【聚焦中考】2015年度中考英語考點(diǎn)跟蹤突破：第26講 動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語

第26講動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語【名題實(shí)戰(zhàn)】1I forgot to bring my dictionary.Could I use yours?Yes，you _A_(2014，安徽)AcanBmust Ccould Dshould2If you _C_ smoke，please go outside.(2014，杭州)Acan Bmay Cmust Dmight3It _A_ about eight minutes for sunlight (陽光) to travel from the sun to the earth.(2014，臨沂)Atakes Bspends Ccosts Dpays4This is quite a new phrase.Right.It has already _C_ the language.(2014，武漢)Aspoken Bused Centered Dcovered5Recycling is good，so don't _D_ bottles or newspapers.(2014，江西)Afind out Bhand in Cuse up Dthrow away6iPhones and iPads are so popular these days.Yes，they can _B_ our eyes to the outside world.(2014，烏魯木齊)Aturn up Bopen upCcall up Dthink up【考點(diǎn)梳理】動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞短語是中考考查的重點(diǎn)之一。在語境中考查考生對(duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的掌握程度越來越受到重視?？疾榈姆秶校盒袨閯?dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語間的辨析。大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞都有五種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去式和過去分詞。1第三人稱單數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞后要加­s或­es，其變化規(guī)則與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的方法大體相同。規(guī)則變化動(dòng)詞原形第三人稱單數(shù)形式及讀音一般在動(dòng)詞詞尾加­s(­s在清輔音后讀/s/，­s在濁輔音后讀/z/)workgrowworks/s/grows/z/以s，x，sh，ch或o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加­es(­es讀/iz/，o后的­es讀/z/)guessmixfinishcatchgoguesses/iz/mixes/iz/finishes/iz/catches/iz/goes/z/以字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加­s(­s讀/z/或/s/)writelikewrites/z/likes/s/以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變y為i，再加­es(­ies讀/iz/)studycarrystudies/iz/carries/iz/以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加­s(­s讀/z/)playsayplays/z/says/z/不規(guī)則變化的有havehas等。2現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則變化動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在分詞一般在動(dòng)詞后加­inghelpworkhelpingworking以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先去e再加­ingwritemovewritingmoving以y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加­ingplaystudyplayingstudying以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加­inggetbegingettingbeginning以ie結(jié)尾的名詞，一般將ie改為y，再加­ingliedielyingdying3.過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則變化規(guī)則變化動(dòng)詞原形過去式，過去分詞及其讀音一般在動(dòng)詞詞尾加­ed(在清輔音后讀/t/，在濁輔音后讀d，在t和d后讀/id/)askanswerwantneedasked­asked/t/answeredanswered/d/wantedwanted/id/neededneeded/id/以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只加­d(讀/d/)lovedancelovedloved/d/danceddanced/d/以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，把y變?yōu)閕，再加­ed(讀/d/)trystudytriedtried/d/studiedstudied/d/以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加­ed(讀/d/)playstayplayedplayed/d/stayedstayed/d/以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加­ed(在清輔音后讀/t/，在濁輔音后讀/d/，在t和d后讀/id/)stopplanstoppedstopped/t/plannedplanned/d/不規(guī)則變化需單獨(dú)記憶。高頻考向一實(shí)義動(dòng)詞詞義辨析實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：本身有詞義，能獨(dú)立作謂語，根據(jù)后面是否帶賓語，可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。