機(jī)械外文翻譯 電梯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)-4_電梯機(jī)房井道和底坑

4 電梯機(jī)房、井道和底坑Machine room，Well and pit of lift4-1機(jī)房Machine room電梯機(jī)房一般設(shè)置在電梯井道的頂部（機(jī)房上置式）。機(jī)房內(nèi)安裝有曳引機(jī)、導(dǎo)向輪、控制柜、限速器、總電源控制盒等。Normally located on top of well (upper-placed machine room), machine room includes traction machine, diverter pulley, control cabinet, overspeed governor and main power control box.4-1-1 控制柜Control cabinet電梯控制柜安裝在曳引機(jī)旁邊，是電梯的拖動(dòng)裝置和信號(hào)控制中心。如圖4-1所示。早期的電梯控制柜中有接觸器、繼電器、電容、電阻器、變壓器、整流器等。隨著電腦、電子技術(shù)的飛越發(fā)展，VVVF控制技術(shù)、光纖通訊技術(shù)、串行通信、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等在電梯上得到廣泛應(yīng)用。大規(guī)模集成電路的應(yīng)用使電梯控制柜體積越來越小，功能越來越強(qiáng)，可靠性越來越高。目前的電梯控制柜大多由全電腦控制板和變頻器組成，達(dá)到對交流電動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行調(diào)頻調(diào)壓調(diào)速控制（VVVF）。Located near traction machine, control cabinet serves as a trailing device and signal control center, as shown in figure 4-1. Originally, control cabinet included contactor, relay, capacitor, resistor, transformer, and rectifier. With rapid development of computer and electronics as well as wide application of VVVF control technology, optical fiber communication technology, serial communication and network technology in lift, application of big scale integrated circuit makes control cabinet smaller in size, stronger in function and more reliable in operation. Currently, controlcabinet is composed of computer control panel and frequency inverter, to control AC motor in terms of frequency, voltage and speed (VVVF).控制柜的電源由機(jī)房的總電源開關(guān)(圖4-2)引入，由控制柜接觸器引出的動(dòng)力線用電線管送至曳引機(jī)的電動(dòng)機(jī)接線端子。電梯控制信號(hào)線由電線管或線槽引出，進(jìn)入井道再由扁型或圓型隨行電纜傳輸。信號(hào)交換控制線分別接到井道中各層接線盒中，構(gòu)成電梯的控制系統(tǒng)線路。在控制柜和機(jī)房布線時(shí)要注意強(qiáng)弱電要分開，防止弱電受干擾。Power supply of control cabinet is introduced from the main power supply in machine room（figure 4-2 ）. Cable leads from the contactor of control cabinet to the motor terminal of traction machine via conduit. Derived by conduit or channel, lift control signal line enters well then is transmitted by flat or round traveling cable. Signal exchange control lines are connected to terminal boxes of each landing in well, forming lift control loop. It is requiredthat power line and weak signal be separated to prevent weak signal from being interfered with when wiring is made in control cabinet and machine room. 4-1-2 曳引機(jī)Traction machine詳情已在第二章（曳引機(jī)）描述。The details has been described in chapter 2 （Traction machine）.4-1-3 限速器Overspeed governor限速器一般裝在機(jī)房的地面上，曳引機(jī)旁邊（圖4-3）, 其工作原理見5-2章。Governor is installed on the ground of machine room, at the side of machine (figure 4-3). The working principle will be de scribed in chapter 5-2.4-2電梯井道Well電梯井道是由井道壁、井道頂面和底面組成的，是供電梯轎廂和對重運(yùn)行的空間，通常位于建筑物的內(nèi)部，一般是由混凝土、磚或鋼結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成，并具有足夠的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度。