天津市高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第二部分 完形填空 專題十二 議論文課件

專題十二議論文專題十二議論文-2-考情概覽議論文類完形填空難度較高,旨在通過剖析事例、論述事理、提出見解或主張,從而告訴讀者某個(gè)道理或給人某種啟迪,或給人以樂趣。1.議論文文體的完形填空一般是直接提出論點(diǎn),通過論據(jù)論證,最后作者提出自己的看法或提出另一個(gè)話題供大家討論;2.議論文文體的完形填空一般都是由論點(diǎn)(作者的觀點(diǎn),也就是被證明的對象)、論據(jù)(用來證明論點(diǎn)的依據(jù),是說明論點(diǎn)的理由和材料)和論證(運(yùn)用論據(jù)證明論點(diǎn)的過程與方法)這三個(gè)要素構(gòu)成,這也是一個(gè)提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的過程;-3-3.另外,議論文不僅需要說明作者自己的觀點(diǎn),而且還要讓讀者接受自己的觀點(diǎn)。因此,在語言表達(dá)上除了客觀之外,還要注重委婉。作者的寫作態(tài)度一般也比較誠懇,在文章中通常使用與讀者平等交流的語氣,不會(huì)給人以居高臨下、逼人接受的感覺,在遣詞造句方面多使用虛擬語氣、讓步狀語從句和can,may,might,could,would,should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。為了加強(qiáng)推理的條理性和邏輯性,往往較多地使用像since,now that,therefore,in that case,because,so,but,however等過渡詞和連接詞。-4-議論文形式的完形填空不像記敘文形式的那么有情景。因此,我們對整篇文章的把握相對來說也難得多。解答這類題可以依照以下方法:1.從首尾句入手,抓住中心。議論文的寫作思路一般為:提出問題分析問題解決問題。因此,文章的第一、二句話通常為文章的主題句,而文章的結(jié)尾句常為文章的結(jié)論。由此可見,我們必須充分利用文章的首尾句,推測出文章的中心,從而理解全文。-5-例As a general rule,all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine(常規(guī)的)basis.As a matter of fact,we can see this 41(principle) at work in people of all 42(ages).Before people retire,they usually 55(plan) to do a lot of 56(great) things,which they never had 57(time) to do while working.But 58(soon) after retirement,the golfing,the fishing,the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they 59(left).And,like the child in January,they go searching for new 60(toys).-6-分析:文章第一段提出了本文要探討的問題:一般來說,當(dāng)各種形式的活動(dòng)在日常生活中成為常規(guī),它們都會(huì)變得無聊。其實(shí),我們可以在不同年齡的人身上看到這個(gè)法則。最后一段中作者闡述了在退休前人們經(jīng)常計(jì)劃著做很多的事。這些事在工作期間都沒有時(shí)間去做,但是退休后不久,打高爾夫、釣魚、讀書和其他所有的消遣方式都變得無聊了。這些想做的事就像他們離開的工作一樣變得索然無味了。作者在組織文章時(shí),先是提出論點(diǎn),然后通過分析印證論點(diǎn),在文章的最后通過結(jié)論又重申了論點(diǎn)。 -7-2.緊扣信息詞,把握作者觀點(diǎn)?？忌逦恼碌男形倪壿?如轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、指代關(guān)系等。有時(shí)文章的第一、二段并不是作者的觀點(diǎn),而是對某個(gè)事物的介紹或描述,然后用信息詞,如but,however,yet等將自己的觀點(diǎn)引出,因此,閱讀時(shí)一定要特別留意這些信息詞。例For example,on Christmas morning,children are excited about 43(playing) with their new toys.But their 44(interest) soon wears off and by January those 45(same) toys can be found put away in the basement.分析:作者通過舉例說明了孩子們剛開始玩玩具時(shí)是非常興奮的,然后通過轉(zhuǎn)折信息詞“But”引出作者對他們的進(jìn)一步認(rèn)知,從而明確了問題的存在。-8-3.從語境入手,確定邏輯關(guān)系。句與句之間總要反映出因果、假設(shè)、條件、類推等邏輯關(guān)系。這些邏輯關(guān)系常常通過on the one hand.on the other hand,as a result,as a consequence,on the contrary,above all,first of all,secondly,finally,in case等單詞或詞組表達(dá)出來。但有時(shí)作者并不使用這些詞或詞組,而是將邏輯關(guān)系暗含于文章中,這就需要考生根據(jù)語境來確定邏輯關(guān)系。