1及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞后面要跟賓語才能使句子句意完整。如love，need，want等。它主要用于三種句型中：動(dòng)詞賓語如：I bought some books yesterday.我昨天買了一些書。(bought后有賓語books，為及物動(dòng)詞)動(dòng)詞賓語賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞間接賓語直接賓語2不及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞本身有完整的意思，后不需接賓語。如：He always studies hard。他一直努力學(xué)習(xí)。(study后無賓語，為不及物動(dòng)詞)若不及物動(dòng)詞需要帶賓語，其后需加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，才可以跟賓語。有的動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing是不及物動(dòng)詞)She sang an English song just now.她剛才唱了一首英文歌。(sing是及物動(dòng)詞)【例1】I've left my keys in the meeting room.Please _ them for me.All right.(2013，紹興)Abuy Bpaint Cwash Dfetch解析：由語境可知，說話者把鑰匙忘在了會(huì)議室里，請(qǐng)聽話者幫忙去取一下。fetch意為“去取(某物)”，符合語境。答案：_D_【例2】How's Bob now?I hear the company _ him a very good job，but he turned it down.(2014，武漢)Adonated Bserved Coffered Dintroduced解析：donate“捐贈(zèng)”；serve“服務(wù)”；offer“提供”；introduce“介紹”。由語境可知句意為“我聽說這個(gè)公司給他提供了一個(gè)很好的工作，但是他拒絕了”。答案：_C_【例3】He was wearing a pair of sunglasses and I didn't _ him at first.(2014，天津)Aadvise Bpromise Crecognise Dhear解析：advise“建議”；promise“承諾”；recognise“認(rèn)出”；hear“聽到”。由語境可知后半句句意為“我開始沒認(rèn)出他?！贝鸢福篲C_高頻考向二系動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞的用法1系動(dòng)詞。本身有詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。用來表示主語狀態(tài)的系動(dòng)詞只有be(am，is，are，was，were)；用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀態(tài)或態(tài)度的系動(dòng)詞有keep，stay，remain，stand等；表象系動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ook，seem，appear等；表示人的感覺的系動(dòng)詞有feel，smell，sound，taste等；表變化的系動(dòng)詞有become，get，grow，turn等。2助動(dòng)詞。本身無意義或意義不完整，不能獨(dú)立用作謂語。它須與別的動(dòng)詞連用，幫助構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、否定句和疑問句等。常用助動(dòng)詞有be，have，has，had，do，does，did，will和shall等?！纠?】This kind of peach looks really nice，but it _ very sour.(2014，寧波)Atastes Blooks Cfeels Dsounds解析：由語境可知“這種桃子看起來很好，但是嘗起來很酸”。taste“嘗起來”；look“看起來”；feel“感覺”；sound“聽起來”。答案：_A_【例5】Do you like watching TV?No，but my brother _.Adoes Bdo Cis Dlikes解析：通常我們用助動(dòng)詞替代上文提到的動(dòng)詞，以免重復(fù)。my brother為第三人稱單數(shù)，故“does”符合題意。答案：_A_高頻考向三情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，須與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語，表示說話人的情緒、態(tài)度和語氣。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。1can(could)表能力，could為can的過去時(shí)。can與be able to的意義基本相同。但can只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)，而be able to能用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。表可能性。表許可?？谡Z中可代替may。can't表有把握的否定判斷，意為“不可能”。could在口語中，常代替can來向?qū)Ψ奖容^委婉客氣地提出請(qǐng)求或表示看法。此時(shí)could不表示過去時(shí)。2may(might)用來征求對(duì)方意見，意為“可以”?？谡Z性較強(qiáng)。might可以指過去時(shí)間；也可指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，語氣更委婉。表猜測(cè)和對(duì)可能性的判斷，意為“可能；也許”。might可以指過去時(shí)間；也可指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，語氣更加不肯定。3must表說話人的主觀意志，意為“必須，應(yīng)該”。無時(shí)態(tài)變化。其否定答語常用needn't或don't have to，意為“不必”。注：have to意為“不得不；必須”，主要強(qiáng)調(diào)受到外界客觀因素的迫使。它可用于多種時(shí)態(tài)，且有人稱和數(shù)的變化。must的否定形式為mustn't，意為“不許；一定不要”，表示禁止和告誡。表示對(duì)事物的推測(cè)，意為“想必；一定”，只用于肯定句。且比may的語氣要肯定得多。4would作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，無人稱限制，表意愿，常與like，love連用。5should表義務(wù)。