軌道小車的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)（PDF圖紙和說明書）
軌道小車的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)（PDF圖紙和說明書）,軌道,小車,機(jī)械,系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì),pdf,圖紙,以及,說明書,仿單
中文翻譯：
智能車
我們的社會充斥著各種各樣的“機(jī)器智能“。在過去的世紀(jì)，我們目睹越來越多日常生活中的“苦差事“被機(jī)器設(shè)備解決，如洗衣機(jī)。
然而，一個既枯燥又危險(xiǎn)的保留區(qū)域就是日常駕駛汽車。2002年，120萬人死于交通事故，這是所有全球2.1％死亡，死因排名第11。如果這種趨勢繼續(xù)下去，估計(jì)從2020年起每一年死于道路交通統(tǒng)（ITS）。 20世紀(jì)90年代中后期開始，它的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了開發(fā)和部署。在發(fā)達(dá)國事故的人將達(dá)到850萬人。事實(shí)上，美國交通部估計(jì)交通事故的整體社會成本每年超過2300億美元。
數(shù)百或數(shù)千輛車共享相同的道路時(shí)，就導(dǎo)致了大家都熟悉的交通擠塞。交通擠塞破壞了我們的生活質(zhì)量就像空氣污染損害公眾健康。1990年左右，公路運(yùn)輸?shù)膶I(yè)人士開始申請讓他們在交通和道路管理。于是誕生了智能交通系家，旅客今天能夠獲得旅行條件的信息，無論是駕駛自己的車或乘坐公共交通系統(tǒng)。
隨著世界能源危機(jī)的持續(xù)，以及戰(zhàn)爭和能源-----石油的消耗及汽車飽有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，終有一天它會消失的無影無蹤。石油不是在生資源。所以必須在石油耗凈之前找到一種代替品。隨著科技的發(fā)展社會的進(jìn)步，有人發(fā)明了電動汽車。電動汽車將成為人們最為理想的交通工具。
世界在各各方面的發(fā)展都取得豐碩成果，尤其是隨著汽車電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)以及發(fā)展迅速的信息時(shí)代。電子控制技術(shù)在汽車上得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，汽車上應(yīng)用的電子裝置越來越豐富，電子技術(shù)不僅用來改善和提高傳統(tǒng)汽車電器的質(zhì)量和性能，而且還提高了汽車的動力性、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、可靠性以及廢氣排放的凈化性。汽車上廣泛使用電子產(chǎn)品不僅降低了成本，并且減少維護(hù)的復(fù)雜性。從發(fā)動機(jī)的燃油噴射點(diǎn)火裝置、進(jìn)氣控制、廢氣排放控制、故障自診斷到車身輔助裝置都普遍采用了電子控制技術(shù)，可以說今后汽車發(fā)展主要以機(jī)電一體化。汽車上廣泛采用的電子控制點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)主要有電子控制燃油噴射系統(tǒng)、電子控制點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動變速器、電子控制防滑（ABS/ASR）控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制懸架系統(tǒng)、電子控制動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、車輛動力學(xué)控制系統(tǒng)、安全氣囊系統(tǒng)、主動安全帶系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動空調(diào)系統(tǒng)、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)還有GPS等。有了這些系統(tǒng)汽車響應(yīng)敏捷，使用功能強(qiáng)，可靠性高，既保證發(fā)動機(jī)動力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又滿足排放法規(guī)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