Composed of well wall, well top and well bottom, well is always located inside the building as moving space for car and counterweight. It is made of concrete, brick or steel so as to bear mechanical strength. 4-2-1 導(dǎo)軌Guide rail導(dǎo)軌（圖4-4）：用于轎廂和對重在垂直方向運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)的導(dǎo)向，并限制轎廂和對重在水平方向的位移。轎廂和對重應(yīng)至少有兩根剛性的鋼制導(dǎo)軌導(dǎo)向。導(dǎo)軌通常用冷扎T型鋼制成，其抗拉強(qiáng)度應(yīng)為370520N/m2之間。導(dǎo)軌設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)主要考慮以下因素：載有不均布載荷沿導(dǎo)軌運(yùn)行時(shí)；安全鉗動(dòng)作時(shí)；裝載或卸載時(shí)。導(dǎo)軌強(qiáng)度主要考慮安全鉗動(dòng)作時(shí)，導(dǎo)軌的抗拉強(qiáng)度，導(dǎo)軌的變形則考慮載有不均布載荷沿導(dǎo)軌運(yùn)行時(shí)。Guide rail（figure 4-4）: it is used to guidecar and counterweight in vertical directionand restrict their horizontal displacement.Car and counterweight should have at leasttwo rigid steel rails. Guide rails are alwaysmade of cold-rolled T-steel, whose anti-pullstrength should range from 370 N/m2 to 520N/m2. Following conditions should be taken into consideration when guild rails aredesigned. When unevenly-distributed load is imposed on rail;When safety gear is activating;When loading or unloading is under way;Guide rail strength, especially anti-pull strengthshould be considered when safety gear isactivating, while rail deformation should be considered when uneven load is moving on rail.4-2-1-1 導(dǎo)軌與導(dǎo)軌的連接Connections between rails每根導(dǎo)軌的長度一般為45m，在安裝時(shí)端部以榫頭與榫槽配合定位，底部用連接板固定，榫頭與榫槽具有很高的加工精度，起連接定位作用，接頭處的強(qiáng)度由連接板和連接螺栓保證，連接后接頭處不應(yīng)存在連續(xù)縫隙，并且接頭處應(yīng)平滑，必要時(shí)進(jìn)行修光。見圖4-5。Usually each guide rail is 4m to 5m long. When mounted, guide rails are connected to each other and fixed by wedge and wedge groove on both sides. Its bottom is fixed by connecting board. Featuring highly processing precision, wedge and groove serve to connect and fix; strength of joint is guaranteed by connecting board and bolts. After connection is completed, no continual gap should exist in joint and joints should be smooth, if necessary, polished. See figure 4-5.4-2-1-2 導(dǎo)軌架Rail support導(dǎo)軌通過導(dǎo)軌架與井道壁連接。轎廂導(dǎo)軌架通常是可調(diào)的，以保證導(dǎo)軌之間的距離,見圖4-6。導(dǎo)軌的承載能力與導(dǎo)軌架配置間距有關(guān)系。同一規(guī)格的導(dǎo)軌當(dāng)導(dǎo)軌架配置間距較小時(shí)，可獲得較大的承載能力。導(dǎo)軌架的配置間距通常為2.5m，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況縮小或擴(kuò)大，其要求是導(dǎo)軌在工作中的撓度不應(yīng)超過允許撓度。Rails are connected with well wall by means of rail support which is usually adjustable to ensure specific distance between rails，see figure 4-6. Support capacity of rail is related to the distance between rail supports. For rail with same specifications, the shorter the distance between rail supports is, the larger the support capacity is. The distance of rail supports is normally , which can be decreased or increased according to actual circumstances; however, bending deflection for rails must not exceed maximum allowed value of .4-2-1-3 導(dǎo)軌壓板Rail clip導(dǎo)軌架與導(dǎo)軌的連接通過壓板(圖4-7)，壓板有浮動(dòng)型和模鍛型，浮動(dòng)型壓板可減少由于導(dǎo)軌應(yīng)力產(chǎn)生的導(dǎo)軌變形，導(dǎo)軌的應(yīng)力來自于導(dǎo)軌的熱脹冷縮和不可避免的建筑物下沉。