高三英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法專題《專題10 介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)》課件 新人教版

專題十介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題 介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)的考查要點(diǎn) 語(yǔ)法填空 語(yǔ)法與寫(xiě)作1介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)的考查要點(diǎn)介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)的考查要點(diǎn)介詞是虛詞，不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，必須與名詞、代詞介詞是虛詞，不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，必須與名詞、代詞(或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語(yǔ)或從句等短語(yǔ)或從句等)構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。介詞分為：簡(jiǎn)單介詞，如構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。介詞分為：簡(jiǎn)單介詞，如at，in，for等；合成介詞，如等；合成介詞，如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短語(yǔ)介詞，如等；短語(yǔ)介詞，如according to，out of，because of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等；雙重介等；雙重介詞，如詞，如from behind/above/under，until after等；分詞介詞，如等；分詞介詞，如considering，including，judging (from/by) 等。等。 1.介詞搭配介詞搭配(1)“動(dòng)詞介詞動(dòng)詞介詞”搭配：注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個(gè)動(dòng)詞搭配搭配：注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個(gè)動(dòng)詞搭配意義不同的情況。意義不同的情況。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示表示“奪去、除去奪去、除去”意義的意義的動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞與of 連用連用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示表示“供給供給”意義的動(dòng)意義的動(dòng)詞與詞與with連用連用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示表示“制作、制造制作、制造”意義的動(dòng)詞與意義的動(dòng)詞與of，from，into連用連用)介詞介詞the部位與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系部位與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系(動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞sb.s部位，部位，可換用可換用)strike him on the head(表示表示“擊；拍；碰；摸擊；拍；碰；摸”意義的動(dòng)詞意義的動(dòng)詞與與on連用連用)catch him by the arm(表示表示“抓；拉；拿；扯抓；拉；拿；扯”意義的動(dòng)詞意義的動(dòng)詞與與by連用連用)hit the boy in the face(表示表示“肚；胸；眼；臉肚；胸；眼；臉”等人體前部等人體前部的器官名詞與的器官名詞與in連用連用)prevent(stop，keep)sb.from doing sth.(表示表示“阻止，禁止阻止，禁止”意義的動(dòng)詞與意義的動(dòng)詞與from連用連用)persuade(advise，warn)sb.into doing sth.(表示表示“說(shuō)服；建說(shuō)服；建議；警告議；警告”意義的動(dòng)詞與意義的動(dòng)詞與into連用連用)buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表示表示“得失得失”意義的動(dòng)詞與意義的動(dòng)詞與for連用連用)tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示表示“告告知知”意義的動(dòng)詞與意義的動(dòng)詞與to連用連用)give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth.to sb.(表示表示“授予授予”意義的動(dòng)詞與意義的動(dòng)詞與to連用連用)注意：可換成可換成buy sb. sth.，tell sb. sth.，give sb. sth.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。say to sb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等與等與“對(duì)象對(duì)象”連用必須用連用必須用to)不可說(shuō)不可說(shuō)suggest sb. sth.。(2)同一介詞與不同動(dòng)詞搭配，意義各異。同一介詞與不同動(dòng)詞搭配，意義各異。reply to the letter回信，回信，sing(dance) to the music和和唱唱(跳跳)，amount to 達(dá)到，加起來(lái)有達(dá)到，加起來(lái)有，devote to把把貢獻(xiàn)給，貢獻(xiàn)給，drink to為為干杯，干杯，object to反對(duì)，反對(duì)，look forward to 渴望，渴望，come to蘇醒，蘇醒，belong to屬于，屬于，search for搜搜，ask for請(qǐng)求，請(qǐng)求，use.for用作，用作，leave for前往，前往，take.for誤以為，誤以為，call for要求，要求，wait for等待，等待，care for喜歡，喜歡，make up for彌補(bǔ)損失，彌補(bǔ)損失，turn to求助求助/救于，救于，help oneself to隨意，隨意，agree to同意，同意，compare.to把把比作，比作，send for派人去請(qǐng)派人去請(qǐng)/拿拿，sail for駛向，起航，駛向，起航，set out for動(dòng)身去，動(dòng)身去，go in for愛(ài)好愛(ài)好(3)常見(jiàn)常見(jiàn)“形容詞介詞形容詞介詞”搭配。搭配。worthy of值得的，值得的，glad about sth. for sb.為某人某事高興，為某人某事高興，far from離離遠(yuǎn)，遠(yuǎn)，grateful to sb. for sth.為某事感激某人，為某事感激某人，free from沒(méi)有沒(méi)有/免除免除，proud of/take pride in自豪，自豪，satisfied with/by滿意，滿意，sure of/about確信，確信，fond of喜歡，喜歡，fit for適合，適合，busy with sth./in doing sth.忙著干某事，忙著干某事，full of充充滿，滿，ready for準(zhǔn)備，準(zhǔn)備，similar to相似，相似，wrong with不對(duì)；有不對(duì)；有毛病毛病(4)“名詞介詞名詞介詞”習(xí)慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。習(xí)慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。 