stopped cheerleading and wakeboardingB 解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段末的“.she decided to focus on sports that required more strength than endurance(忍耐力).”及第三段開頭的“Holland quickly began cheerleading and wakeboarding.”可知。-42-A AB BC C2.Paragraph 3 is mainly about .A.Hollands school lifeB.why Holland loves sportsC.Hollands achievements in sportsD.how Holland recovered from asthmaC解析段落大意題。第三段主要講的是Holland在帶領(lǐng)啦啦隊和海上滑板兩項運動中所獲得的成就。-43-A AB BC C3.Orange Outreach aims to .A.encourage people to do sportsB.change students classroom behaviorC.help UTs Student Government post bulletinsD.connect people with volunteering opportunitiesD解析推理判斷題。由第四段末的“.plans monthly community service events for students and staff,and hosts an online platform where groups within Austin who need volunteers can post bulletins(公告).”可推斷,該組織致力于將人們和志愿工作的機會聯(lián)系起來。-44-A AB BC C4.Which of the following can best describe Holland?A.Impatient.B.Humorous.C.Kind-hearted.D.Bad-tempered.C解析推理判斷題。由第四段開頭的“.it is her commitment to service and the community that makes her special.”及下文所舉事例以及最后一段的“.she will be able to use her determination and skills to help others.”可推斷,Holland是一個仁慈善良的人。-45-A AB BC C5.The author writes the text mainly to .A.stress the importance of sportsB.tell the story of Holland FinleyC.inform readers of Orange OutreachD.inspire readers to help people in needB解析寫作意圖題。文章主要介紹了Holland Finley自強不息、樂于助人的事跡。故B項正確。