意為“應(yīng)該”(某件事宜于做)，用于各種人稱。表推測(cè)，意為“想必一定；照說應(yīng)該；估計(jì)”等?！纠?】Are you in a hurry?No，I've got plenty of time.I _ wait.(2014，鹽城)Acan Bcan't Cmust Dmustn't解析：can“可能，能夠”；can't“不能”；must“一定，必須”；mustn't“不允許，禁止”。由語境可知答語為“我有許多時(shí)間，我可以等。”答案：_A_【例7】May I play computer games now，Mom?No，you _ finish your homework first.(2013，臨沂)Amust Bcan Ccould Dmay解析：must“必須”；can“能，可以”；could“能，可以”；may“可以，可能”。根據(jù)對(duì)話情景“媽媽，現(xiàn)在我可以玩電腦游戲嗎？”“不能?！笨芍?，本句句意為“你必須先完成你的家庭作業(yè)”，故用must，表示命令。答案：_A_【例8】Must we clean the room at once?No，you _.You can do it after school.(2014，廣安)Amustn't Bneedn't Ccan't解析：對(duì)“Must we.？”句型的否定回答應(yīng)為“No，you needn't.”或“No，you don't have to.”答案：_B_【例9】Someone is knocking at the door.Is it Ann?It _ be her.She is giving a performance at the theater now.(2013，廣東)Amay Bmust Ccan't Dmustn't解析：由答語第二句“她現(xiàn)在在劇院進(jìn)行表演”說明敲門的一定不是她。may“可能是”，表示把握性不大的推測(cè)；must“一定是”，表示肯定推測(cè)；can't“不可能是”，用于有把握的否定推測(cè)；mustn't表示“千萬別，一定別”。答案：_C_高頻考向四動(dòng)詞短語動(dòng)詞短語指動(dòng)詞跟一個(gè)或兩個(gè)介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的固定短語。其意義與原來動(dòng)詞的意思不同。1動(dòng)詞短語的分類：動(dòng)詞介詞arrive in(at)，ask for，begin with，be from，come from，get to，laugh at，look for，send for，wait for及物動(dòng)詞副詞find out，give up，look up (查找)，put on，pick up，ring up，take off (脫下)，take away，turn on，turn off，think over不及物動(dòng)詞副詞get up，go on，grow up，set off，stand up，take off(起飛)動(dòng)詞副詞介詞get on (along) with，catch up with，come up with，go on with，look forward to動(dòng)詞名詞介詞take part in，make friends with，take care ofbe形容詞介詞be good at，be interested in，be good for，be worried about2初中階段常用短語如下：look短語look for尋找；look after照顧；look over查看；look forward to渴望，向往；look at看著；look up抬頭看，查找；look into 調(diào)查；look out當(dāng)心；look like看起來像；look the same看起來一樣；look through瀏覽put短語put off推遲；put on 穿上，上演；put away 把暫時(shí)收起來；put out撲滅；put down寫下；put back放回；put up 舉起，建造，張貼turn短語turn on打開；turn off關(guān)掉；turn up把音量開大一點(diǎn)；turn down把音量開小一點(diǎn)；turn to朝向；turn into變成；turn over翻開，翻轉(zhuǎn)；turninto把變成get短語get on/along(well)with與某人相處(融洽)；get up起床；get on上車(船、飛機(jī)、馬)；get off下車(船、飛機(jī)、馬)；get back回去；get back to回到；get away離開，逃脫；get down下來；get home到家；get into進(jìn)入，陷入；get out(of)(從)出去；get to到達(dá)；get together聚會(huì)take短語take off(飛機(jī))起飛，脫掉(衣服)；take in吸收，上當(dāng)；take away拿走；take out取出；take on雇傭，呈現(xiàn)；take down取下；take up占據(jù)時(shí)間、空間，開始從事，拿起agree短語agree with同意某人的(意見、想法、分析、解釋)；agree to同意(計(jì)劃、辦法)；agree to do sth.同意做某事go短語go over溫習(xí)，復(fù)習(xí)；go swimming/skating/shopping/dancing/fishing/hunting/camping去游泳/溜冰/購物/跳舞/釣魚/打獵/野營(yíng)；go into走進(jìn)；go out出去，熄滅；go away走開；go back回去，回顧；go up上升，攀登；go by時(shí)間流逝，從旁經(jīng)過；go down下降，下沉；go for為而去；go on繼續(xù)；go through經(jīng)歷；go to school/work去上學(xué)/班；go home回家；go to the doctor去看醫(yī)生come短語come along一道來；come in進(jìn)來；come into進(jìn)入；come out出來，出版；come down下來；come from來自；come back回來；come across偶然遇到；come over過來；come home回家；come into use開始使用；come on快，得啦，跟著來，加油give短語give up放棄；give off放出、發(fā)出(氣體、氣味、煙霧、光、水、熱等)；give out精疲力竭、累倒，耗盡、用完；give away泄露，贈(zèng)送；give in屈服，讓步，投降make短語make a decision作出決定；make sb.do sth.