當(dāng)導(dǎo)軌應(yīng)力克服了壓板摩擦力后，導(dǎo)軌可以沿縱向伸縮，減少了導(dǎo)軌的受力變形，增加了電梯的安裝質(zhì)量。模鍛型壓板主要用于固定隔光板的支架，極限開關(guān)的支架等，使這些支架不至產(chǎn)生移位。Rail supports are connected with rails by means of rail clip （figure4-7）, which is classified into floating and mold-cast types. Floating type can protect rails from deformation caused by the intrinsic energy of rails, which derives from rail expansion and constriction due to temperature change as well as unavoidable precipitation of building. After the intrinsic energy overcomes friction of boards, rails can extend vertically to reduce deformation and improve lift installation quality. Mold-cast type is mainly used to fix sensor vane and final limit switch brackets to avoid their displacement.4-2-2導(dǎo)靴 Guide shoe導(dǎo)靴是為了防止轎廂在曳引繩上的扭轉(zhuǎn)和不對稱負(fù)載下的偏斜，使電梯的轎廂、對重沿著導(dǎo)軌上下移動(dòng)的導(dǎo)向裝置，當(dāng)轎廂與對重的懸掛中心不變時(shí)，導(dǎo)靴幾乎不受力。由于載荷的移動(dòng)總是使轎廂中心發(fā)生變化，由此產(chǎn)生的力就反映在導(dǎo)靴上，使導(dǎo)靴靴襯隨著電梯上下運(yùn)行而磨損。Preventing car from wiggling on traction rope or deviating under uneven load, guide shoe is used to make car and counterweight move along rails. If suspension center of car and counterweight is constant, almost no force is applied on guide shoe. Since load movement always leads to the change of car center, force produced will be reflected on guide shoe, making guide shoe lines worn out with lift moving upwards and downwards.4-2-2-1 導(dǎo)靴的安裝位置Mounting position of guide shoe每臺(tái)電梯的轎廂共安裝四套沿導(dǎo)軌滑動(dòng)或滾動(dòng)的導(dǎo)靴，安裝在轎廂轎架的四個(gè)角與導(dǎo)軌接觸處，兩套上導(dǎo)靴固定在轎廂上梁上，兩套下導(dǎo)靴固定在安全鉗鉗座上。每臺(tái)電梯的對重側(cè)安裝四套導(dǎo)靴，安裝在上、下橫梁兩側(cè)端部。Car is equipped with four sets of sliding or rolling guide shoes that are located in the overlapping area of the four angles of car frame and rails; to be specific, two sets are fixed on top transoms, while the remaining on safety gear seat. Counterweight side is equipped with four sets of guide shoes that are located on both sides of top and bottom transoms. 4-2-2-2 導(dǎo)靴的種類Types of guide shoe電梯導(dǎo)靴基本上分為三大類。Guide shoe is classified into three types.4-2-2-2-1 固定式滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)靴Fixed sliding guide shoe常用于低速載貨電梯上。固定式滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)靴只能用在電梯運(yùn)行速度V/s的電梯轎廂或?qū)χ厣?。此類?dǎo)靴的靴頭是固定死的，沒有調(diào)節(jié)的余地。因此，導(dǎo)靴與導(dǎo)軌之間存在一定的間隙，隨著運(yùn)行時(shí)間的增長，間隙會(huì)越來越大，電梯運(yùn)行中會(huì)出現(xiàn)晃動(dòng)。保養(yǎng)時(shí)常常需要用黃油潤滑導(dǎo)軌。圖4-8所示是固定式滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)靴的一種Suitable for low-speed cargo lift, fixed sliding guide shoe can only be used in car or counterweight of lift with V/s. The shoe head is fixed with no room to adjust. With running time accumulation, the gap between shoe and rail will be increasingly large, therefore, lift will swing during operation. Butter should be used to lubricate rails for maintenance. One of the fixed sliding guide shoes is shown in figure 4-8.4-2-2-2-2 彈性滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)靴Elastic sliding guide shoe彈性滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)靴由靴座、靴頭、靴襯、靴軸、壓縮彈簧、調(diào)節(jié)組件組成。要求其靴襯以適當(dāng)?shù)膲毫εc導(dǎo)軌表面接觸（壓力可調(diào)整到基本上浮動(dòng)狀態(tài)為宜）。這類導(dǎo)靴必須在其上部帶機(jī)油油杯，在電梯運(yùn)行時(shí)機(jī)油通過導(dǎo)油毛氈不斷潤滑導(dǎo)軌。彈性導(dǎo)靴的靴頭只能在彈簧的壓縮方向上作軸向移動(dòng)。與固定式滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)靴不同的是靴頭是浮動(dòng)的。靴襯的底部始終緊貼在導(dǎo)軌的工作面上，吸收電梯運(yùn)行中產(chǎn)生的振動(dòng)與沖擊。為了補(bǔ)償導(dǎo)軌側(cè)工作面的直線偏差，導(dǎo)靴與導(dǎo)軌工作面之間要留有一定的間隙。這種導(dǎo)靴的應(yīng)用范圍一般在V圖4-9所示是彈性滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)靴的一種。Elastic sliding guide shoe is composed of shoe saddle, shoe head, shoe lines, shoe shaft, compressing spring and adjusting parts. It is required that shoe lines contact rail surface by proper pressure (pressure is assumed proper that is adjusted to floating state). Such guide shoe must have oil cup on its top so as to lubricate rails continuously by means of felt during lift operation. Shoe head can only move axially along spring compression direction. Unlike fixed sliding guide shoe, its shoe head is floating. Constantly attached to working surface tightly, the bottom of shoe lines absorbs shock produced during lift operation. To offset lineal deviation of rail side working surface, there should be a specific gap between guide shoe and rail working surface. Such guide shoe is used in lifts with V/s. One of the elastic sliding guide shoes is shown in figure 4-9.4-2-2-2-3 滾輪式導(dǎo)靴Rolling guide shoe滾輪式導(dǎo)靴如圖4-10所示，它是由滾輪、彈簧、靴座、搖臂組成。滾輪式導(dǎo)靴以滾輪代替了滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)靴的三個(gè)工作面，三個(gè)滾輪在彈簧力的作用下，緊貼在導(dǎo)軌的三個(gè)工作面上，見圖4-11。導(dǎo)靴三個(gè)滾輪浮動(dòng)地壓住導(dǎo)軌三個(gè)工作面，可消除電梯運(yùn)行時(shí)產(chǎn)生的振動(dòng)和噪音，當(dāng)電梯運(yùn)行時(shí)，滾輪在導(dǎo)軌上滾動(dòng)，大大減小了運(yùn)行的摩擦力，使電梯運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)、舒適、噪音小、節(jié)約能源。在導(dǎo)軌上的壓力與彈性導(dǎo)靴相同，并通過調(diào)節(jié)彈簧力對滾輪的壓縮量進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。Rolling guide shoe is shown in figure 4-10,it is composed of roller, spring, saddle androtating arm. Replacing three workingsurfaces, three rollers are attached to threeworking surfaces of rail under the spring force, see figure 4-11 . Three rollers press three working surfaces of rail, to eliminate shock and noise during lift operation. With low noise and economical power consumption, rollers move on rails, reducing friction greatly to ensure stable run and comfortable ride. Pressure on rail is same as that of elastic guide shoe, besides, compression of rollers can be adjusted by means of spring.滾輪式導(dǎo)靴絕對不允許在導(dǎo)軌的工作面上加潤滑油。否則，會(huì)使?jié)L輪打滑，無法運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。