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Single-screw Machine Tool Layout and Structure
Abstract Machine is a national symbol of high and low level of manufacturing industry, the core is a CNC system. We are currently not say that the system is the quality of domestic-made CNC machine tools a little better, the use of high-precision ball screws, bearings are imported, mainly to buy in Japan, our homegrown ball screw, bearings in precision, there are problems in life.This paper describes four areas from the existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introduction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the production of reference works.
Key Words Machine Spindle Bearing Tool
Machine is a national symbol of high and low level of manufacturing industry, the core is a CNC system. We are currently not say that the system is the quality of domestic-made CNC machine tools a little better, the use of high-precision ball screws, bearings are imported, mainly to buy in Japan, our homegrown ball screw, bearings in precision, there are problems in life. Currently the major machine tool plant, purchased 100% of NC system, the manufacturers generally buy a Japanese Fanuc, Mitsubishi systems, accounting for more than 80%, but also Germany's Siemens system, but relatively small. Why is Germany's Siemens system used by small? Early, the German system is not able to fit our power grid. Our power grid stability is not enough, Siemens electronic servo system, the module easy to burn out. Japan is different, and their system is not a bad burn. Recently, a number of Siemens system improvements, price is still slightly higher. Germany is very great importance to China, so Chinese of their system only recently, unlike Japan, there are Chinese-based version of the long ago.
They are introduced in the late 90's Japanese technology development. South Korea should be a little better. It has its own manufacturing, has commercialized the NC system, but imports of machine tools in China in response to our requirements, but also replaced the Japanese system. We trusted their systems. South Korean CNC machine tools are mainly two: Daewoo and Hyundai. Daewoo currently has a joint venture in China. However, their poor quality machine tools, life is short, the current bad influence in the mainland. In fact, they were better than we made a little. However, our own poor, we can tolerate, Taiwan's machine is purchased with U.S. dollars, with the bad, and that the fire larger. Taiwan's main plant, several tools have been intended to move their factories to the mainland, most of them in Shanghai. These plants currently in the domestic competition, but also the name of the banner made.
On the domestic advanced numerical control machine tools, its main profit is taken away by foreigners.
Recently, as China's economic development, also caused some of the major machine tool manufacturers in the world's attention in 2000, China set up a joint venture of NC machine tool plant, said production level is very high, known as "intelligent, network-based" factory, and the world simultaneously. Also this year, a major Japanese Okuma Machine Tool Plant in Beijing, set up an annual output of 1000 sets CNC machine tools can be a holding company of a well-known German companies are setting up a Shanghai factory.
At present, the countries have developed a number of policies to encourage people to use domestic CNC machine tool, each manufacturer is trying to catch up. the 80% are imported, domestic machine tools to meet needs. Within the next five years, this trend will not change. However, in terms of the present domestic needs, China's CNC machine tools now are able to meet the medium and low product orders.
First, introduce the layout of machine tools
The first is: machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed
Machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed, can not adjust the center distance. Processing of several of the screw diameter on the center distance required several different specifications of the machine.
Advantages: simple structure of the machine.
Disadvantage: each machine can only process a specification of the screw, when the market on a certain specification requirements when the screw compressor, resulting in a machine, other machine idle.
The second: the machine tool spindle box for rotary
Spindle box that the machine can turn on a machine at the above-mentioned article on the use of the improvements, with the first structure of a machine tool is basically the same.
Advantages: the structure of machine tool easy to adapt to a variety of specifications of the processing screw.
One disadvantage: after the rotating spindle box and the tool spindle turning center line distance between the center line of accurate measurement difficult.
The third: the machine tool spindle box for horizontal mobile
Box at the bottom of the spindle and the base there is arranged between the rectangular sliding rail, spindle box perpendicular to the direction of movement of spindle centerline and perpendicular to the centerline of the tool rotation. Through the power of the spindle box shaft to the base of the tool feed mechanism.
Screw diameter, according to the size of the processing in the processing of the previous round by hand to the body put into the screw spindle box moved to the appropriate location, and then screw the spindle box on a fixed base.
Horizontal spindle box can be used as a mobile machine can process diameter φ95 ~ φ385mm any kind between the screw specifications.
Φ95 ~ φ385mm processing because of the diameter of the screw, causing the front surface and the tool spindle rotation the distance between the center line of the margin is too large, the actual application in the design specifications of the machine into two, a φ95 ~ φ205mm machine screw diameter Another φ180 ~ φ385mm machine screw diameter.
Advantages: a variety of tools to adapt to the specifications of the processing screw, each screw specifications need not be provided with the appropriate machine tools.
Disadvantage: the structure of machine tools and machine tool assembly of the two kinds of more complex machine tools, machine tools than the cost of two kinds of machine tools before the high.
Second, introduce the structure of machine tool spindle
The level of machine tool spindle box on the main axis and the base of the vertical axis determines the degree of precision was the precision screw machining, at the same time screw compressor at a speed of thousands of high-speed rotary switch, the accuracy of the screw will be less so that the compressor have a fever, vibration, low efficiency, such as wear and tear situation quickly.
Currently available single-screw machine spindle structure of the program has the following two.
The first is: bearing radial clearance is not adjustable spindle structure
Before spindle bearing out the use of one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings and thrust ball bearing combination of both, the main use of double row cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of two ball bearings to bear axial thrust cutting force.
Main advantages of this structure: the main axis of the processing and assembly of simple, low cost.
One disadvantage: because the main axis of the radial bearing clearance can not be adjusted so poor precision spindle. Although the use of bearings and shaft diameter fit to eliminate the radial bearing clearance, but each bearing diameter and radial clearance is not a fixed value, so it is difficult to design and processing to the quasi-axial-radial and bearings with bore tolerances.
2 disadvantage: it is very difficult to buy in the market of domestically produced or imported, C, D or P4, P5 class thrust ball bearings, machine tool manufacturing plant commonly used alternative to the use of ordinary class bearings, which also affected the accuracy of the enhance spindle.
Bearing radial clearance adjustable spindle structure do not apply to the general accuracy of the general machine tools, does not apply to require a higher accuracy of the spindle of machine tools.
The second: the radial bearing clearance adjustable spindle structure
Before the adoption of a spindle bearing P4 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings and a P4-class double row ball bearing thrust to the combination of heart. The use of the spindle hole of the double row tapered cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of double row ball bearing thrust to the heart to bear part of the axial and radial cutting force cutting force.
Spindle bearings generally used after a P5 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings.
Double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings with inner ring and shaft are tapered 1:12, bearing lock nut with a round led a bearing in the axial displacement of the inner ring bearings and expansion, to reduce or eliminate bearing radial clearance purposes.
Main disadvantage of this structure:
The principal axis of the more complicated process, the spindle assembly also has the experience necessary to make the workers to operate the spindle achieve the desired numerical accuracy.
Third, the depth of the tool feed control
Required different processing screw diameter spiral groove depth is also different from the depth of the spiral groove mm from dozens to more than 100 millimeters range around the tool into the institutions required to feed the thousands of ring rotation in order to achieve a screw machine.
Feed because of the tool in the tool rotating at the same time achieve motion feed, so on a number of general machine tools used in mechanical, electrical control method of depth of cut does not apply to single-screw machine.
Single screw machine tools give agencies into the following different ways can be feed to control the depth of purpose.
The first is: friction clutch and electrical switches to control the depth of the tool feed
Its principle is to control depth of cut increases the tool cutter feed mechanism increases the load torque so that the tool feeding mechanism of the friction transmission chain slipping clutch, a mechanical linkage concurrent silent trigger electrical switches, optical signal prompted operator, when manual operator to disconnect the tool into the power sector.
The advantages of this control method are: the control method is simple and spare parts processing and operational power from the impact of a sudden.
Processing of different diameter screw to adjust the clutch friction discs pressed the preload spring.
Material because of the density of each screw, and the hardness of the existence of subtle differences in the degree of cutting tools sharp differences exist, thus the accuracy of this control method was not too accurate, may lead to screw spiral groove depth tolerance is too large.
The second: use of an electromagnetic clutch, encoder control tool into the mix to the depth of
Tool feed system, equipped with electromagnetic clutch and a tool for detecting the number of rotating ring gear and a gun encoder.
It is a tool of control principle hand screw surface encoder to start counting switch, then start counting device, when the rotary tool to pre-set number of laps when the cutting depth is reached, the electromagnetic clutch automatic off open to the power tool into the concurrent silent, optical signal parts prompted the operator has finished processing.
The detection device through the digital display shows the number of feed circles or feed. Torn off and the electromagnetic clutch, the tool does not only into the rotation with the vertical shaft to the sport.
The advantages of this control method are: the depth of the spiral groove screw tolerance control more accurate, because of several significant table shows the depth of processing, or want a few laps and the depth of processing or circle the number of operations is also very intuitive and user-friendly.
Disadvantage are: electrical control of machine tools at the same time more complex parts of this control method at the processing plant, if a sudden power failure, the prior data set will be lost.
If you add in the electrical control of the battery to power at the early-dimensional detection devices to maintain the job, the problem can be resolved.
Detect drive way too much space is a fixed power input shaft and output shaft rotation shaking, in the case of the transmission structure of conventional design and manufacture of machine tools, the transmission output shaft angle space at more than ten degrees to the dozens of degrees. Transmission gap caused by too large spiral screw groove surface then there is obvious marks, thus affecting the machining accuracy of the screw.
Upon completion of the assembly machine tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, in fact are subject to various errors gear, creating a backlash of the gear is too large.
Machine tools in the mechanical transmission gear are used regardless of the accuracy of a few of the class, the designers take into account the gear manufacturing error, processing error box center distance, temperature, lubricating oil film thickness, the assembly error and other factors, machine design must ensure that transmission gear A certain amount of backlash, backlash decide the size of the gear tooth thickness tolerance size.
Single-screw machine has the Main Drive from other machine tool structure specificity.
The first is: the installation at the output shaft brake
Tool at the output shaft rotating the location of cylindrical symmetry with radial brake, brake stand up to the tool front-end of the cylindrical rotary output shaft, brake for spring preload.
The working principle of the brake is generated by the friction brake to increase the output shaft damping, reducing the sensitivity of the rotation axis.
Are: brake and easy does not change the structure of the original machine tool structure, the method of indirect reduction to achieve the purpose of drive space, in practical applications there is a certain effect.
The pre-spring brake tool because of the cylindrical output shaft to exert a greater radial force, in fact increases the load machine torque, resulting in increased motor power at the same time gears, bearings to accelerate wear and tear.
Conclusion
This article describes four areas from existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introduction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the production of reference works.
附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文
單螺桿加工機床的布局和結(jié)構(gòu)
摘要 機床是一個國家制造業(yè)水平高低的象征，其核心就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。我們目前不要說系統(tǒng)，就是國內(nèi)造的質(zhì)量稍微好一點的數(shù)控機床，所用的高精度滾珠絲杠，軸承都是進口的，主要是買日本的，我們自產(chǎn)的滾珠絲杠、軸承在精度、壽命方面都有問題。本文從四個方面介紹了國內(nèi)現(xiàn)有單螺桿加工機床的布局和結(jié)構(gòu)，并把優(yōu)缺點一一列舉出來，由于壓縮機生產(chǎn)廠的單螺桿加工機床和機床資料對外保密，以上介紹難免有片面、不妥之處，因此僅供單螺桿壓縮機生產(chǎn)廠參考。