-9-例.People often speak of trying a more satisfying path,and 32(yet) in the end the idea of leaving their jobs to work for something they 33(believe in) or finding a position that would give them more time with their families almost always leads them to the same conclusion:its 34.They have loans,bills,a mortgage(抵押貸款)to 35(pay off),retirement to save for.They recognize theres something 36(missing) in their lives,but its 37(hard) to step off the track.A.fundamentalB.practicalC.impossibleD.unforgettable-10-分析:認(rèn)真分析34空格前的信息可知,人們經(jīng)常說嘗試一條更令人滿意的道路,可是最終人們只是說說而已,沒有人真的舍棄一切,改變固有的生活模式。有些人想過放棄自己的工作去為他們信仰的某些事情而工作,或者找到一個(gè)讓他們有更多時(shí)間陪伴家人的職位。上述的內(nèi)容只是停留在很多人的想象中。最終,他們得出相同的結(jié)論卻是:這是不可能的事情。故選C項(xiàng)。34題的結(jié)論來自于對前文信息的深刻理解,邏輯關(guān)系比較強(qiáng)。-11-4.理清文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論。一般說來,能說明論點(diǎn)的答案可以在論據(jù)里得到印證,且作為論點(diǎn)的某些答案也可以與論據(jù)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來,使論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)相輔相成,從而使整篇文章上下一致。如果我們所選的答案前后矛盾,論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)相悖,最后的結(jié)論與論點(diǎn)自相矛盾,那就說明我們對文章的把握缺乏條理性和系統(tǒng)性,我們就須重新來理順文章的各部分,直到條理清楚為止,然后再根據(jù)自己對文章的把握及各部分的邏輯關(guān)系選出答案。-12-例In our modern world,when something wears out,we throw it away and buy a new one.The 36(problem) is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 37(rubbish) because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions 54(instead of) throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about 55(spending).Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.-13-分析:從文章的第一段第一句話可知,我們會(huì)在用舊一件東西將其扔掉后再買新的東西,從而造成了堆積如山的垃圾。從最后一段最后一句話“Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.”可知我們要善待環(huán)境,少扔垃圾。文章的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)相輔相成,脈絡(luò)清晰。-14-A AB B(2017天津第一中學(xué)第三次月考)Enjoy your own life without comparing it with that of another.Marquis de CondorcetIf you took the strengths of others,and compared them to your weaknesses,do you think this would make you feel good?The funny thing is,this is 1 most of us do at one time or anotherand some of us do pretty 2.Its surely a practice for a(n) 3 in self-confidence and for unhappiness.Lets say I take a look at someone who creates 4 artwork on their website and I look at my art,and realize I dont come 5 to being matched with him.In fact,I look pretty pitiful.But its not a fair 6.If I looked at my strengthswriting useful and honest postsI can see that I have a lot to offer,a lot to be happy about.-15-A AB BThats so importantbeing able to look at your own strengths,and see your true 7.Its actually one of the 8 to success and happiness.I want to talk about this issue 9 an email from a reader recently:I have some teammates from very rich families.I cant stop myself comparing my lifestyle with 10.I must say that my 11 planning is sound enough to take care of my existing family;and I can take care of new family members also,at least for 12 even if I lose my current job.But 13 I see or hear them spending so much money after possessions,I start comparing 14.How can I stop this habit,without changing jobs?