the absence of water缺水缺水 the hope of success成功的希望成功的希望 have a chance of/for entering college上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì) take pride in them為他們感到驕傲為他們感到驕傲 the key to the question問(wèn)題的答案問(wèn)題的答案 a medicine for cough治咳嗽的藥治咳嗽的藥 the ticket for tomorrow明天的票明天的票his absencein Beijing他去了北京他去了北京from Beijing他不在北京他不在北京the wayto study學(xué)習(xí)方法學(xué)習(xí)方法of studying maths學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的方法學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的方法語(yǔ)法填空語(yǔ)法填空1.Our opinions on language learning differ greatly each others in that respect.2.Our teacher often asks us to retell stories our own words.3.Ive promised to keep it secret，so I cant really tell you anything what you know already.4. time passing by，they have grown into big boys and big girls.5.What was the cause the fire? 題組訓(xùn)練1frominbeyondWithof2.核心介詞用法歸納與辨析核心介詞用法歸納與辨析(1)表示時(shí)間的介詞表示時(shí)間的介詞in的用法如下。的用法如下。表示在某一較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)，如世紀(jì)、年、季、月、周等，一表示在某一較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)，如世紀(jì)、年、季、月、周等，一般用介詞般用介詞in，如：，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。還可以用時(shí)段名詞組成固定短語(yǔ)或詞組。如：還可以用時(shí)段名詞組成固定短語(yǔ)或詞組。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。注意：at night/at noon，in the day(在白天在白天)，in the night(在夜間在夜間)。in five days(weeks，months，years)中中in意思是意思是“在在以后以后”。(2)在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Childrens Dayon March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening)of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(區(qū)別：區(qū)別：in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night，on warm winter days(3)表示某一時(shí)刻或某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間用表示某一時(shí)刻或某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間用at，如小時(shí)、分鐘等。，如小時(shí)、分鐘等。at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at sixat noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15，at the time of war(但但in time of danger/trouble)注意：有些時(shí)間名詞前不接介詞。有些時(shí)間名詞前不接介詞。next day，last Sunday，that morning，these yearsone，each，any，every，some，all修飾時(shí)，一般不用介詞，修飾時(shí)，一般不用介詞，如如some day，one day，all afternoon。(4)till，until的用法。的用法。till(until)與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞連用一般用于肯定句中，與短暫動(dòng)與持續(xù)動(dòng)詞連用一般用于肯定句中，與短暫動(dòng)詞連用一般用在否定句中。詞連用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用不可用to).注意：在句首出現(xiàn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般不用在句首出現(xiàn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用而用until。Not until 9 a.m. did Mr. Smith come back to school.(5)in，later，afterin一段時(shí)間：表示說(shuō)話時(shí)為起點(diǎn)一段時(shí)間之后，與一般一段時(shí)間：表示說(shuō)話時(shí)為起點(diǎn)一段時(shí)間之后，與一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用；但表示將來(lái)時(shí)連用；但表示“在在之內(nèi)之內(nèi)”時(shí)，用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。時(shí)，用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間later(later是副詞是副詞)：表示某一具體時(shí)間或某一：表示某一具體時(shí)間或某一方面具體時(shí)間算起的一段時(shí)間后。方面具體時(shí)間算起的一段時(shí)間后。after一段時(shí)間：表示一段時(shí)間：表示“在在之后之后”，用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)；，用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)；但時(shí)間為點(diǎn)時(shí)間時(shí)，只能用但時(shí)間為點(diǎn)時(shí)間時(shí)，只能用after，即，即after點(diǎn)時(shí)間，用于各點(diǎn)時(shí)間，用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。種時(shí)態(tài)。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，另外，in一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間stime與與within一段時(shí)間的用法如下：一段時(shí)間的用法如下：in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(與將來(lái)時(shí)連用與將來(lái)時(shí)連用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ))Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用于用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，意為各種時(shí)態(tài)，意為“不超出，在不超出，在之內(nèi)之內(nèi)”)(6)地點(diǎn)介詞地點(diǎn)介詞at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。at 在較小的場(chǎng)所，在較小的場(chǎng)所，in在較大的場(chǎng)所，在較大的場(chǎng)所，on在在的平面上。的平面上。如如at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。等。on，at，in，off還可以表示兩地的相對(duì)位置。若還可以表示兩地的相對(duì)位置。若A地屬于地屬于B地，用地，用in；A地位于地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接，用地的外面且有邊緣銜接，用on；無(wú)邊；無(wú)邊緣的銜接，用緣的銜接，用to；A在在B附近，用附近，用off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外范圍之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范圍之內(nèi)范圍之內(nèi))Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗鄰毗鄰)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離相隔一定距離)across在物體表面在物體表面“穿過(guò)穿過(guò)”；through則表示在三維空間內(nèi)則表示在三維空間內(nèi)部部“穿過(guò)穿過(guò)”。