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混合發(fā)電能量管理系統(tǒng)
1.引言
風(fēng)力與太陽能電池發(fā)電組成的混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)又叫做風(fēng)/光互補系統(tǒng)，由于風(fēng)和太陽能都有一些共同的缺點，如能量密度低、穩(wěn)定性差、 受天氣影響不連續(xù)、有季節(jié)性強弱變化、太陽能日夜間斷等。分別由風(fēng)力和太陽能發(fā)電來供電，其供電的可靠性大大降低。
風(fēng)能、太陽能具有一定的互補性，如白天太陽光強，夜晚風(fēng)多，夏天日照好、風(fēng)弱；冬春季節(jié)風(fēng)大而陽光相對較弱。開發(fā)風(fēng)力一太陽能互補發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，將風(fēng)力與太陽能技術(shù)加以綜合利用，從而構(gòu)成一種互補的可分散布點的新型能源，將是本世紀(jì)能源結(jié)構(gòu)中一個新的增長點。有條件時通過搭配適當(dāng)容量的蓄電池或接入市電作為備用電源，可使運行費用大大的降低、供電的可靠性大大的提高。
目前國內(nèi)主要針對獨立的風(fēng)力發(fā)電、光伏發(fā)電及風(fēng)一光互補發(fā)電控制系統(tǒng)的研究較多。在設(shè)計風(fēng)一光發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中，普遍采用的設(shè)計思路是根據(jù)負(fù)載每天的總耗電量，和由當(dāng)?shù)貧庀髷?shù)據(jù)得到的日輻射量來確定太陽能電池陣列、風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的容量，再來確定可再生能源發(fā)電控制裝置的功率和蓄電池容量，但是在混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的運行控制和優(yōu)化管理方法方面的研究較少。
由于風(fēng)電機組、太陽能電池陣列的輸出功率和負(fù)荷功率受外界因素的影響，變動范圍較大，因而對控制和優(yōu)化發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的能量管理也提出了較高的要求。本文針對系統(tǒng)運行的特點設(shè)計了一能量管理系統(tǒng)（Energy Management System, 簡稱EMS）來提高系統(tǒng)的運行效率和可靠性。
2．系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成
本文以華南理工大學(xué)新能源中心的分散式風(fēng)力一太陽能混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)為研究景，系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)圖如圖2-1示：
由圖2-1可知，系統(tǒng)包括以下幾部分：
風(fēng)力發(fā)電機及其控制器：共5套，風(fēng)機的最大輸出功率15kw/臺，風(fēng)力機發(fā)電控制器使風(fēng)力機始終處于最大功率輸出狀態(tài)。
太陽能電池及其發(fā)電控制器：共5組，太陽能電池每組峰瓦3kw，太陽能發(fā)電控制器使太陽能電池陣列始終處于最大功率輸出狀態(tài)。
數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)（Data Acquisition System，簡稱DAS）：用于采集檢測太陽能電池輸出功率、風(fēng)力發(fā)電機輸出功率、系統(tǒng)直流部分的電壓、負(fù)載功率，并把采集到的系統(tǒng)運行有關(guān)信息，提供能量管理系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析處理。
能量管理系統(tǒng)：根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)提供的系統(tǒng)各功能單元運行參數(shù)，來實現(xiàn)對系統(tǒng)的有效管理和控制。
緩沖電容：實現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)直流部分電壓的平穩(wěn)。
負(fù)載和逆變器：新能源中心的負(fù)載分類，一類負(fù)載是能源中心辦公和實驗所必須保證的負(fù)載；二類負(fù)載是能源中心的溫室控制等輔助設(shè)施所需的電能，當(dāng)可再生能源輸出電能有多余的能量時，才投入的負(fù)載。系統(tǒng)的負(fù)載和直流部分的連接是通過逆變器來實現(xiàn)的，直流側(cè)經(jīng)過PWM逆變器，轉(zhuǎn)換為電壓恒定、波形良好的交流電能，提供給負(fù)載。
市電控制器：當(dāng)可再生能源提供的電能不能滿足系統(tǒng)一類負(fù)載所需時，由市電來作補充；即把市電作為備用電源，通過并網(wǎng)控制器來控制市電的投入和切除。
在風(fēng)力、太陽能和負(fù)荷構(gòu)成的發(fā)電、用電系統(tǒng)中，由于風(fēng)速、日照強度和其它氣候條件的變化，風(fēng)電機組、太陽能電池陣列的輸出功率和負(fù)荷功率都存在著較大范圍的波動，因而對能量管理系統(tǒng)提出了很高的要求。