關(guān)鍵詞 機床 主軸 軸承 刀具
機床是一個國家制造業(yè)水平高低的象征，其核心就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。我們目前不要說系統(tǒng)，就是國內(nèi)造的質(zhì)量稍微好一點的數(shù)控機床，所用的高精度滾珠絲杠，軸承都是進口的，主要是買日本的，我們自產(chǎn)的滾珠絲杠、軸承在精度、壽命方面都有問題。目前國內(nèi)的各大機床廠，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)100％外購，各廠家一般都買日本發(fā)那科、三菱的系統(tǒng)，占80％以上，也有德國西門子的系統(tǒng)，但比較少。德國西門子系統(tǒng)為什么用的少呢？早期，德國系統(tǒng)不太能適合我們的電網(wǎng)，我們的電網(wǎng)穩(wěn)定性不夠，西門子系統(tǒng)的電子伺服模塊容易燒壞。日本就不同了，他們的系統(tǒng)就燒不壞。近來西門子系統(tǒng)改進了不少，價格方面還是略高。德國人很不重視中國，所以他們的系統(tǒng)漢語化最近才有，不像日本，老早就有漢語化版的。
韓國、臺灣的數(shù)控機床制造能力比大陸地區(qū)略強，不過水平差不多。他們也是在上世紀(jì)90年代引進日本技術(shù)發(fā)展的。韓國應(yīng)該好一點，它有自己制造的、已經(jīng)商業(yè)化了的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，但進口到中國的機床，應(yīng)我們的要求，也換成了日本系統(tǒng)。我們對他們的系統(tǒng)信不過。韓國數(shù)控機床主要有兩家：大宇和現(xiàn)代。大宇目前在我國設(shè)有合資企業(yè)。臺灣機床和我們大體一樣，自己造機械部分，系統(tǒng)采購日本的。但他們的機床質(zhì)量差，壽命短，目前在大陸影響很壞。其實他們比我們國產(chǎn)的要好一點。但我們自己的差，我們還能容忍，臺灣的機床是用美金買來的，用的不好，那火就大了。臺灣最主要的幾家機床廠已打算把工廠遷往大陸，大部分都在上海。這些廠目前在國內(nèi)的競爭中，也打著國產(chǎn)的旗號。
就國產(chǎn)高級數(shù)控機床而言，其利潤的主體是被外國人拿走了，中國只是掙了一個辛苦錢。
近來隨著中國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，也引起了世界一些主要機床廠商的注意，2000年，日本最大的機床制造商“馬扎克”在中國銀川設(shè)立了一家數(shù)控機床合資廠，據(jù)說制造水平相當(dāng)高，號稱“智能化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化”工廠，和世界同步。今年日本另外一家大機床廠大隈公司在北京設(shè)立了一家能年產(chǎn)1000臺數(shù)控機床的控股公司，德國的一家很有名的企業(yè)也在上海設(shè)立了工廠。
目前，國家制定了一些政策，鼓勵國民使用國產(chǎn)數(shù)控機床，各廠家也在努力追趕。國內(nèi)買機床最多的是軍工企業(yè)，一個購買計劃里，80％是進口，國產(chǎn)機床滿足不了需要。今后五年內(nèi)，這個趨勢不會改變。不過就目前國內(nèi)的需要來講，我國的數(shù)控機床目前能滿足中低檔產(chǎn)品的訂貨。
一、介紹機床的布局
壓縮機排氣量的大小決定了星輪、螺桿直徑的大小和嚙合中心距的大小，因此螺桿直徑的不同，機床的主軸與刀具的回轉(zhuǎn)中心也不同。為滿足加工不同直徑的螺桿，目前國內(nèi)單螺桿加工機床的布局大致有以下幾種方案。
第一種：機床的主軸與刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心的中心距為固定式
機床的主軸與刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心的中心距為固定式，中心距不可調(diào)整。加工幾種直徑的螺桿就需要幾種中心距規(guī)格不同的機床。
優(yōu)點：機床的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。
缺點：每種機床只能加工一種規(guī)格的螺桿，當(dāng)市場上某種規(guī)格的壓縮機螺桿需要量大時，造成一臺機床加工，其他機床閑置。
第二種：機床的主軸箱為可回轉(zhuǎn)式
機床可根據(jù)加工螺桿直徑的大小在加工前把主軸箱旋轉(zhuǎn)一個角度。這種主軸箱能夠回轉(zhuǎn)的機床是對上述第一種機床在使用方法上的改進，與第一種機床的結(jié)構(gòu)基本相同。
優(yōu)點：機床的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，能適應(yīng)多種規(guī)格螺桿的加工。
缺點1：主軸箱旋轉(zhuǎn)后主軸回轉(zhuǎn)中心線與刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心線間的距離不易精確測量。
缺點2：主軸箱旋轉(zhuǎn)后主軸前端面與刀具的回轉(zhuǎn)中心線間的距離減少，因此加工較大直徑的螺桿受到限制。
第三種：機床的主軸箱為橫向移動式
主軸箱底部與底座之間布置有矩形滑動導(dǎo)軌，主軸箱移動的方向垂直于主軸回轉(zhuǎn)中心線并垂直于刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心線。主軸箱的動力通過花鍵軸傳給底座內(nèi)的刀具進給機構(gòu)。