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over，above譯作譯作“在在之上之上”；under，below譯作譯作“在在的下面的下面”，其區(qū)別在于，其區(qū)別在于over，under表示一種直接表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關(guān)系；而的、垂直的上下關(guān)系；而above，below則表示一般的則表示一般的“高于高于”或或“低于低于”，不一定是垂直，不一定是垂直“在上在上”或或“在下在下”。A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平線地平線).The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介詞表示方式、手段、工具的介詞by the year/hour/day按年按年/小時(shí)小時(shí)/天。如：天。如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour).(按按bythe單位名稱，但單位名稱，但to the pound按磅算，按磅算，to the ton按噸計(jì)按噸計(jì))。表泛指的方式、手段表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail郵寄，郵寄，by telephone(radio)(但但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用電，用電，by machinery用電器，用電器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope交通工具類交通工具類by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicycle，on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外：另外：by means of 用用方法，方法，by way of 經(jīng)由，取道于；經(jīng)由，取道于；用用方法，方法，with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.s help(permission)。表方式、手段的其他用法表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具工具/機(jī)器機(jī)器)One smells with his nose.(with人體器官，但人體器官，但by hand手手工，用手工，用手)He stood up with pride.(with情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞)注意：使用語(yǔ)言、材料、文字等用使用語(yǔ)言、材料、文字等用in。如：。如：in English(ink，pencil)。另外如：。另外如：in high(good，low)spirits，in anger，in joy，in comfort，in sorrow，in safety，in danger，in need，in debt，in love，in fun，in pain，in tears，in surprise，in good(poor) health，in good order，in flower，in a way，in a low voice，in silence，in(with) satisfaction，in a hurry，in(with) words，live/feed on food，kneel on ones knee，take(catch) sb.by surprise(出其不意出其不意)(8)表示表示“除除之外之外”的常用詞。的常用詞。besides 除除以外以外(還有還有)。作副詞時(shí)意思是。作副詞時(shí)意思是“而且，更而且，更何況何況”。We all went to the cinema besides Shaw.It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.except除去，除除去，除之外之外(不再有不再有)。We all went except John.在否定句中，兩詞可以換用。在否定句中，兩詞可以換用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for除了除了(對(duì)句子主題進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說(shuō)明對(duì)句子主題進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說(shuō)明)，后接名詞、代詞或后接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時(shí)與從句，此時(shí)與“except that句子句子”意思相同。意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了除了一點(diǎn)以外。一點(diǎn)以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but與與exceptbut和和except在表示在表示“除了除了以外以外”時(shí)可以通用，但應(yīng)注時(shí)可以通用，但應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn)：意以下三點(diǎn)：(A)前面有不定代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞在意義上對(duì)稱時(shí)，多用前面有不定代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞在意義上對(duì)稱時(shí)，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短語(yǔ)為排除對(duì)象時(shí)，多用后接不定式短語(yǔ)為排除對(duì)象時(shí)，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有前有do，后省，后省to)(C)but與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不，不得不，can not help but do sth.不得不不得不，but for.若不若不是是(9)between與與amongbetween通常指兩者之間，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每?jī)赏ǔＶ竷烧咧g，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每?jī)烧咧g的相互關(guān)系。者之間的相互關(guān)系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作共同，合作)She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接連不斷地，一個(gè)接一個(gè)地忙這忙那表示接連不斷地，一個(gè)接一個(gè)地忙這忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之間。表示三者以上之間。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同一起，共同)London is among the largest cities.(one of與最高級(jí)連用與最高級(jí)連用)(10)表原因的介詞表原因的介詞for，because of，due to。He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.(11)不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的for，of。這里所說(shuō)的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式指的是這里所說(shuō)的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式指的是for 或或of加上人或事，加上人或事，作動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。作動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：兩句中的兩句中的of和和for的使用，表語(yǔ)形容詞能夠說(shuō)明不定的使用，表語(yǔ)形容詞能夠說(shuō)明不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征與面貌時(shí)用式邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征與面貌時(shí)用of，如果說(shuō)明不定式行，如果說(shuō)明不定式行為本身的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等則用為本身的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等則用for。(12)兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。