本文針對正在建設(shè)中的華南理工大學(xué)新能源中心分散式風(fēng)力一太陽能混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，設(shè)計了一個能量管理系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)發(fā)電、負(fù)荷用電狀況，來管理系統(tǒng)的供電模式，靈活調(diào)節(jié)各部分供電量的比例。能量管理系統(tǒng)在可再生能源大于負(fù)荷需求時，切斷部分太陽能、風(fēng)電機；可再生能源不能滿足基本負(fù)載要求時，在充分利用可再生能源的前提下，不足部分由市電來進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)难a充，取系統(tǒng)的最大負(fù)荷為750KW。
在供電系統(tǒng)中，系統(tǒng)發(fā)電與負(fù)荷有功功率的平衡，是系統(tǒng)安全穩(wěn)定運行的必要條件。由于系統(tǒng)的負(fù)荷是由直流電壓經(jīng)逆變器提供的，直流電壓的穩(wěn)定性直接影響系統(tǒng)給負(fù)載提供電能的質(zhì)量，在這里取系統(tǒng)直流母線電壓為系統(tǒng)的被控量，并取其工作范圍為192V－240V，選擇216V為直流部分的額定電壓。為了不使系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)過于復(fù)雜，在這里對蓄電池的處理不予以考慮。即能量管理系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)圖如圖2－2所示：
,,,和分別為系統(tǒng)的直流母線電壓、風(fēng)力機可輸出的最大功率、太陽能電池陣列可輸出的最大功率、系統(tǒng)中一類負(fù)載所需功率和二類負(fù)載所需的功率；
和分別為系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)力機輸出利用系數(shù)和太陽能電池陣列輸出利用率，即為風(fēng)力機啟用的臺數(shù)與風(fēng)力機總數(shù)之比, 為太陽能陣列啟用的組數(shù)和太陽能陣列組總數(shù)之比。取、［0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1］，則5和5分別表示風(fēng)力機啟用的臺數(shù)和太陽能電池陣列啟用的組數(shù)；
和，分別為市電開關(guān)控制變量和二類負(fù)載的提供率，本文定義、為開關(guān)函數(shù)，取值“0”或“1”；當(dāng)＝1表示電網(wǎng)接入混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，＝0表示電網(wǎng)從混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中切除； ＝1表示二類負(fù)載接入混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)投入工作，＝0則表示二類負(fù)載從混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)切除。
針對系統(tǒng)運行的特點，制定以下設(shè)計規(guī)則：
（1）規(guī)則一
構(gòu)成混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)電機組功率容量較大，因而選擇以風(fēng)電機組供電為主，太陽能電池陣列作為能量微調(diào)部分。
（2）規(guī)則二
根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的工作特點，取直流側(cè)端電壓期望值為216V，當(dāng)可再生能源可輸出最大功率大于負(fù)載要求時，可再生能源不向電網(wǎng)輸送電能。
（3）規(guī)則三
在這里取直流母線電壓低于192V時，通過并網(wǎng)控制器接通電網(wǎng)，由市電來補充負(fù)載所需短缺部分的電能，并由本文后面章節(jié)介紹的并網(wǎng)控制器使直流母線電壓維持192V，即
＝1
當(dāng)吸>200V時，關(guān)閉并網(wǎng)控制器，即
＝0
（4）規(guī)則四
二類負(fù)載幾：為混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中輔助設(shè)施所需的電能，當(dāng)可再生能源輸出電能有多余的能量時，才投入的負(fù)載。
二類負(fù)載未工作情況下，其負(fù)載功率檢測較困難，為了避免二類負(fù)載的頻繁投徹 ；本文根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的負(fù)載配置情況，設(shè)二類負(fù)載最大功率為，當(dāng)
+＞+
把二類負(fù)載投入運行，即
＝1
（5）規(guī)則五
為了提高系統(tǒng)直流部分電壓的穩(wěn)定性，當(dāng)吸<204V時，把二類負(fù)載從系統(tǒng)中撤出，即
＝0
當(dāng)>230V時，自動把二類負(fù)載投入運行，即
＝1
>240V時，自動切除所有的可再生能源發(fā)電裝置對直流母線進(jìn)行供電，即