讓某人做某事；make a mistake犯錯(cuò)誤；make progress取得進(jìn)步；make friends with與交朋友；make up編造，虛構(gòu)，打扮，構(gòu)成，組成；make a face做鬼臉be短語be friendly/kind to對(duì)友好；be different from與不同；be afraid of害怕；be popular with受歡迎；be interested in對(duì)感興趣；be strict with對(duì)某人嚴(yán)格；be strict in對(duì)某事嚴(yán)格；be famous/known as作為出名；be famous/known for因著名；be surprised at對(duì)驚訝；be pleased with對(duì)滿意；be proud of對(duì)感到自豪；be polite/impolite to對(duì)某人有禮貌/不禮貌；be thankful/grateful to對(duì)某人感激；be good for對(duì)有好處；be good at擅長(zhǎng)于；be made up of由構(gòu)成；be angry with對(duì)某人生氣；be busy with忙于；be full of/filled with裝滿；be late for遲到；be covered with覆蓋著call短語call at拜訪(后接地點(diǎn))；call on拜訪(后接被拜訪的對(duì)象)，號(hào)召；call back回電話；call up打電話，使回憶起；call for要求，提倡，邀請(qǐng)【例10】We should think of others if we want to _ them.(2014，重慶)Aget on well with Bhear ofCget ready for Dhear from解析：由語境可知句意為“如果想要與別人相處融洽，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)多考慮別人”。get on well with“與某人相處融洽”；hear of“聽說”；get ready for“準(zhǔn)備”；hear from“收到某人來信”。答案：_A_【例11】Oh，dear！Your room is untidy.Sorry，mom.I'll _.(2014，云南)Aset it up Bclean it upCput it up Dlook it up解析：set up“建立，設(shè)立”；clean up“打掃干凈”；put up“張貼”；look up“查找”。由問句“你的房間不干凈”可知，答句句意應(yīng)為“我將去打掃干凈”。答案：_B_【例12】Ann is going on a tour of Xi'an，and she wants to _ Chinese history.(2013，江西)Adream of Blearn aboutClook through Dpass on解析：dream of “夢(mèng)到，夢(mèng)想”；learn about“了解”；look through“瀏覽”；pass on“傳遞”。由前半句句意“安打算到西安旅行”可知，后半句句意為“她想了解中國(guó)的歷史”。答案：_B_一、單項(xiàng)選擇。1I'm leaving now.(2014，齊齊哈爾)_C_ your coat.It's cold outside.AWear BPutting onCPut on2Our school is planning to _B_ a band to give the students a chance to show their musical talent.(2014，哈爾濱)Atake up Bset up Cpick up3She went to Hangzhou by train last night.She _C_ be at home now.(2014，遵義)Amust not Bmay not Ccan't4Mum，what are you cooking？It _D_ so sweet.(2014，安徽)Atastes Bfeels Csounds Dsmells5I got a message saying my phone number won a prize worth $3，000.(2014，寧波)Too good to be true.Don't _D_ it.Ado Bhold Cmake Dbelieve6The girl is greatly interested in the song.The lyrics of it _A_ her thoughts and feelings.(2014，白銀)Aexpress Bdiscuss Cexpect Dimagine7I used to _D_ with my wife and watch TV movies at home.(2014，武漢)Ashow up Bwake up Ccome up Dstay up8How was the concert last night?It was so good.Though it _C_ nearly four hours，few people left early.(2014，荊州)Acovered Breached Clasted Dplayed9Spring has come.We can't _A_ the plan.The trees must be planted this week.(2014，安順)Aput off Bmake upCcome up with Dlook up10Jason，I can't get Sue on the phone.I'm seeing her this afternoon.Do you want me to _A_ any message？(2014，湖州)Apass on Bfind outClook up Dwork on11Children _D_ sit in the front seat of a car.It's too dangerous.(2014，重慶)Aneed Bneedn't Cmust Dmustn't12_B_ you leave now？You only arrived here an hour ago.(2014，寧波)Sorry，but so much homework is waiting for me.AMay BMust CCan DMight13We _D_ pay to get into the concert.It's free.(2014，江西)Acan't Bmustn'tCmight not Ddon't have to14Is the man over there Mr.Brown?It _B_ him.He has gone to Brazil to watch the 2014 FIFA World Cup.(2014，黔西南)Amay not Bcan't beCshouldn't Dmustn't15You can hardly imagine the pleasure of talking on the Wechat (微信)(2014，哈爾濱)Really？But it _A_ cause you much trouble if somebody gets your personal information.Amay Bneed Chas to