因此，滾輪導(dǎo)靴的另一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是不用給導(dǎo)軌加油，無油污染。For roller guide shoe, lubricant must not be used on rail working surface; otherwise, roller will slip so as to fail running. Therefore, roller guide shoe has no oil pollution. 滾輪導(dǎo)靴常用在電梯速度V2.0m/s的高速電梯上。Roller guide shoe is usually used in high-speed lift with V/s. 為了降低運(yùn)行噪音，減小摩擦力，盡量可以采用大一點(diǎn)的滾輪直徑。如電梯速度為5m/s時(shí)，轎廂側(cè)的導(dǎo)靴滾輪直徑至少為250mm，對重側(cè)的導(dǎo)靴滾輪直徑至少為150mm；當(dāng)電梯速度為2.5m/s時(shí)轎廂導(dǎo)靴滾輪為150mm，對重導(dǎo)靴滾輪為75mm。To reduce running noise and friction, it is recommended roller have larger diameter. For lifts with speed of 5m/s, roller diameter should be at least 250mm for car side, 150mm for counterweight side; for lifts with speed of /s, roller diameter should be at least 150mm for car side, 75mm for counterweight side; 4-2-3 隔磁板或隔光板（平層橋）Magnetic-isolating or light-isolating plate (sensor vane) 平層橋安裝在電梯井道內(nèi)每個(gè)層站平層區(qū)域內(nèi)。當(dāng)轎廂運(yùn)行到某一平層區(qū)時(shí)，該平層橋插入轎廂頂上相應(yīng)的感應(yīng)器內(nèi)，切斷感應(yīng)器磁（或光）回路，發(fā)出信號(hào)給控制柜，從而控制電梯平層停車開門。平層橋如圖4-12所示。Sensor vane is mounted inside leveling area of each landing in well. When car reaches a certain leveling area, it will insert a sensor of car top, cutting off magnetic (or light) circuit , giving off signal to control cabinet, stopping lift and opening door. As shown is figure 4-12. 4-2-4 極限開關(guān)Limit switch 為了防止電梯轎廂到達(dá)頂層或底層后無法正常停止而產(chǎn)生的“沖頂”、“蹲底”，井道中需設(shè)置強(qiáng)迫減速開關(guān)、限位開關(guān)和極限開關(guān)，在電氣控制上加以保護(hù)。圖4-13 所示為下極限開關(guān)示意圖。實(shí)際開關(guān)如圖4-14所示。To prevent car from continuing running after reaching top or bottom landings, forcing deceleration switch, limit switch and final limit switch to protect though electrical control. Down limit switch sketch as shown is figure 4-13. Truer switch as shown is figure 4-14.4-2-4-1 強(qiáng)迫減速開關(guān)Forcing deceleration switch強(qiáng)迫減速開關(guān)安裝在電梯井道內(nèi)頂層和底層附近。當(dāng)電梯在正常減速點(diǎn)未減速時(shí)，安裝在轎廂上的上、下開關(guān)撞板將使強(qiáng)迫減速開關(guān)動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)迫電梯減速。Forcing deceleration switches are mounted near top and bottom in well. If lift does not decelerate in normal deceleration point, upper and lower switch will activate, forcing lift to decelerate. 4-2-4-2 限位開關(guān)Limit switch 限位開關(guān)安裝在強(qiáng)迫減速開關(guān)的后面，當(dāng)減速開關(guān)一旦失靈，電梯未能減速停車而越過上、下端站平層位置時(shí)，限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作，迫使電梯停止運(yùn)行。限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作后，如轎廂有層樓召喚，電梯仍能運(yùn)行。Limit switch is mounted behind forcing deceleration switch. If the latter fails, lift run beyond top or bottom leveling position, it will activate, forcing lift to stop.4-2-4-3 極限開關(guān)（終端極限開關(guān)）Final limit switch (terminal limit switch)極限開關(guān)是電梯安全保護(hù)裝置中最后一道電氣安全保護(hù)裝置。極限開關(guān)有機(jī)械式和電氣式兩種。機(jī)械式常用于載貨電梯；電氣式常用于載客電梯中。