-16-A AB BThis is an excellent but tough 15.I think its 16 to compare ourselves to others,but it often makes us unhappy even if we have enough and 17 be happy with what we have.My quick advice:try to be aware of when you start comparing yourself to others.Once youve developed this 18,stop yourself and tell yourself,“Stop that!”And then 19 thinking about all the things you do have,the things you love,the people you have and the blessings that 20 has given you.Make this a regular practice,and youll start to be happier with your life.-17-A AB B1.A.whyB.what C.thatD.how2.A.often B.seldomC.usuallyD.always3.A.riseB.increaseC.dropD.failure4.A.astonishedB.disappointingC.shockedD.amazing5.A.upB.close C.down D.closely6.A.comparisonB.communicationC.competitionD.connection7.A.strengthsB.shortcomingsC.values D.weaknesses8.A.reasonsB.keys C.causes D.means9.A.because ofB.regardless ofC.in spite ofD.in case of-18-A AB B10.A.themB.their C.themselvesD.theirs11.A.financialB.annualC.specialD.beneficial12.A.sometimeB.some timeC.some timesD.sometimes13.A.howeverB.whateverC.whereverD.whenever14.A.then B.laterC.again D.thus15.A.questionB.personC.phenomenonD.reader16.A.strangeB.naturalC.difficult D.important17.A.mustB.canC.mayD.should18.A.awarenessB.hobbyC.traditionD.custom19.A.stop B.helpC.come D.start20.A.happinessB.lifeC.successD.confidence-19-A AB B【語篇導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇議論文。文章討論了很多人都常會(huì)和別人攀比,由此而不快樂。和人攀比似乎是自然的事,但作者也給出了切實(shí)可行的建議。1.B解析 考查表語從句。空處引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表語從句,引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)do的賓語,故應(yīng)用what表示事物。2.A解析 考查副詞辨析。由前面的at one time or another可知,此處在破折號后進(jìn)一步說明,我們有些人甚至?xí)敖?jīng)常(often)”這樣做。3.C解析 考查名詞辨析。由該段的說明可知,作者認(rèn)為這是會(huì)讓自信“下降(drop)”的習(xí)慣做法。4.D解析 考查形容詞辨析。由后面的“.and realize I dont come 5 to being matched with him.”可知,我看到的是某個(gè)人的“令人驚嘆的(amazing)”作品。-20-A AB B5.B解析 考查副詞辨析。由后面的“In fact,I look pretty pitiful.”可知,前面說明我意識到我無法和他相媲美。come close to表示“接近”。6.A解析 考查名詞辨析。文章開頭說明你看到別人的長處,把它們和你的短處相比,而此空后面轉(zhuǎn)折說明我看著自己的長處,由此可知前面所說明的“比較(comparison)”是不公平的。7.C解析 考查名詞辨析。此處所填詞應(yīng)和strengths同類,故此處作者說明能夠看到你自己真正的“價(jià)值(value)”。8.B解析 考查名詞辨析。作者認(rèn)為能夠看到自己的長處和真正的價(jià)值是成功和快樂的“關(guān)鍵(keys)”之一。9.A解析 考查介詞短語辨析。下文說明是因這一郵件讓作者有這一觀點(diǎn)的,故用because of表示“因?yàn)椤薄?21-A AB B10.D解析 考查代詞的用法。作者無法阻止自己和那些十分富裕的家庭的生活方式相比。故此處用theirs指那些十分富裕的家庭的人的生活。11.A解析 考查形容詞辨析。由后面的“.even if I lose my current job.”可知,此處說明的是作者的“經(jīng)濟(jì)(financial)”計(jì)劃。12.B解析 考查近義詞(組)辨析。表示一段時(shí)間應(yīng)用some time。13.D解析 考查讓步狀語從句。