汽車是現(xiàn)代人必不可少的交通工具。而電動汽車給我們帶來無限樂趣外還能給我們勞累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自動變速器來說吧，汽車在行駛時(shí)，可以不踩離合器踏板，就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)自動換檔而發(fā)動機(jī)不會熄火，這樣有效的提高駕駛方便性減輕駕駛員的疲勞強(qiáng)度。自動變速器主要由液力變矩器、齒輪變速器、油泵、液壓控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制系統(tǒng)、油冷卻系統(tǒng)等組成。電子控制的懸架主要是用來緩沖路面對車身的沖擊力以及減少振動保證汽車平順性和操縱穩(wěn)定性。當(dāng)汽車行駛在不平坦的道路時(shí)汽車能能根據(jù)底盤和路面高度自動調(diào)整。當(dāng)車高比設(shè)置的高度低時(shí)，就向氣室或油缸充氣或充油。如果是相反，就放氣或?yàn)a油。從而保證汽車的水平行駛，提高行駛穩(wěn)定性?？勺兞恿D(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)因能顯著改變駕駛員的工作效率和狀態(tài)，所以在電動汽車上廣泛使用。VDC對汽車性能有著至關(guān)重要的作用它能根據(jù)需要主動對車輪進(jìn)行制動來改變汽車的運(yùn)動狀態(tài)，使汽車達(dá)到最佳的行駛狀態(tài)和操縱性能，并增加了汽車的附著性，控制性和穩(wěn)定性。除了這些之外4WS、4WD的出現(xiàn)大大提高了電動汽車的價(jià)值與性能同步提升。ABS具有減少制動距離并能保持轉(zhuǎn)向操作能力有效提高行駛方向的穩(wěn)定性同時(shí)減少輪胎的磨損。安全氣囊的出現(xiàn)在很大程序上保護(hù)了駕駛員和乘客的安全，大大降低汽車在碰撞時(shí)對駕駛員和乘客的緩沖，以過到保護(hù)生命安全的目的。
智能電子技術(shù)在汽車上得以推廣使得汽車在安全行駛和其它功能更上一層樓。通過各種傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn)自動駕駛。除些之外智能汽車裝備有多種傳感器能充分感知交通設(shè)施及環(huán)境的信息并能隨時(shí)判斷車輛及駕駛員是否處于危險(xiǎn)之中，具備自主尋路、導(dǎo)航、避撞、不停車收費(fèi)等功能。有效提高運(yùn)輸過程中的安全，減少駕駛員的操縱疲勞度，提高乘客的舒適度。當(dāng)然蓄電池是電動汽車的關(guān)鍵，電動汽車用的蓄電池主要有：鉛酸蓄電池、鎳鎘蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鋰電池、鋅―空氣電池、飛輪電池、燃料電池和太陽能電池等。在諸多種電池中，燃料電池是迄今為止最有希望解決汽車能源短缺問題的動力源。燃料電池具有高效無污染的特性，不同于其他蓄電池，其不需要充電，只要外部不斷地供給燃料，就能連續(xù)穩(wěn)定地發(fā)電。燃料電池汽車(FCEV)具有可與內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車媲美的動力性能，在排放、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性方面明顯優(yōu)于內(nèi)燃機(jī)車輛。
以AVR 單片機(jī)為核心, 提出了一種智能探測小車的軟硬件設(shè)計(jì)方案。系統(tǒng)可以預(yù)先設(shè)定小車的行走路線, 能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)小車與計(jì)算機(jī)之間的無線通訊, 通過超聲測物和紅外測障電路使小車安全行走。另外, 系統(tǒng)通過JTAG 接口在線調(diào)試程序。軟件設(shè)計(jì)中采用神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)自學(xué)習(xí), 大大增強(qiáng)了小車的智能化.
執(zhí)行元件的伺服系統(tǒng)性能將決定機(jī)器人的性能?；贏VR 系列單片機(jī)，并應(yīng)用積分分離技術(shù)，設(shè)計(jì)離散PI 調(diào)節(jié)器，輸出PWM 控制信號，建立驅(qū)動電機(jī)的速度伺服控制系統(tǒng)。使用AVR － GCC 編譯軟件開發(fā)伺服系統(tǒng)軟件，設(shè)定速度采樣頻率為2KHz，實(shí)現(xiàn)對電機(jī)速度的實(shí)時(shí)控制。與基于51 系列單片機(jī)開發(fā)的伺服系統(tǒng)相比，本系統(tǒng)所需的外圍電路更簡單，數(shù)據(jù)處理速度更快。實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)器人響應(yīng)快速，移動平穩(wěn)。該伺服系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)尤其適用于智能移動機(jī)器人，還可以廣泛應(yīng)用于其它智能設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)線。
提出了一種基于AVR 單片機(jī)Atmega8 為核心控制器的比賽機(jī)器人控制系統(tǒng),通過比賽機(jī)器人的特征分析,闡述了構(gòu)成控制系統(tǒng)所需的主控單元、電機(jī)驅(qū)動單元、傳感檢測單元及LCD 顯示單元,其中詳細(xì)分析了以MCBL3006S 為核心的伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動單元,以及關(guān)系比賽機(jī)器人基本功能實(shí)現(xiàn)的循線傳感系統(tǒng)及避障傳感系統(tǒng),并給出部分程序。最后通過實(shí)踐表明,該控制系統(tