研究生科研論文英文摘要常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題分析及寫(xiě)作規(guī)范瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院

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1、 我院碩士研究生論文英文摘要常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題分析李燕，王曉燕，唐小平，唐利，卞鐵蓉，楊向東，史小玲，陳莊瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中心，四川瀘州，646000摘 要 英文摘要作為科技論文的一個(gè)重要組成局部，是學(xué)術(shù)論文進(jìn)入流通和引用的窗口。本文對(duì)隨機(jī)選取的我院25篇研究生學(xué)位論文英文摘要進(jìn)行分析，通過(guò)舉例說(shuō)明英文摘要常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題及書(shū)寫(xiě)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為提高作者撰寫(xiě)高質(zhì)量的英文摘要提供一些建議。關(guān)鍵詞 醫(yī)學(xué)論文；英文摘要；書(shū)寫(xiě)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)位論文中的英文摘要是對(duì)外學(xué)術(shù)交流的重要局部1。一篇論文英文摘要的好壞直接關(guān)系著評(píng)審論文時(shí)是否能得以通過(guò)，也是院?？蒲袑W(xué)術(shù)水平的重要表達(dá)。因此，能寫(xiě)好一篇科研論文的英文摘要越來(lái)越重要。選取我院

2、25篇研究生學(xué)位論文英文摘要，包括根底，臨床醫(yī)學(xué)各專業(yè)，按照Ei Compendex收錄期刊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2對(duì)英文摘要的各組成局部的撰寫(xiě)要求逐一進(jìn)行分析，以利于我院研究生撰寫(xiě)出高質(zhì)量的英文摘要。1 題名title1.1 題名的書(shū)寫(xiě)要求 題名的根本原那么是準(zhǔn)確，簡(jiǎn)練，清晰，信息豐富，便于索引。題名通常不用陳述句形式，而是由一個(gè)或多個(gè)名詞加上其前置定語(yǔ)和或后置定語(yǔ)構(gòu)成，其中冠詞可用可不用時(shí)均不用3。題名一般可在10個(gè)單詞左右，最好不超過(guò)15個(gè)單詞。必要時(shí)較長(zhǎng)題名可采用副題名，中間用冒號(hào)隔開(kāi)。題目的書(shū)寫(xiě)形式大致有三種:(1)所有的單詞均大寫(xiě)。(2)僅首詞的首字母大寫(xiě)。(3)所有實(shí)詞的首字母均大寫(xiě)，但介詞字母多

3、于4個(gè)含4個(gè)時(shí)，其首字母要大寫(xiě)。目前世界上各大檢索機(jī)構(gòu)在題名上各有自己特有的要求，因機(jī)構(gòu)不同而有所差異。1.2 題明局部中常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題分析 表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤。例：Experimental Therapy of Disease A Infection with Drug 1 and Drug 2藥物1作者介紹：李燕1984-，女，研究實(shí)習(xí)員，碩士通訊 陳莊1954-，男，研究員，碩士生導(dǎo)師和藥物2治療疾病A的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究改：Experimental Therapy of Drug 1 and Drug 2 on Animal Disease A Model指代不明，標(biāo)點(diǎn)使用錯(cuò)誤，值得注意的是英文中并無(wú)頓號(hào)。

4、例： Effects of Drug 1 on the Proliferation of Cell A in Rat and Its mRNA Expression of Factor 1、Factor 2藥物1對(duì)小鼠細(xì)胞A增殖的影響及其因子1和因子2 mRNA表達(dá) 改：Effects of Drug 1 on the Proliferation of Cell A and the mRNA Expression of Factor 1 and Factor 2 in Rat用詞錯(cuò)誤，題名中介詞使用不正確。例：Protective Effects and Mechanism of Drug 1

5、 in Disease A of Rabbits with HgCl2藥物1對(duì)氯化汞導(dǎo)致兔疾病A模型的作用及機(jī)理改：Protective Effects and Mechanism of Drug 1 on Disease A of Rabbits Induced by HgCl2用詞錯(cuò)誤，導(dǎo)致表達(dá)不清楚。例：The Effect of the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Drug 1 on Cell A in Vitro and in Vivo藥物1對(duì)細(xì)胞A體內(nèi)外增殖和凋亡的影響改：The Effect of Drug 1 on the Proliferat

6、ion and Apoptosis of Cell A in Vitro and in Vivo1.3 題名局部的常用表達(dá)方式用方法手段對(duì)進(jìn)行研究分析觀察評(píng)價(jià)：Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment) of (on) (by) using 方法/with工具A對(duì)B的作用Protective effect of Drug 1 on endothelin-induced disease AA與B的關(guān)系Correlation (relation/relationship) between A and BCorrelation of A wit

7、h B and C常用修飾詞：positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly用治療Use of Drug 1 in the treatment of disease A in the elderlyA是B A as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in human cancer2 摘要abstract科研論文的摘要是作者為發(fā)表論文而撰寫(xiě)的、對(duì)論文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)明而確切記述的短文。在結(jié)構(gòu)方面，摘要不分段，一般僅為一段文字，通常位于題目作者之后，正文之前。期刊論文摘要一般為25

8、0個(gè)單詞左右，而學(xué)位論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)為500-1000個(gè)，一般不同機(jī)構(gòu)要求有所不同。英文摘要正文中一般不用圖、表、化學(xué)物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)式，不引用腳注和參考文獻(xiàn)，不宜用縮寫(xiě)、簡(jiǎn)稱和符號(hào)。必須使用時(shí)，要使用國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)公認(rèn)和通用的，并以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的書(shū)寫(xiě)方法書(shū)寫(xiě)。摘要主要分為指示型、信息-指示型和信息型3種。目前醫(yī)學(xué)類科研論文英文摘要多屬于信息型，是我們主要討論的一種摘要。這種摘要篇幅較長(zhǎng)，主要分為研究目的、方法、結(jié)果與結(jié)論4個(gè)要素4，并在行文中用醒目的字體黑體、全部大寫(xiě)、黑體全部大寫(xiě)或斜體直接標(biāo)出，便于讀者了解文章的內(nèi)容。2.1 目的objective2.1.1 目的局部的書(shū)寫(xiě)要求 目的，即本文的目的及要解決的問(wèn)題

9、。期刊論文只需簡(jiǎn)明扼要的將研究目的用1-2句話加以概括即可。學(xué)位論文那么需要稍加詳細(xì)介紹，一般可以先介紹研究的背景、意義，提出問(wèn)題，說(shuō)明其重要性，但這種介紹一定要極其簡(jiǎn)練。盡量防止在摘要的第一句話重復(fù)使用題名或題名的一局部5。背景介紹用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，目的用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)。2.1.2 目的局部中常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題分析拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤。不僅在目的中，在摘要的其他局部也時(shí)有出現(xiàn)，主要是作者粗枝大葉的態(tài)度造成的，多為錯(cuò)漏字母。如reaserch應(yīng)為research研究，grounp應(yīng)為group組，signifcantly 應(yīng)為significantly有意義地，intramusculy 應(yīng)為intramuscu

10、lar肌肉的。在Word文檔中，如出現(xiàn)拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)紅色波浪線提示；如出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)綠色的波浪線提示。如我們認(rèn)真嚴(yán)肅，注意細(xì)節(jié)，利用好軟件提供的便利，拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤是可以防止的。在目的中應(yīng)防止過(guò)多的表達(dá)研究的背景、意義，而只有少量的語(yǔ)言闡述本文的目的及要解決的問(wèn)題，造本錢(qián)末倒置?？萍颊撐氖强茖W(xué)，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)恼撐?。更?yīng)該防止諸如“疫情形勢(shì)十分嚴(yán)峻，“四川省衛(wèi)生廳對(duì)此高度重視，遂要求.這樣的句子。用詞錯(cuò)誤，指代不明。例：It is the acute infection disease with highest mortality in the world by now, nearly 100%.

11、疾病A是迄今為止人類病死率最高的急性傳染病，一旦發(fā)病病死率幾乎為100%改：Disease A is an acute infection disease with nearly 100% mortality by now.表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤，表達(dá)冗長(zhǎng)繁雜。例：To explore whether Drug 1 can attenuate disease A in rabbits and the probable protective mechanisms. Disease A rabbits mode induced by mercuric chloride (HgCl2) was used in t

12、his research. 本研究采用HgCl2中毒導(dǎo)致兔疾病A模型，探討藥物1對(duì)疾病A的作用及其機(jī)制改：To explore protective effects and the probable protective mechanisms of Drug 1 in mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induced disease A of rabbits.2.1.3 目的局部的常用表達(dá)方式直接用to do短語(yǔ)表達(dá) To determine if use of drug1 protects against disease AThe purpose/aim/objective

13、/goal(of present study is)was to The aim of this study was to determine the protective function of drug1 on disease AThe present study is /was designed/devised/intended to The present study was designed to establish whether there might be a .This study was performed/conducted/carried out/undertaken

