高三英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 專項(xiàng)技法7 閱讀理解之詞義猜測(cè)課件 外研版

返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè) 歷年高考都把詞義猜測(cè)作為考生應(yīng)該掌握的一項(xiàng)閱讀技能列入試題。詞義推斷可以是一個(gè)單詞的意義推斷，也可以是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或句子的意義推斷；既可以是生詞意義，也可以是熟詞新義，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語(yǔ)的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)短文提供的語(yǔ)境，通過(guò)閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識(shí)來(lái)推測(cè)尚不熟悉的詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)一、詞義猜測(cè)題主要的設(shè)題方式有：1The underlined phrase “took off” in Paragraph 2 means “_”2What does the underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refer to?3The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that _4Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?5The underlined phrase “turn his back on”(Paragraph 6)most probably means _返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè) 6By saying “We need them yesterday”(Paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots _ 二、詞義猜測(cè)題主要的解題策略有：語(yǔ)境猜詞、語(yǔ)法猜詞和常識(shí)猜詞。 語(yǔ)境即上下文。由于上下文中的生詞不是孤立存在的，其詞義與句中其他詞的詞義或具體的語(yǔ)境有著密切的聯(lián)系。因此在閱讀過(guò)程中，許多生詞的詞義可以充分利用上下文中相關(guān)的詞匯和短語(yǔ)并結(jié)合具體的語(yǔ)境來(lái)推測(cè)。命題者為了考查學(xué)生的這種猜詞能力，常采用以下幾種命題策略：返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)策略1：依據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)猜測(cè)詞義標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是猜測(cè)詞義最直接、最簡(jiǎn)單的解答方法。比如，破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)常常起解釋說(shuō)明的功能，引號(hào)和括號(hào)有時(shí)也起到相同的作用。返回目錄返回目錄例例 1 1Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the housethe only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husbandThe underlined words “henpecked husband” in this paragraph probably mean a man who _Alikes hunting Bis afraid of hensCloves his wife Dis afraid of his wife 返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)點(diǎn)睛點(diǎn)睛 D詞義指代題。破折號(hào)起進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明的作詞義指代題。破折號(hào)起進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明的作用。由其前信息用。由其前信息 “他為逃避妻子的嘮叨而逃到屋外他為逃避妻子的嘮叨而逃到屋外”可知可知“他是一個(gè)怕老婆的人他是一個(gè)怕老婆的人”，因此選擇，因此選擇D項(xiàng)。項(xiàng)。返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)策略2：依據(jù)反義詞和對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義運(yùn)用對(duì)比手法描述事物或現(xiàn)象是文章寫(xiě)作的一種常用的修辭手法。在這種修辭手段下，作者常借用一些信號(hào)詞來(lái)提供相反信息，從而表明一個(gè)詞與前面的另一個(gè)詞互為反義。常用的信號(hào)詞有： but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/ rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/ on the other hand等。返回目錄返回目錄例例 2 22012全國(guó)卷全國(guó)卷 (節(jié)選節(jié)選)The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to?AA painting of the skeleton.BA photograph of Lucy.CA copy of the skeleton.DA written record of Lucy.返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)點(diǎn)睛點(diǎn)睛 C 詞義猜測(cè)題。結(jié)合畫(huà)線詞后面詞義猜測(cè)題。結(jié)合畫(huà)線詞后面“while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom”中中的的real，可知這個(gè)詞的含義是，可知這個(gè)詞的含義是“復(fù)制品復(fù)制品”。A“骨骼的繪骨骼的繪畫(huà)畫(huà)”; B“露西的照片露西的照片”；D“露西的書(shū)面記錄露西的書(shū)面記錄”，均與上下，均與上下文語(yǔ)境不符。本題是利用對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。文語(yǔ)境不符。本題是利用對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。while是是一個(gè)很好的信息提示詞一個(gè)很好的信息提示詞。返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)策略3：依據(jù)下定義、做解釋猜測(cè)詞義在說(shuō)明文、科技文中運(yùn)用下定義或解釋概念的方法來(lái)定義或詮釋某一名詞或概念是文章寫(xiě)作的又一特點(diǎn)。在寫(xiě)作方法上常采用先總后分(即先定義后解釋)或先分后總(即先說(shuō)明后結(jié)論)的方式。常用的定義信號(hào)詞有：be defined as/be termed(被定義為)，be called(被稱為)，mean/refer to/be(意指，是)。