由句意可知,此處應(yīng)用whenever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,表示“無論什么時(shí)候”。14.C解析 考查副詞辨析。由but轉(zhuǎn)折可知,作者“又(again)”開始比較了。15.A解析 考查名詞辨析。此處總結(jié)上文,起過渡作用,表示這是一個(gè)很好但又很難的“問題(question)”。-22-A AB B16.B解析 考查形容詞辨析。后面說明和別人攀比讓我們不開心,因?yàn)槭寝D(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故前面說明的是把自己和別人比較又是十分“自然的(natural)”事情。17.D解析 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。此處是一個(gè)由even if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,該句說明即使我們擁有足夠的東西,且“應(yīng)該(should)”對我們所擁有的東西感到高興,但與人比較也經(jīng)常讓我們不高興。18.A解析 考查名詞辨析。此處說明一旦你培養(yǎng)了這一“意識(awareness)”,就停下并告訴你自己別那樣做。19.D解析 考查動(dòng)詞辨析。承接前文“告訴你自己,別那樣做”,此處說明接下來“開始(start)”考慮你所擁有的一切。20.B解析 考查名詞辨析?！癮ll the things you do have”,“the things you love”,“the people you have”和“the blessings that 20 has given you”并列,故此處說明的是“生活(life)”所給你的讓你幸福的東西。-23-A AB BIn our modern world,when something wears out,we throw it away and buy a new one.The 1is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 2 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.How did we 3 a throwaway society?First of all,it is now easier to 4an object than to spend time and money to repair it.5modern manufacturing(制造業(yè))and technology,companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.Products are plentiful and 6.Another cause is our 7of disposable(一次性的) products.As 8 people,we are always looking for 9 to save time and make our lives easier.Companies 10 thousands of different kinds of disposable products:paper plates,plastic cups,and cameras,to name a few.-24-A AB BOur appetite for new products also 11to the problem.We are 12 buying new things.Advertisements persuade us that 13 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products.The result is that we 14useful possessions to make room for new ones.All around the world,we can see the 15 of this throwaway lifestyle.Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.To 16the amount of rubbish and to protect the 17,more governments are requiring people to recycle materials.18,this is not enough to solve(解決) our problem.-25-A AB BMaybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions 19throwing them away.We also need to rethink our attitudes about 20.Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.-26-A AB B1.A.keyB.reasonC.projectD.problem2.A.gifts B.rubbishC.debtD.products3.A.faceB.becomeC.observeD.change4.A.hideB.controlC.replaceD.withdraw5.A.Thanks toB.As toC.Except forD.Regardless of6.A.safeB.funny C.cheap D.powerful7.A.loveB.lackC.preventionD.division8.A.sensitiveB.kindC.brave D.busy9.A.ways B.placesC.jobsD.friends10.A.donateB.receiveC.produce D.preserve11.A.adaptsB.returnsC.respondsD.contributes-27-A AB B12.A.tired ofB.addicted toC.worried aboutD.ashamed for13.A.newerB.strongerC.higherD.larger14.A.pick upB.pay forC.hold ontoD.throw away15.A.advantagesB.purposesC.functionsD.consequences16.A.showB.recordC.decrease D.measure17.A.technologyB.environmentC.consumersD.brands18.A.HoweverB.OtherwiseC.ThereforeD.Meanwhile19.A.byB.in favour ofC.afterD.instead of20.A.spendingB.collectingC.repairingD.advertising-28-A AB B【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為議論文。