14、to An experimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate We aimed/sought to/attempted to We sought to assess whether there is an increased risk of disease A among individuals who work in certain industries occupations. 方法methods2.2.1 方法局部的書(shū)寫(xiě)要求方法是對(duì)研究的根本設(shè)計(jì)加以描述，包括研究對(duì)象，干預(yù)或處理方法，測(cè)定或觀察方法三局部6

15、。闡述時(shí)應(yīng)緊緊圍繞這三局部，用準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)練的文字來(lái)表達(dá)，給讀者以清晰的思路。英語(yǔ)常用完整的被動(dòng)或主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)句子，動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。2.2.2 方法局部中常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題分析逗號(hào)不能用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)句子。例：The cells in exponential phase of growth were made into cell suspension, 3.6 103 cells per well were inoculated into 96-well culture plates. 將對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的細(xì)胞A，以3.6 103/孔的密度接種于96孔板改：The cell suspension was prepar

16、ed in exponential phase of growth and 3.6 103 cells per well were inoculated into 96-well culture plates.主謂賓不一致。例：The expression of various kinds of inflammation cytokine, adhesion molecule, and chemotatic factor is increased obviously in diabetic renal tissue. 在糖尿病患者腎組織中各種炎癥細(xì)胞因子，粘附分子，趨化因子的表達(dá)是明顯增加改：

17、The expression of various kinds of inflammation cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemotatic factors are increased obviously in diabetic renal tissue.中英文不一致。例：The animals were sacrificed at 3st, 6th, 12th, 24th, 48th, 96th after intramuscular injection. 組內(nèi)根據(jù)各觀察點(diǎn)再隨機(jī)分為3、6、12、24、48和96小時(shí)時(shí)間組改：The animal

18、s in each group were divided again into 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h and 96h group. 句子成分不完整，缺少主謂賓。例：Detecting the rabies virus antigen of 1095dogs saliva which were collected in Sichuan province from 2006 to 2007. 對(duì)2006年-2007年間采集的四川省1095只家犬唾液進(jìn)行狂犬病病毒抗原檢測(cè)改：Saliva of 1095 dogs was collected in Sichuan provinc

19、e from 2006 to 2007 and the rabies virus antigen of saliva was detected.2.2.3 方法局部的常用表達(dá)方式研究對(duì)象的分組 were divided into/classified/grouped intowere divided randomly/randomized into were divided equally into處理因素的表達(dá)be treated withalone or in combination with )be injected with by intraperitoneal/ intramuscu

20、lar/ intravenous檢測(cè)方法的表達(dá)be detected/ analyzed/measured byuse method to detect/ analysis/measure 結(jié)果results2.3.1 結(jié)果局部的書(shū)寫(xiě)要求結(jié)果是摘要的重點(diǎn)局部，記錄真實(shí)的科研數(shù)據(jù)，并說(shuō)明統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)程度，應(yīng)力求簡(jiǎn)明而富有信息性7。英語(yǔ)要用完整的句子，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，研究所得數(shù)據(jù)如百分?jǐn)?shù)、血壓等數(shù)字采用臨床病例書(shū)寫(xiě)形式，不必用書(shū)面英語(yǔ)表達(dá)。2.3.2 結(jié)果局部中常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題分析用詞錯(cuò)誤，拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤。例：The serum levels of Cr changed higher signifcantly c

21、ompared with normal group at 3st.與正常組相比Cr 3h明顯升高改：The serum levels of Cr increased significantly compared with normal group at 3h.句子錯(cuò)誤，表達(dá)含混不清。例：The XX recombinant plasmid was constructed successfully by restriction enzymatic analyses and DNA sequencing. 限制性內(nèi)切酶酶切重組質(zhì)粒及DNA測(cè)序結(jié)果都說(shuō)明所構(gòu)建的重組質(zhì)粒為XX融合表達(dá)載體改：The

22、XX recombinant plasmid was verified by restriction enzymatic analyses and DNA sequencing.表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤，句子復(fù)雜累贅，結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂。例：After induced by IPTG, the X protein expressed by P in M15 showed a 16 kD specific band in SDS-PAGE as compared with the control, which in accordance with prediction. IPTG誘導(dǎo)的含有P的大腸桿菌M15菌液表達(dá)的具有