after，since，till/until，before這些詞既是介詞，又是連詞。這些詞既是介詞，又是連詞。The children went home at once after school.(介詞介詞)They went to bed after they had finished the job.(連詞連詞)in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介等介詞可兼作副詞。詞可兼作副詞。He ran down the hill.(介詞介詞)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副詞副詞)有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。All the students got to school before me.(介詞介詞)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(連詞連詞)Havent I seen you before？(副詞副詞)(13)介詞的省略。介詞的省略。某些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)之后的介詞可以省略。某些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)之后的介詞可以省略。Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.(14)某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。要求接要求接to的名詞有：的名詞有：key，answer，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。等。The key to success is preparation.要求接要求接in 的名詞有：的名詞有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。等。He is an expert in teaching small children.選詞填空選詞填空on the contrary，for the benefit of，in time，out of place，in favour of1.China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _ _ all its citizens.2.The furniture，with its modern style and bright colors，suits modern houses and their gardens，but looks _ _ in the garden of a traditional home. 題組訓(xùn)練2forthe benefit ofout ofplace3.Thank God youre safe!I stepped back，just to avoid the racing car.4.It wasnt a good thing； ，it was a huge mistake.5.When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ _ younger men.in timeon the contraryin favourof2語(yǔ)法與寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)法與寫(xiě)作根據(jù)提示翻譯下面的句子根據(jù)提示翻譯下面的句子1.結(jié)果，孩子們對(duì)父母變得如此依賴以至于他們沒(méi)有獨(dú)立結(jié)果，孩子們對(duì)父母變得如此依賴以至于他們沒(méi)有獨(dú)立的思想和創(chuàng)造性的觀點(diǎn)。的思想和創(chuàng)造性的觀點(diǎn)。(as a consequence)(2013福建福建書(shū)面表達(dá)書(shū)面表達(dá))_As a consequence，children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thoughts or creative ideas.2.相反，志愿者們迫不及待地想體驗(yàn)在那里的生活，因?yàn)樗麄円严喾?，志愿者們迫不及待地想體驗(yàn)在那里的生活，因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)厭倦了地球上的生活。經(jīng)厭倦了地球上的生活。(on the contrary)(2013廣東廣東基礎(chǔ)寫(xiě)作基礎(chǔ)寫(xiě)作)_3.除了這些傳統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)外，我們有更寬范圍的選擇，例如旅游和除了這些傳統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)外，我們有更寬范圍的選擇，例如旅游和走親訪友。走親訪友。(in addition to) (2013遼寧遼寧書(shū)面表達(dá)書(shū)面表達(dá))_On the contrary，volunteers couldnt wait to experience the life there，for they are tired of the life on the earth.In addition to these traditional activities，we have a wider range of choices such as travelling and visiting our relatives or friends.4.以我的觀點(diǎn)，人們需要學(xué)會(huì)接受現(xiàn)實(shí)并且要繼續(xù)嘗試。以我的觀點(diǎn)，人們需要學(xué)會(huì)接受現(xiàn)實(shí)并且要繼續(xù)嘗試。(in my opinion) (2013北京北京開(kāi)放作文開(kāi)放作文)_5.總之，能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)贏得他們的友誼是我一生當(dāng)中最自總之，能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)贏得他們的友誼是我一生當(dāng)中最自豪的事。豪的事。(in a word) (2013浙江浙江書(shū)面表達(dá)書(shū)面表達(dá))_In my opinion，people need to learn to accept the reality and keep on trying.In a word，being able to win their friendship in a very short time is the thing that I am proud of most in my life.3語(yǔ)法填空語(yǔ)法填空 Philip is 55 and blind.He has been blind since birth.He says he does not feel like he is missing anything because he cannot imagine 1. sight is like.He can smell 2. rose，but he cannot tell 3. it is red，white，or blue.It does not matter to him.He 4. (enjoy) the beauty of the scent itself.whataif/whetherenjoys People sometimes take pity 5. him，but he tells them he is a contented man.He does not feel 6. (cheat) by Mother Nature.The doctors never figured out why he was born blind. But his life is not a bed of roses.It is much 7. (hard) for him to travel.He cannot drive，of course.He travels by bus.At home,8. cannot just look out of the window to see what the weather is like，and then dress appropriately.oncheatedharderheHe cant look at the clock on the wall to see what time it is.He uses his Braille watch 9. a special radio for that. Philip has never seen a good movie or a bad TV show.He has no idea what a sunset or a full moon looks like.He is a great 10. (music)；he plays the saxophone，but not in a band.ormusician