根據(jù)加工螺桿直徑的大小，在加工前用手輪絲杠進給機構(gòu)把主軸箱移動到適當(dāng)位置，然后用螺釘將主軸箱固定在底座上。主軸箱的移動距離可用光柵尺檢測，位置誤差±0.005mm。
采用主軸箱可橫向移動的一個機床就可以加工直徑φ95～φ385mm之間任何一種規(guī)格的螺桿。
由于加工φ95～φ385mm直徑的螺桿，造成主軸前端面與刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心線間的距離差值過大，因此在實際應(yīng)用時設(shè)計成兩種規(guī)格的機床，一個機床加工φ95～φ205mm直徑的螺桿，另一個機床加工φ180～φ385mm直徑的螺桿。
優(yōu)點：機床能適應(yīng)多種規(guī)格螺桿的加工，每種規(guī)格的螺桿不需要配備相應(yīng)的加工機床。
缺點：機床的結(jié)構(gòu)和機床的裝配較前二種機床復(fù)雜，機床的造價也較前二種機床高。
二、介紹機床的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)
機床主軸箱的水平主軸和底座上的立式的主軸精度的高低決定了被加工螺桿的精度，同時螺桿在壓縮機中以幾千轉(zhuǎn)的速度高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時，精度較差的螺桿會使壓縮機產(chǎn)生發(fā)熱、振動、效率低、磨損快等現(xiàn)象。
國內(nèi)目前現(xiàn)有的單螺桿加工機床主軸結(jié)構(gòu)大致有以下兩種方案。
第一種：軸承徑向游隙不可調(diào)的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)
主軸前軸承采用1個雙列圓柱滾子軸承和兩個推力球軸承組合，該主軸使用雙列圓柱滾子軸承承受徑向切削力，使用兩個推力球軸承承受軸向切削力。
主軸后軸承一般采用1個雙列圓柱滾子軸承或采用1個向心球軸承。
這種主軸結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點：主軸的加工和裝配簡單，造價較低。
缺點1：由于主軸軸承的徑向游隙不可調(diào)整，所以主軸精度較差。雖然可以利用軸承的內(nèi)徑和軸徑的過盈配合來消除軸承的徑向游隙，但每個軸承的內(nèi)徑和徑向游隙不是一個固定值，因此設(shè)計和加工時很難給準(zhǔn)軸徑與軸承內(nèi)徑的配合公差。
缺點2：在市場上很難買到國產(chǎn)或進口的C、D級或P4、P5級的推力球軸承，機床生產(chǎn)廠常用普通級軸承替代使用，此舉也影響了主軸精度的提高。
軸承徑向游隙不可調(diào)的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)適用于一般精度的普通機床，不適用于對主軸精度要求較高的機床。
第二種：軸承徑向游隙可調(diào)的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)
主軸前軸承采用一個P4級圓錐孔的雙列圓柱滾子軸承和1個P4級的雙列向心推力球軸承組合。該主軸使用圓錐孔的雙列圓柱滾子軸承承受徑向切削力，使用雙列向心推力球軸承承受軸向切削力和部分徑向切削力。
主軸后軸承一般采用1個P5級圓錐孔的雙列圓柱滾子軸承。
圓錐孔雙列圓柱滾子軸承的內(nèi)圈和配合軸徑均為1：12圓錐，用圓螺母鎖緊軸承則使軸承在軸向產(chǎn)生一個位移并使軸承的內(nèi)圈膨脹，從而達到減少或消除軸承徑向游隙的目的。
這種主軸結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點：主軸精度較高。在主軸前端面φ230mm直徑上測量主軸的端面跳動值為0.010mm。在主軸前端φ230mm外圓上測量主軸的徑向跳動值為0.005mm。第二種結(jié)構(gòu)的主軸精度比第一種主軸精度提高50%左右。
這種主軸結(jié)構(gòu)的缺點：
主軸的加工工藝較復(fù)雜，主軸的裝配也需要有經(jīng)驗的工人操作才能使主軸精度達到理想數(shù)值。
三、刀具進給深度的控制
不同直徑的螺桿需要加工螺旋槽的深度也不同，螺旋槽的深度從幾十毫米到一百多毫米不等，刀具進給機構(gòu)大約需要旋轉(zhuǎn)進刀幾千圈才能完成一個螺桿零件的加工。
由于刀具進給機構(gòu)在刀具旋轉(zhuǎn)的同時還要完成進刀動作，所以一些在普通機床上常用的機械、電氣控制切深的方法都不適用于單螺桿加工機床。
單螺桿加工機床的刀具進給機構(gòu)采用以下不同的方法都可以達到控制進刀深度的目的。
第一種：摩擦離合器和電氣開關(guān)控制刀具進給深度
它的控制原理是刀具切深增大時刀具進給機構(gòu)的負(fù)載扭距增大，使刀具進給機構(gòu)傳動鏈中的摩擦離合器打滑，一個機械連桿機構(gòu)觸發(fā)電氣開關(guān)并發(fā)出聲、光信號提示操作者，此時操作者人工操作斷開刀具進給機構(gòu)的動力。
這種控制方法的優(yōu)點是：控制方法簡單及零件加工和操作不受突然斷電的影響。
缺點是：加工不同直徑的螺桿需要調(diào)整摩擦離合器壓緊碟簧的預(yù)緊力。
由于每個螺桿材質(zhì)的密度、硬度存在細(xì)微差異及刀具鋒利程度也存在差異，因此使這種控制方法的精度不太準(zhǔn)確，可能導(dǎo)致螺桿螺旋槽的深度公差過大。
第二種：用電磁離合器、編碼器組合控制刀具進給深度
刀具進給系統(tǒng)中，裝有電磁離合器及一對用于檢測刀具轉(zhuǎn)動圈數(shù)的測速齒輪和一個編碼器。
結(jié)論：
本文從四個方面介紹了國內(nèi)現(xiàn)有單螺桿加工機床的布局和結(jié)構(gòu)，并把優(yōu)缺點一一列舉出來，由于壓縮機生產(chǎn)廠的單螺桿加工機床和機床資料對外保密，以上介紹難免有片面、不妥之處，因此僅供單螺桿壓縮機生產(chǎn)廠參考。