23、X蛋白，經(jīng)SDS-PAGE電泳成功地顯示了一條約16kD的條帶，與預(yù)測(cè)分子量一致改：After induced by IPTG, the X protein was expressed in M15 with P. Compared with the control there was a 16 kD specific band in SDS-PAGE which was in accordance with prediction.2.3.3 結(jié)果局部的常用表達(dá)方式結(jié)果說(shuō)明The results showed / demonstrated / revealed / documented ind

24、icated/suggestedthatIt was found that與有關(guān)A was related / correlated /associated with B. There was a relationship /correlation between A and B. There was a relation of A with B and C增加或減少表示數(shù)值增加的動(dòng)詞：increase, rise, elevate 表示數(shù)值減少的動(dòng)詞：decrease, reduce, fall, drop, decline, lower 從增加到，平均增加,總的增加：increase fr

25、om to , with a mean/average (increase) of , with an overall increase of 增加了10：increase by (10%)倍數(shù)比擬 增加或減少n倍：increase by n fold (times). a n-fold increase A 是 B的n倍：A is n fold (times) asas B. A is n fold (times) B統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義常用句型 There was/is significant difference inbetween A and B The difference in betwee

26、n A and B was/is significant A was/is significant difference from B in No significant difference was found / observed / noted in between A and B 結(jié)論2.4.1 結(jié)論局部的書(shū)寫(xiě)要求結(jié)論即說(shuō)明成果蘊(yùn)含的意義，特別要說(shuō)明這種意義是怎樣與研究目的相聯(lián)系的。主要是從以下三個(gè)局部闡述8：1歸納性說(shuō)明研究結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)；2結(jié)論性說(shuō)明結(jié)果的可能原因、機(jī)理或意義；3前瞻性說(shuō)明未解決的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)結(jié)論涉及本或他人研究的內(nèi)容的時(shí)，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)；當(dāng)闡述普遍接受的思想、理論或結(jié)論、具有

27、普遍意義、前瞻性說(shuō)明是，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。特別說(shuō)明的是摘要和正文的結(jié)論不是一回事，但也不是正文中的結(jié)論摘要中就不能寫(xiě)，正文中的結(jié)論的主要局部應(yīng)當(dāng)在摘要中有所表達(dá)。2.4.2 結(jié)論局部中常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題分析用詞錯(cuò)誤，指代不明。例：They may play a role in anti-hepatocellular carcinoma by the proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction and the Ki67 expression downregulation of Drug 1 on cancer cells. 藥物1的抑瘤作用可能通過(guò)抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖、

28、增加其凋亡并下調(diào)癌細(xì)胞ki67的表達(dá)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)改：Drug 1 may play a role in anti-hepatocellular carcinoma by the proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction and the Ki67 expression downregulation in cancer cells.中式英文。例：Drug1 can improve the kedney function and hemorheology，Drug 1 can reduce free radicals damage and the hist

29、ological changes；they are all relate to the antioxidation and hemorheology probably. 藥物1對(duì)兔疾病A模型時(shí)的腎功能和血液流變學(xué)變化具有改善作用，可減輕腎組織的氧化損傷和形態(tài)學(xué)變化，其作用機(jī)制可能與抗氧化損傷和改善血液流變學(xué)變化有關(guān)改：Drug 1 can improve the renal dysfunction, hemorheology; reduce free radicals damage and the histological changes in HgCl2-induced disease A

30、of rabbits, that underlying mechanisms may be associated with the antioxidation and hemorheology.句子錯(cuò)誤，表達(dá)含混不清。例：The model was similar to the bodys natural process of HBV infection, the expression yield of all HBV makers were higher, and can be constructed simply, conveniently. 該模型類似于人體自然感染HBV的過(guò)程，各種乙肝

31、標(biāo)志物表達(dá)量均較高，方法簡(jiǎn)單易行改：The model, in which expression of all HBV makers were high, was similar to the natural process of HBV infection in vivo and can be constructed simply and conveniently. 2.4.3 結(jié)論局部的常用表達(dá)方式結(jié)果提示：These results suggest that具有意義：Be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance into 前瞻性說(shuō)明

32、：remain to be further studied；It is remains to be proved that 比擬推斷出：Comparison concludes that 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析指出：Statistical analysis demonstrates that 3 關(guān)鍵詞Keywords關(guān)鍵詞是科技論文的文獻(xiàn)檢索標(biāo)識(shí)，是表達(dá)文獻(xiàn)主題概念的自然語(yǔ)言詞匯。關(guān)鍵詞包括主題詞和自由詞兩局部。主題詞是專門(mén)為情報(bào)檢索機(jī)構(gòu)編制索引用的，它是從自然語(yǔ)言的主要詞匯中選取后并加以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的詞或詞組。自由詞那么是未標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的詞或詞組。關(guān)鍵詞的作用是便于讀者選讀及情報(bào)檢索人員編制索引及二次文獻(xiàn)9。3.1