As the last electrical protection device, final limit switch is classified into mechanical and electrical types; the former is used in cargo lift, while the latter in passenger lift.4-2-4-3-1 機(jī)械式極限開關(guān)Mechanical limit switch 此種開關(guān)僅用于低速載貨電梯。它的電氣開關(guān)部分被裝在機(jī)房內(nèi)與電源總開關(guān)串聯(lián)連接，控制著電源的總供電電源。機(jī)械控制部分被安裝在電梯井道內(nèi)，當(dāng)轎廂運(yùn)行到井道上、或下端站極限工作位置時(shí)，由于上、下端站強(qiáng)迫減速開關(guān)、限位開關(guān)相繼失效而使電梯超過平層位置50200mm時(shí)，轎廂開關(guān)撞板就與井道內(nèi)極限開關(guān)機(jī)械部分的上或下碰輪碰撞，并通過撞板及極限鋼絲繩拉動(dòng)安裝在機(jī)房的極限開關(guān)，切斷電梯總供電電源，從而使轎廂停止運(yùn)行。由于該開關(guān)是非自動(dòng)復(fù)位開關(guān)，因此每次動(dòng)作后，需由維修人員查明動(dòng)作原因，排除故障后，到機(jī)房才能用手動(dòng)使其復(fù)位。Mechanical final limit switch is only used in cargo lift. Its electrical switch part is installed in machine room and in series connection with power switch to control main power supply; mechanical control part is installed in well. Should forcing deceleration switch and limit switch fail consecutively, making life run beyond leveling position by 50200mm, bumping bar will bump with upper or lower cam of mechanical part for limit switch in well and pull final limit switch to activate, cutting off main power supply and stopping car. This switch is non-auto reset switch, therefore, technicians should detect the reason after its action every time; it can not be reset manually in machine room until failure is eliminated. 4-2-4-3-2 電氣式極限開關(guān)Electrical final limit switch這種開關(guān)一般采用電氣行程開關(guān)，安裝在井道上、下限位開關(guān)的后面極限位置。當(dāng)電梯運(yùn)行快到行程的極限時(shí)，在強(qiáng)迫減速開關(guān)和限位開關(guān)均未起作用的情況下，撞板使此極限開關(guān)動(dòng)作，切斷電梯控制回路電源，迫使電梯抱閘停車。該開關(guān)動(dòng)作后電梯不能再啟動(dòng)，經(jīng)查明原因排除故障后在機(jī)房將此開關(guān)短接，慢車離開此位置之后才能使電梯恢復(fù)運(yùn)行。這種開關(guān)通常用于快速和高速電梯中。極限開關(guān)必須在轎廂或?qū)χ匚从|及緩沖器之前動(dòng)作。As an electrical travel switch, this switch is mounted behind upper and lower limit switch. Before lift approaches travel limit, should forcing deceleration switch and limit switch failconsecutively, bumping bar will make final limit switch activate, cutting off control circuitand forcing car to stop by means of brake. Once this switch activates, lift will stop. After failure is eliminated, this switch will be short circuited in machine room; lift will restart several minutes later after slow car leaves this position.This switch is usually used in fast-speed and high-speed lifts.It must activate before car or counterweight touches buffer.4-3底坑Pit底坑在井道的底部，是電梯最低層站下面的環(huán)繞部分（如圖4-15所示），底坑里有導(dǎo)軌底座，轎廂和對重所用的緩沖器，限速器張緊裝置，補(bǔ)償繩輪，急停開關(guān)盒等。At the bottom of well, pit is a circular part below the bottom landing that is shown in figure 4-15. In pit there are rail saddle, buffer for car and counterweight, overspeed governor tension device, compensation sheave and emergency switch box. 4-3-1 導(dǎo)軌底座：Rail saddle 曳引電梯的底坑都有導(dǎo)軌底座，用以支撐導(dǎo)軌。For traction lift, there is rail saddle in pit to support rails.4-3-2 限速器張緊輪：Overspeed governor tension sheave限速器張緊輪如圖4-16所示。因?yàn)橄匏倨骼K要求有一定的張力，才能帶動(dòng)限速器的運(yùn)動(dòng)，從而能避免限速器繩的晃動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生噪音或干擾其它部件，保證限速器的正常工作。Governor tension sheave as shown is figure 4-16. Certain tension is required to drive overspeed governor and prevent it from swinging, producing noise, interfering with other parts, to ensure its good function. 4-3-3 補(bǔ)償繩輪或補(bǔ)償繩防晃器Compensation sheave or anti-wavering device對帶有補(bǔ)償繩的電梯在底坑應(yīng)設(shè)置補(bǔ)償繩防晃器，如圖4-17 所示。它的作用是在電梯運(yùn)行時(shí)限制補(bǔ)償繩的晃量，防止補(bǔ)償繩干擾其它部件。For lifts with compensation rope, anti-waver device should be mounted in pit, as shown in figure 4-17. Anti-waver device is used to limit wavering within a specific range, preventing compensation rope from interfering with other parts.對設(shè)用補(bǔ)償繩的高速電梯（電梯速度2.5m/s），在底坑有補(bǔ)償繩輪，來張緊補(bǔ)償繩。它是由張緊輪和確定張緊輪的導(dǎo)軌以及防下沉、防跳電氣安全開關(guān)組成。電梯在正常運(yùn)行時(shí)，張緊輪一直處于垂直浮動(dòng)狀態(tài)，它的作用是張緊補(bǔ)償繩，只作轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)而幾乎不作上下移動(dòng)。當(dāng)電梯“蹲底”或補(bǔ)償繩斷開時(shí)，張緊輪就順著張緊輪的導(dǎo)軌下沉，該導(dǎo)軌上裝有安全防沉開關(guān)，當(dāng)下沉的張緊輪降到一定位置時(shí)，該行程開關(guān)就動(dòng)作，切斷電梯的安全回路，使電梯停止運(yùn)行。For lift with speed of more than /s, compensation sheave should be mounted in pit to tension compensation rope. It is composed of tension sheave, corresponding rails and electrical safety switch preventing precipitation and jumping. When lift is in normal operation, compensation rope is in vertical floating state, tension compensation rope, rotating instead of jigging. When lift touches bottom or compensation rope breaks, tension sheave will precipitate along corresponding rail on which safety anti-precipitation switch is equipped. When tension sheave lowers to a specific position, the travel switch will activate, cutting off safety circuit and stopping lift immediately. 當(dāng)電梯速度V3.5m/s時(shí)，除上述裝置外，還應(yīng)增設(shè)一個(gè)張緊防跳裝置。此裝置在電梯高速運(yùn)行時(shí)一旦補(bǔ)償繩輪出現(xiàn)滯動(dòng)或補(bǔ)償繩松動(dòng)撞及上、下兩個(gè)行程限位開關(guān)，使該開關(guān)動(dòng)作，切斷電梯安全回路，使電梯立即停止運(yùn)行。When lift runs at speed of /s or above, in addition to the above mentioned device, a tension anti-jumping device is also needed. When compensation rope is stationary or slacks to touch upper or lower travel limit switch, this device will activate, cutting off safety circuit and stopping lift immediately. 4-3-4 緩沖器Buffer 油壓緩沖器如圖4-18所示。彈簧緩沖器如圖4-19所示。無論何種類型的電梯，都使用緩沖器保護(hù)轎廂，緩沖器是電梯最后一道安全裝置，當(dāng)電梯失去控制沖向底坑時(shí)，就需要緩沖器吸收和消耗電梯的能量，使電梯安全停止在底坑。緩沖器位于兩導(dǎo)軌之間，轎架的下梁下方和對重架的下方。具體見緩沖器一節(jié)。Oil buffer as shown is figure 4-18.Spring buffer as shown is figure 4-19.Whatever type a lift is, buffer is needed to protect car. As the last safety device, buffer will stop lift in pit by absorbing and exhausting lift energy when lift is out of control. Buffer is located between two rails, below bottom transom of car and counterweight. Details please refer to “Buffer” section. 