由于人們對新事物的熱衷,我們偏愛一次性用品,進(jìn)入到了一個(gè)“用完就扔的社會(huì)”。為了節(jié)約資源保護(hù)環(huán)境,我們得重新審視一下我們的消費(fèi)觀念,改變我們的生活方式。1.D解析 根據(jù)第一段末句中的“because people.than ever before”可知,這里描述的是一種世界各國正在面臨的問題(problem)。2.B解析 mountains of意思是“堆成山的,太多的”。從本句后文的“throwing out more rubbish than ever before”可知答案。3.B解析 本段以設(shè)問開頭,隨后介紹了這個(gè)“用完就扔的社會(huì)”形成的過程,填become正確。face“面對”,與二、三兩段內(nèi)容不符。4.C解析 因?yàn)榇宋恼劶暗氖潜灰淮涡晕锲烦涑獾纳鐣?huì)。在被一次性物品充斥的社會(huì)中,和花時(shí)間與金錢修理東西相比,更換一個(gè)東西當(dāng)然要更容易些。hide“隱藏”;control“控制”;replace “取代”;withdraw“提取”。-29-A AB B5.A解析 句意:公司生產(chǎn)新產(chǎn)品的速度快成本低,這得益于現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)和科技的發(fā)展。由句意可知,前后兩個(gè)半句為因果關(guān)系,thanks to“多虧,由于”,表示原因,符合句意。as to“至于”,except for“除了”,regardless of “不顧”,都不符合句意,故選A項(xiàng)。6.C解析 從上句的“inexpensively”可知,產(chǎn)品豐富并且便宜,因此用cheap。7.A解析 從目前的狀況可知,我們大部分人喜愛一次性產(chǎn)品,因此用love。lack“缺乏”,prevention“預(yù)防,阻止”,division“區(qū)分”,均與句意不符。8.D解析 為什么要節(jié)約時(shí)間?是因?yàn)槿藗儽容^忙。sensitive “敏感的”,kind“善良的”,brave“勇敢的”,都與句意不符,故選D項(xiàng)。9.A解析 忙碌的我們總是尋找節(jié)省時(shí)間的方法。way“辦法”,符合句意。place“地方”,job“工作”,friend“朋友”,均與句意不符。-30-A AB B10.C解析 本句主語為companies“公司”,和賓語thousands of different kinds of disposable products“成千上萬不同種類的一次性產(chǎn)品”是主謂關(guān)系,再根據(jù)句意可知,只能用produce“生產(chǎn)”。11.D解析 由本段內(nèi)容可知,我們對新產(chǎn)品的強(qiáng)烈欲望也會(huì)使這個(gè)問題更加嚴(yán)重。contribute to為固定搭配,意思是“導(dǎo)致,加劇”。12.B解析 從上句可知,人們喜歡新產(chǎn)品。本空所在句句意為我們熱衷于購買新產(chǎn)品。be addicted to“沉迷于,上癮”。13.A解析 從本段前兩句可知,這一段的話題是談?wù)撔庐a(chǎn)品,用newer正確。與產(chǎn)品的其他屬性無關(guān),因此不用stronger,higher或larger。14.D解析 由于購買太多的新產(chǎn)品,我們會(huì)把舊的東西“扔掉”,為新產(chǎn)品騰出空間。因此選throw away。-31-A AB B15.D解析 這一句是本段的主題句。下面的幾句圍繞其展開。下一句“Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.”就是這個(gè)“用完就扔的生活方式”帶來的后果。consequence意思是“結(jié)果,后果”,符合句意。16.C解析 根據(jù)后句中的“more governments are requiring people to recycle materials”和文章最后一句中的“.to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment”可知,人們回收資源的目的是減少垃圾的數(shù)量和保護(hù)環(huán)境。decrease“減少”,符合句意。show“展示”;record“記錄”;measure“測量”。17.B解析 從上句可知,減少垃圾的目的是保護(hù)環(huán)境,protect 的賓語應(yīng)該是environment。18.A解析 根據(jù)下一段內(nèi)容以及空格后的“this is not enough to solve our problem”推理可知空格前后應(yīng)為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故選擇however。-32-A AB B19.D解析 這一句首尾呼應(yīng),回到了本文的話題。我們可以修復(fù)原來的東西,而不是扔掉它們。instead of“而不是”。20.A解析 從下一句的“changing our spending habits”可知,作者建議我們重新考慮我們的消費(fèi)觀念。故選A項(xiàng)。