33、 關(guān)鍵詞的書(shū)寫(xiě)要求關(guān)鍵詞在摘要的下方，一般要列出3-8個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。它可以是一個(gè)單詞，也可以是詞組，采用分號(hào)“；來(lái)間隔各關(guān)鍵詞。醫(yī)學(xué)論文標(biāo)引關(guān)鍵詞依據(jù)是美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)索引制定的醫(yī)學(xué)主題詞表Medical Subject Headings, MeSH。國(guó)內(nèi)有它的中文翻譯本，選擇關(guān)鍵詞是應(yīng)盡量選擇MeSH詞表上的詞，假設(shè)沒(méi)有，也可以標(biāo)引為自由詞。3. 2 關(guān)鍵詞中常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題分析中文科技期刊應(yīng)該特別注意中、英文關(guān)鍵詞的一致性：既要意思一致，又要順序一致。例如，例：關(guān)鍵詞：肝炎病毒，乙型；模型，動(dòng)物；基因治療；RNA干擾Key words: Hepatitis B virus/ Models, Animal/ G

34、ene Therapy/ RNA interference改：關(guān)鍵詞：乙型肝炎病毒；動(dòng)物模型；基因治療；RNA干擾Key words: Hepatitis B virus; Animal Models; Gene Therapy; RNA interference4 結(jié)語(yǔ)通過(guò)25篇研究生學(xué)位論文英文摘要，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管研究生們對(duì)文章的內(nèi)容十分了解，而且熟悉本專業(yè)的專業(yè)詞匯，但由于對(duì)英文摘要的特征、要求及撰寫(xiě)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不熟悉，其英文摘要往往達(dá)不到以簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)論文主要內(nèi)容的目的。語(yǔ)言方面的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤有：句子錯(cuò)誤，用詞錯(cuò)誤，表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤，中式英語(yǔ)，拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤及其他。對(duì)于醫(yī)學(xué)英文摘要的撰寫(xiě)， Medline數(shù)據(jù)

35、庫(kù)是我們最好的老師10。在翻譯醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)該積極利用Medline數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行檢索，多學(xué)習(xí)，多模仿，多進(jìn)行實(shí)踐，如此也會(huì)有助于我們提高英文摘要的寫(xiě)作水平。本文主要是從英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的角度粗淺地探討如何提高英文摘要的質(zhì)量，由于筆者水平有限，其他許多問(wèn)題本文沒(méi)有提及，假設(shè)觀點(diǎn)有錯(cuò)還望大家批評(píng)指正。參考文獻(xiàn)1. 洪班信. 如何書(shū)寫(xiě)醫(yī)學(xué)論文的英文摘要J. 放射學(xué)實(shí)踐, 2021, (8): 92l-922.2. Katz P C，Berger M CEi Compendex收錄期刊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)J文獻(xiàn)芳，張?jiān)录t，譯哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2001，33(6)：872-874.3. 章恒珍. 醫(yī)學(xué)英文摘要寫(xiě)作M.

36、廣州: 暨南大學(xué)出版社. 2004: 2-4.4. 王全楚, 馬可為. 醫(yī)學(xué)英文摘要寫(xiě)作手冊(cè)M. 北京: 清華大學(xué)出版社.2004: 3-24.5. 陳浩元. 科技書(shū)刊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化18講M. 北京: 北京師范大學(xué)出版社.1998: 73-80.6. 鄧芳明, 龔學(xué)民. 從外籍編委審校英文摘要看編校英文摘要應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題J.編輯學(xué)報(bào), 2007, 19(1): 20-22.7. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication J. Croatian Medical Journal, 2003, 44(6): 770-783.8.鄭福裕. 科技論文英文摘要編寫(xiě)指南作者M(jìn).北京:清華大學(xué)出版社.2003:45-51.9. 金坤林. 如何撰寫(xiě)和發(fā)表SCI期刊論文M. 北京: 科學(xué)出版社. 2021: 35-40.10. 陳望忠, 宋建武. 編輯如何利用Medline進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)論文英文摘要的修改J. 中山大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)論叢, 2007, 27(7): 226-227.