返回目錄返回目錄例例 3 32013安徽卷安徽卷 (節(jié)選節(jié)選)“People are ruder today because they are rushed and more time poor than ever before，” says Patsy Rowe, “Manners have fallen off the radar(雷達(dá)雷達(dá))” Due to our strong attraction to electronic equipment it is a wonder more people dont wake up each morning and greet the singing birds with a complaint(抱怨抱怨)about the noise. Here are some examples of rudeness.返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)問(wèn)題：?jiǎn)栴}：What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1?APeople can tell good from bad behaviour.BRadar is able to observe human behaviour.CPeople care little about their behaviour.DRadar can be used to predict human behaviour. 點(diǎn)睛點(diǎn)睛 C句意猜測(cè)題。本句話的字面意思句意猜測(cè)題。本句話的字面意思“禮貌行為禮貌行為用雷達(dá)都探測(cè)不到用雷達(dá)都探測(cè)不到”是一種形象幽默的表達(dá)方式，結(jié)合是一種形象幽默的表達(dá)方式，結(jié)合“People are ruder today because they are rushed and more time poor than ever before”可知，該句的意思應(yīng)可知，該句的意思應(yīng)是是 “現(xiàn)在的人們不注意自己的行為舉止現(xiàn)在的人們不注意自己的行為舉止”，故選，故選C項(xiàng)。項(xiàng)。返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)策略4：依據(jù)邏輯推理猜測(cè)詞義運(yùn)用邏輯推理猜測(cè)詞義是使用最廣、考查最多、也是最易失分的猜詞方式。要求考生具備整合、分散復(fù)雜信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相關(guān)的詞匯并結(jié)合具體的語(yǔ)境，從形式和內(nèi)容上把握語(yǔ)言之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，理順語(yǔ)言之間的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)而達(dá)到猜詞的目的。常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系有：因果關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等。返回目錄返回目錄例例 4 42013遼寧卷遼寧卷 (節(jié)選節(jié)選)We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design.That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison.In 1878 he explained bugs as “l(fā)ittle problems and difficulties” that required months of study and labour to overcome in developing a successful product.In 1889 it was recorded that Edison “had been up the two previous nights discovering a bug in his invented record player.”返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)問(wèn)題：?jiǎn)栴}：What does the word “flaw” in the last paragraph probably mean?AExplanation. BFinding.COrigin. DFault. 點(diǎn)睛點(diǎn)睛 D詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)“he explained bugs as little problems and difficulties that required months of study(愛(ài)迪生將之解釋為小問(wèn)題或困難愛(ài)迪生將之解釋為小問(wèn)題或困難)”可知，可知，fault和和flaw意思相近。本句是運(yùn)用后位信息的解釋來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義意思相近。本句是運(yùn)用后位信息的解釋來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義的的。返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)策略5：依據(jù)例證猜測(cè)詞義采用事實(shí)說(shuō)理(即例證)以加強(qiáng)觀點(diǎn)的說(shuō)服力或使觀點(diǎn)更加明朗清楚是文章寫(xiě)作的常用手法。借助例證獲取更多信息，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)猜詞的目的。常用的例證信號(hào)詞有： like/for example/for instance/such as; include/consist of等。返回目錄返回目錄例例 5 52012重慶卷重慶卷 (節(jié)選節(jié)選)There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demands for quality. For example, Porsche, a famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sports car on the market. Priced at over $120，000, it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 2004, the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling and acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To get them, however, they must pay almost four times the price.返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)What does the underlined word “escalation” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?AUnderstanding. BIncrease.CDifference. DStudy. 點(diǎn)睛點(diǎn)睛 B詞義猜測(cè)題。從該段材料對(duì)保時(shí)捷的改進(jìn)及詞義猜測(cè)題。從該段材料對(duì)保時(shí)捷的改進(jìn)及人們對(duì)此改進(jìn)趨之若鶩的追求來(lái)看，人們對(duì)質(zhì)量需求是人們對(duì)此改進(jìn)趨之若鶩的追求來(lái)看，人們對(duì)質(zhì)量需求是不斷提高的。因此可斷定該詞含義為不斷提高的。因此可斷定該詞含義為“提高提高”。本題是運(yùn)。本題是運(yùn)用后文的例證猜測(cè)詞義，用后文的例證猜測(cè)詞義，“For example”是典型的信息提是典型的信息提示詞示詞。