4-3-5 底坑的深度計(jì)算公式How to calculate pit depth 底坑的深度可用下式計(jì)算：It is calculated by the following formula: 4-1式中：Where:s 轎廂和對重的越程（mm）一 s runby of car and counterweight, in般為305； mm, typically 305mm.e 緩沖器緩沖行程（mm）； e buffer travel, in mm; s 轎廂底部空隙；指轎廂最低部分凈空距離； s bottom gap of car is referred to as clearance of car bottom. n 轎廂地坎至蹲簧板距離（mm）。 n distance between car sill and the board stooping on spring, in mm;4-4 機(jī)房、井道和底坑的土建要求Construction requirement for machine room, well and pit 4-4-1 機(jī)房的土建要求Construction requirement for machine room4-4-1-1 機(jī)房應(yīng)有實(shí)體的墻壁、房頂、門和（或）檢修活板門，機(jī)房的墻壁、地板和房頂應(yīng)能大量吸收電梯運(yùn)行時(shí)產(chǎn)生的噪音；Machine room should have walls, ceilings, door and / or inspection movable panel door, and walls of machine room, floors should be able to absorb noise produced during lift operation. 4-4-1-2 機(jī)房的尺寸必須足夠大，以允許維修人員安全和容易地接近所有部件，特別是電氣設(shè)備；Dimensions of machine room should be spacious enough to make all components, especially electrical devices accessible to maintenance technicians. 4-4-1-3機(jī)房必須能承受正常所受的載荷； Machine room must be able to bear normal load.4-4-1-4機(jī)房地面應(yīng)采用防滑材料；Machine room floor should be covered with anti skidding materials. 4-4-1-5 機(jī)房地面應(yīng)平整，門窗應(yīng)防風(fēng)雨，機(jī)房入口樓梯或爬梯應(yīng)設(shè)扶手，通向機(jī)房的道路應(yīng)通暢，機(jī)房門應(yīng)加鎖，門的外側(cè)應(yīng)設(shè)有明顯標(biāo)識(shí)：“電梯機(jī)房危險(xiǎn)，未經(jīng)許可禁止入內(nèi)。”Machine room floor should b level with weather-proof door and windows; stairs of the entrance to machine room should have hand rails; the way to machine room should be free from obstructions. Machine room door should be lockable, with distinctive sign on the outside of door reading: Danger! Machine room is out of bounds without permission.”4-4-1-6 曳引機(jī)承重梁如果埋入承重墻內(nèi)，則支承長度應(yīng)超過墻厚中心20mm, 且不應(yīng)小于75mm;If support beam of traction machine is interred in support walls, support length should be not less than 75mm and exceed wall center by 20mm. 4-4-1-7 機(jī)房內(nèi)鋼絲繩與樓板孔洞每邊間隙應(yīng)為2040mm，通向井道孔洞四周應(yīng)筑一高50mm以上、寬度適當(dāng)?shù)呐_(tái)階；The gap between rope and vane hole in machine room should b e 20 40mm. Around well holes should be built steps that is of more than 50mm in height and of proper width. 4-4-1-8 曳引機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)部件的上方應(yīng)有不小于的垂直凈空距離；Rotary parts of traction machine should have vertical headroom of not less . 4-4-1-9 機(jī)房地面高度不一且相差大于時(shí)，應(yīng)設(shè)置樓梯或臺(tái)階并設(shè)置護(hù)欄；If the difference of machine room floors exist and exceed , stairs /steps and balustrade should be built. 4-4-1-10 機(jī)房地面有任何深度大于，寬度小于的凹坑或任何槽坑時(shí)，均應(yīng)蓋??；Any pit or grooved pit should be covered that are of more than in depth and less than in width in machine room floor. 4-4-1-11 機(jī)房門的寬度應(yīng)不小于，高度應(yīng)不小于。這些門不得向房內(nèi)開啟；Machine room door should be not less than and in width and height respectively, besides, the door is not allowed to open inwards. 4-4-1-12 機(jī)房必須通風(fēng)，以保護(hù)曳引機(jī)和所有設(shè)備盡可能不受灰塵、有害氣體和潮濕的損害；從建筑物其他部分抽出的陳腐空氣