===0，＝1
針對系統(tǒng)多輸入多輸出、變化復(fù)雜的特點，本系統(tǒng)采用智能控制中的模糊控制技術(shù)（Fuzzy Control, 簡稱FC）來實現(xiàn)對系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行管理和控制；研究并設(shè)計了一種基于分級模糊控制（Hierarchical Fuzzy Control，簡稱HFC）算法的能量管理系統(tǒng)。
3.模糊控制
模糊集合和模糊控制的概念是由美國加利福尼亞大學(xué)著名教授L.A.Zadeh在其Fuzzy Sets、Fuzzy Algorithm和Rationale for Fuzzy Control等著名論著中首先提出一種完全不同于傳統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)與控制理論的智能理論。它的產(chǎn)生不僅拓廣了經(jīng)典數(shù)學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，而且是使計算機科學(xué)向模擬人類思維方面發(fā)展的重大突破。
模糊集合將人的判斷、思維過程用比較簡單的語言和數(shù)學(xué)形式直接表達(dá)出來。使得復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)按人類的思維方式進(jìn)行運作和處理成為可能，為模糊控制器的形成奠定了基礎(chǔ)，并得到世界各國的學(xué)者和工程技術(shù)人員廣泛的重視和應(yīng)用。
模糊控制通過模糊集合和邏輯推理方法把人的經(jīng)驗形式化，模型化，變成計算機可以接受的控制模型和語言，讓計算機來代替人來進(jìn)行有效的實時控制。模糊控制器的組成框圖如圖2-3所示：
它包括：輸入量模糊化接口，知識庫（數(shù)據(jù)庫和規(guī)則庫），推理機和解模糊接口。
（1）模糊化接口
模糊控制器的輸入通常是確定的量，必須要模糊化后，變?yōu)榭刂破魉J(rèn)識的語言或變量才能被控制器使用，模糊化接口是將確定的輸入量轉(zhuǎn)化為模糊量，它也是模糊控制器的輸入接口。
（2）知識庫
知識庫描述形式主要有兩種：數(shù)據(jù)庫和規(guī)則庫。
數(shù)據(jù)庫是存放所有輸入、輸出變量的全部模糊子集的隸屬度關(guān)系的矢量值；若論域為連續(xù)域，數(shù)據(jù)庫則為相應(yīng)的隸屬函數(shù)。
規(guī)則庫是基于專家知識和有豐富經(jīng)驗的操作人員根據(jù)長期積累的經(jīng)驗，按人的直覺推理的一種語言表示形式。最常用的為if－then，else, also, or等，如2維模糊推理規(guī)則可表示為
R：if（偏差is a；差變化率is b；）then（控制量is c；）
規(guī)則庫就是用來存放全部模糊控制規(guī)則，在推理時為 “推理機”提供推理的依據(jù)。
（3）推理和解模糊接口
推理時，控制器推理機根據(jù)輸入的模糊量，經(jīng)模糊控制規(guī)則來求解模糊關(guān)系方程，獲取模糊控制器的模糊控制量。
由推理機獲得的控制量是一個模糊矢量，不能直接被用來控制被控對象，還必須轉(zhuǎn)換成確定的控制量，我們把這一過程稱為解模糊或模糊量的清晰化。通常把推理和輸出端具有把模糊量轉(zhuǎn)化為清晰值的過程稱為解模糊。
4.EMS的設(shè)計
本文所設(shè)計的風(fēng)能一太陽能混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)框圖如圖2-6所示：
為了提高可再生能源的利用效率，在風(fēng)能和太陽能能夠滿足負(fù)載要求的情況下，負(fù)載所需求的能源則由風(fēng)能和太陽能提供；在風(fēng)能和太陽能不能滿足負(fù)載要求時，在充分利用可再生能源的基礎(chǔ)上，負(fù)載所需求的能源由風(fēng)能、太陽能和電網(wǎng)共同提供。
由系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)圖可知，系統(tǒng)直流母線電壓的變化直接影響系統(tǒng)給負(fù)載提供電能的質(zhì)量和可靠性，因而穩(wěn)定的直流電壓是系統(tǒng)工作可靠性和性能的一個重要指標(biāo)。取系統(tǒng)直流母線電壓為被控量，由圖2－6可得系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型：
其中—直流母線電壓，—風(fēng)力發(fā)電裝置輸出電流，—太陽能發(fā)電裝置輸出電流，—系統(tǒng)輸送到負(fù)載得電流，—電網(wǎng)輸送電直流部分得電流，C—直流平波電容容量。
通?？稍偕茉窗l(fā)電裝置的投資較大，為了充分發(fā)揮其發(fā)電的效率，縮短系統(tǒng)成本的回收周期，發(fā)電裝置多采用最大功率輸出為控制目標(biāo)。設(shè)每臺風(fēng)力發(fā)電機和每組太陽能電池陣列都工作在的最大輸出功率狀態(tài)，風(fēng)力發(fā)電和太陽能發(fā)電裝置輸出總功率分別為和，系統(tǒng)對其利用率分別和，則（2-3）式可改寫為
系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)圖如圖2-7所示：
由圖2-7可知，系統(tǒng)的輸入量較多，針對風(fēng)力一太陽能混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的特點，在這里我們采用分級模糊控制的策略來對系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行控制，并設(shè)計一個四級的分級模糊控制器來實現(xiàn)對混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行能量管理和控制。
系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)圖如圖2-8所示：
系統(tǒng)的負(fù)荷是由直流電能直接提供和經(jīng)逆變器輸出，直流電壓的穩(wěn)定性成為直接影響是系統(tǒng)輸出交流電能質(zhì)量、穩(wěn)定性與可靠性的關(guān)鍵因素。因而選擇直流部分實際直流電壓和直流電壓變化量，作為系統(tǒng)的第一級輸入，輸出為直流電壓等效值：
是綜合直流電壓和直流電壓變化量， 得出未來的狀態(tài)。實質(zhì)上，它反映了系統(tǒng)在當(dāng)前直流電壓基礎(chǔ)上，若不改變控制量，則下一個采樣時刻直流側(cè)電壓的預(yù)測值即為，由于在下一個采用周期到來之前，系統(tǒng)的輸出控制量，經(jīng)模糊推理己發(fā)生改變，因而在這里定義為系統(tǒng)直流部分電壓的等效值。
第二級以第一級輸出的直流電壓等效值和負(fù)荷作為該級模糊控制器的輸入，輸出取為負(fù)載相對系統(tǒng)能量負(fù)載強度：
是綜合負(fù)荷和負(fù)載直流電壓等效值得出的一個參變量。當(dāng)大于期望值時，系統(tǒng)負(fù)荷所需的能量除了由可再生能源提供外，還有一部分需由直流儲能元件電容，才能降低直流側(cè)電壓，使直流側(cè)電壓向期望值方向變化，即負(fù)荷需由可再生能源提供能量被減弱；當(dāng)小于期望值時，可再生能源除了向系統(tǒng)負(fù)荷提供能量外，還要向直流儲能元件電容補償電能，來提高直流側(cè)電壓，從可再生能源角度來看，所需提供能量在負(fù)載的基礎(chǔ)上被加強：因而在這里定義輸出為負(fù)載相對系統(tǒng)能量的負(fù)載強度。
第三級以影響次大的風(fēng)能輸出最大功率和負(fù)載相對系統(tǒng)能量強度作為第三級模糊控制器的輸入，輸出為風(fēng)能的利用率，作為輸出提供給風(fēng)電機控制器，控制風(fēng)電機開啟的臺數(shù)，其中為
太陽能輸入和風(fēng)機提供系統(tǒng)相對能量負(fù)荷強度不足部分＝75-作為第四級模糊控制器的輸入，取輸出為為太陽能發(fā)電的利用率 即為：
第四級控制器的輸出和第三級控制器的輸出作用到發(fā)電控制裝置給負(fù)載供電。當(dāng)和，不能滿足負(fù)荷要求，直流部分電壓低于192Ｖ時，接通電網(wǎng)，由電網(wǎng)和風(fēng)能-太陽能混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)共同提供電能；當(dāng)直流部分電壓高于240Ｖ時，則切斷風(fēng)力發(fā)電機和太陽能發(fā)電裝置向系統(tǒng)供電，直至直流端電壓低于220Ｖ時再重新投入工作。
這樣，通過分級結(jié)構(gòu)的逐步求精，逐步逼近目標(biāo)函數(shù)，從而達(dá)到理想的控制效果。
5.總結(jié)
本文首先簡單介紹了風(fēng)力太陽能混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的配置，隨后針對該多輸入多數(shù)出變量的分散式風(fēng)力太陽能混合發(fā)電的能量管理系統(tǒng)，研究設(shè)計了一個基于遺傳算法分級模糊控制算法，并給出了該系統(tǒng)采用分級模糊控制的詳細(xì)設(shè)計步驟。最后，借助于仿真，將上述算法應(yīng)用于風(fēng)能—太陽能混合發(fā)電的能量管理系統(tǒng)中。仿真結(jié)果表明，基于分級模糊控制器能夠?qū)Ψ稚⑹斤L(fēng)力太陽能混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)實施較好的管理和控制，并可取得良好的效果。這也為多種可再生能源混合發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的管理和控制，提供了一條有效的解決途徑。
附件2
外文資料
Energy Management System of Admixture Electricity-generating
1.One preface
The admixture that wind force and solar cells generate electricity to constitute generates electricity the system and is called the breeze/ light to repair the system with each other, all having some common weakness because of the breeze and solar energies, such as the energy density low, the stability is bad and is subjected to the weather influence not to continue, have the strong weak conjugation, solar energy of seasonal to interrupted etc. day and night. Be generate electricity by the wind force and solar energy respectively to the power supply, the credibility of its power supply lowers consumedly.
The wind energy, solar energy has to repair sex with each other certainly, if the sun light of daytime is strong, the night breeze is many, the summer sunshine good, the breeze is weak; The spring stanza breeze of winter is strong but the sunlight is opposite weaker. Develop the wind force a solar energy to supply again to give or get an electric shock the system with each other, take into wind force and the solar energy techniques to synthesize the exploitation, thus constitute a kind of repair with each other of can scatter the new energy that cloth order, will is a new growth to order in this energy structure of century. Have the condition pass the storage battery of match the appropriate capacity or connect into the city to give or get an electric shock the conduct and actions back up power supply, can make circulate the expenses to lower consumedly, huge exaltation of the credibility of the power supply.
Local mainly generate electricity to independent wind power, the light currently and the breeze a light supplies again the research of the electricity control system with each other more. In design the breeze a light generate electricity system, the design way of thinking of the widespread adoption according to load everyday total to consume the electricity quantity, and radiate the quantity from the day that the local weather data get to the capacity of the certain solar cell array, the wind power machine, then come certain can the renewable energy generate electricity the power and the storage battery capacities of control the devices, but at mix with the movement of generate electricity the system control and excellent turn the research of manage the method less.
Because the exportation power and the burden powers of the breeze electrical engineering set, the solar cell array is affect by the outside factor, changing the scope to compare greatly, as a result turned the energy of generate electricity the system management to also put forward the higher request towards control and excellently. This text aims at the movement efficiency and credibility’s that the characteristics of the system movement designs one energy management system( energy management system, brief name EMS) to raise the system.
2.Composing of the systems
This text with the south science and engineering university dispersion type wind force a solar energy of the new energy center admixture generates electricity the system for study the view, the structure diagram of the system, such as 2 －1 of figure 1 show:
May known by the chart 2-1, the system includes following several parties:
The wind power machine and its controller: Total 15KW / sets of the biggest exportation power of the breeze machine, the wind force machine generates electricity the controller to make the wind force machine been placed in the biggest power to output the appearance always.
Solar cell and its electricity generation controller: The altogether 5 groups, solar cell each group of peaks tile 3 k W, the solar energy electricity generation controller causes the solar cell array throughout to be at the maximum work rate output condition.
The data collects the system:( the data acquires the system, the brief name DAS)Used for the electric voltage, the load power that collects to examine the solar cell exportation power, the wind power machine to output the power, the system direct current part, and circulate the relevant information to the system that collect, providing the energy management system to carry on the analytical processing.
The energy manages the system: collect each function of system unit movement parameter that system provide according to the data, carry out the valid management to the system and controls.
Buffer electric capacity: carry out parts of electric voltages of the system direct current steady.
Load and inversion: The new energy center load classification, a kind of load is a load which the energy center work and the experiment must guarantee; Two kind of loads are the electrical energies which energy center ancillary facilities and so on greenhouse control needs, when the renewable energy output electrical energy has the unnecessary energy, only then invests load. The system load and the direct component connection is, the direct current side which realizes through the inversion after PWM inversion, transforms for the voltage is constant, the profile good exchange electrical energy, provides for the load.
The city gives or get an electric shock the controller: When can the electricity that renewable energy provide can satisfy a load of system need, giving or get an electric shock from the city to make the complement; namely chase the city to give or get an electric shock the conduct and actions back up power supply, pass combine the net controller to control the devotion and the excision of the city electricity.
In the wind power, the solar energy and the load constitution electricity generation, uses electricity in the system, as a result of the wind speed, the sunshine intensity and other climatic conditions changes, the wind electrical machinery, the solar cell array output and the load power all has comparatively wide range the undulation, thus set the very high request to the energy management system management system.
This article in view of is being constructed a South China technical University new energy center disperser -like wind power solar energy mix generating system, has designed an energy management system management system, according to the system electricity generation, the load uses electricity the condition, the management system management system power supply pattern, nimbly adjusts each part to supply the electric quantity the proportion. The energy management system management system is bigger than the load demand when the renewable energy, shuts off the partial solar energies, the wind electrical machinery; When the renewable energy cannot satisfy the basic load request, in fully uses the renewable energy under the premise, is insufficient partially carries on the suitable supplement by the city electricity, takes the system the biggest load is 750 kW.
In the power supply system, the system electricity generation and the load active power balance, is the system safe stable movement essential condition. Because the system load is provides by the Divulgate after the inversion, the DC voltage stable direct influence system provides the electrical energy to the load the quality, takes the system direct currentvoltage in here to control for the system the quantity, and takes its operating region is 192 V - 240V, chooses 216 V for the direct component rated voltage. In order to does not make the system the structure too to be complex, processing did not consider in here to the accumulator cell. Namely energy management system management system structure drawing like chart 2 – 2 show:
,,, and difference for female line electric voltage, exportable and biggest power in the wind force machine, exportable and biggest power, system in the solar cell array of the direct current of the system a the type load the power and two loads needed need of power;
and output to make use of the coefficient and the solar cell arrays to output the utilization for the wind force machine of the system with respectively, namely count to amount it with the wind force machine for the set that the wind force machine be in use than, for the number and the solar energy array set total amount that the solar energy array be in use than. Take 、［0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1］， and mean the number that the set number and the solar cell arrays that the wind force machine be in use be in use respectively;
和 give or get an electric shock the switch control to change the quantity for the city respectively and two the types load of provide the rate, this text define、for the switch function, take the value "0" or "1"; When＝１mean that the charged barbed wire net connects into the admixture to generate electricity the system, ＝0 mean that the charged barbed wire net generates electricity the system from the admixture to cut off; ＝１ mean that two loads connect into the admixture to generate electricity the system devotion work, = 0 mean that two loads generate electricity the system excision from the admixture.
Aim at the characteristics of the system movement, draw up the following design rule:
(1)Rule a
A power of the breeze electrical engineering capacity that constitutes to mix with to generate electricity the system is more and greatly, as a result the choice regard a power supply of the breeze electrical engineering as principle, the solar cell array is the energy tiny adjust the part.
(2)Rule two
According to the system work characteristic, takes the direct current side terminal voltage expected value is 216 V, when the renewable energy may output the maximum work rate is bigger than the load request, the renewable energy to the electrical network does not transport the electrical energy.
(3)Rule three
Takes when here the direct current generator voltage is lower than 192 V, through incorporates the controller to put through the electrical network, by the city electricity supplemented the load needs the short partial electrical energies, and the incorporation controller which the chapter introduced by this article behind causes the direct current generator voltage to maintain 192 V, namely
＝１
When attracts > 200 V, closure incorporation controller, then
= 0
(4)Rule four
Two loads are several: Generate electricity the system for the admixture in the electric power that the assistance facilities need, when can the renewable energy exportation electric power contain surplus of energy, the load that just throw in.
In two kind of loads working condition, its load power examination has not been more difficult, in order to avoid two kind of loads frequently throwing ; This article according to the system the load disposition situation, supposes two kind of loads maximum works reties , when
+＞+
Circulate two load devotions, namely
＝1
(5)Rule five
In order to enhance the system direct component voltage the stability, when attracts < 204 V, withdraws two kind of loads from the system, namely
＝0
When > 230 V, automatically two kind of loads investments movement, namely
＝1
When > 240 V, the automatic excision all renewable energy electric power facility carries on the power supply to the direct current generator, namely
===0，＝1
Inputs the multi- outputs, the change complex characteristic in view of the system, this system uses in the intelligent control the fuzzy control technology (Fuzzy Control, is called FC) to realize to the system carries on the management and the control; Studied and has designed one kind based on the graduation fuzzy control (Hierarchical Fuzzy Control, was called HFC) the algorithm energy management system management system.
3.Misty controls
The fuzzy set with the fuzzy control concept is by American University of California famous Professor L. A. Z a d e h in it Fuzzy Sets，F(xiàn)uzzy Algorithm and Rationale for Fuzzy Control and so on famously discusses center first was proposing one kind is completely different with the traditional mathematics and the control theory intelligent theory. Its production not only developed the broad classical mathematics foundation, moreover was causes the computer science to simulate the significant breakthrough which the human thought aspect developed.
The faintness gather to come out the person's judgment, the thinking process with the direct expression of more simple language and mathematics forms. The mode of thinking that makes complicated system press mankind carry on operation and processing’s' make possible, lay the foundation for the formation of the misty controller, and get the scholar of the international community and the engineering technical personnel's extensive value and applications.
The fuzzy control through the fuzzy set with the logical inference method person's experience formalization, the simulation, turns the control model and the language which the computer may accept, lets the computer replace the person to carry on the effective real-time control. Fuzzy controller composition diagram like chart 2 - 3 show
It include: The importation quantity faintness turns to connect, knowledge base( database and the rule database), reason logically the machine to reach agreement the faintness to connect.
(1)The faintness turns to connect
The importation of the misty controller is usually certain quantity, must after faintness turn change into the language that controller know or change the quantity then can be use by the controller, the faintness turns to connect is to convert the certain importation quantity as the faintness to measure, it is also the importation of the misty controller to connect.
(2)Knowledge base
The knowledge base description form mainly has two kinds of: Database and rule database.
Database is deposits all importations and output to change to measure of all misty son gather of belong to one degree relation of vector value; If in order to continue the area, the theory area database then for belong to the function correspond.
The regular storehouse is the operator which and has the rich experience based on the expert knowledge acts according to the long-term accumulation the experience, according to person's intuition inference one language expression form. Most commonly used is if -then, else, also, or and so on, like 2 Uyghur fuzzy inference rule maybe represented as
R: If (deviation is a; Bad rate of change is b;) Then (control measures is c;)
The rule database is to is use to deposit all misty control rules, while reason
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