返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)此外，運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法和常識(shí)以達(dá)到猜詞的目的也是詞義猜測(cè)策略的另一種表現(xiàn)形式。英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法給英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言創(chuàng)造了豐富的詞匯源泉，因此掌握構(gòu)詞規(guī)律是達(dá)到猜詞目的的有效捷徑。這種猜詞的策略主要表現(xiàn)在：(1)依據(jù)詞性變化猜測(cè)詞義英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的詞性變化是非?；钴S的，如名詞動(dòng)化、動(dòng)詞名化、形容詞動(dòng)化等，閱讀時(shí)要充分抓住這一特點(diǎn)，從而準(zhǔn)確地猜測(cè)詞義。(2)依據(jù)詞義變化(詞義引申)猜測(cè)詞義英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言除了詞性活躍的特點(diǎn)外，其詞義的變化也是非?；钴S的。同一個(gè)詞在不同的語(yǔ)境中其詞義也會(huì)發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化，即所謂的詞義引申。返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)(3)依據(jù)詞的派生和合成猜測(cè)詞義派生法是英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法中最主要的構(gòu)詞方法，它由詞根、前綴或后綴組成。如：前綴dis-， im-， ir-， un-可以構(gòu)成反義詞；后綴-less也可以構(gòu)成反義詞。遇到合成詞時(shí)在正確理解兩詞的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合原文來(lái)把握兩詞之間的關(guān)系，從而準(zhǔn)確地猜測(cè)詞義。返回目錄返回目錄【活學(xué)活用【活學(xué)活用】1The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution she was banished. A few members of the Senate opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country forever.Akilled by stoning Bsent awayCimprisoned Dpunished by whipping 答案答案 B返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)2The prisoner seemed to relax but actually he was thinking hard, while his hand moved so slowly that the movement was imperceptible. It was only when the keys accidentally fell from the table that the guard suddenly realized that the prisoners hand had almost reached them.Ahardly noticeableBheavy-handedCnot capable of fast or immediate actionDa matter of habit 答案答案 A返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)3Mrs Morgans son was intelligent and charming, but his continual extravagance made her wonder if she could continue to support him. Each month she was going deep into debt, attempting to pay for his expensive purchases.Asuperior mannerBwastefulness or carelessness in spending moneyCshowing too great concern for current fashionsDinsults to family or close friends 答案答案 B返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)4Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl, while her sister was quite sedateApretty BcalmCprotective Denergetic 答案答案 B返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)5I wanted to stay in New York, but my friend tried to dissuade me.Adeceive BfrightenCtalk out of it Daccompany 答案答案 C返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)6Alberts success after much effort and practice proves the value of persistenceAtime BcompetitionCperseverance Dbeginning again 答案答案 C返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)7He felt very lonely; he had lived in Baltimore City for a month and had met no one in the inhospitable city.Aunfriendly Buncomfortable Cunhealthy Denormous 答案答案 A返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)8I found a secluded area where no man or animal could be seen for miles around.Acool BisolatedCquiet Dnoisy 答案答案 B返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)9The archaeologist spent years studying and searching for remains of the Chinese civilization.Aone who studies the mindBone who studies culturesCone who studies the bodyDone who studies animals 答案答案 B返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)10CARDIFF, WalesPoets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling. “It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions, and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here，” Ambrose said.Acontrolled by rich peopleBgrasped by good storytellersCtaken good care ofDprotected by kind people 答案答案 C返回目錄返回目錄技法技法7 7閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)閱讀理解技法之詞義猜測(cè)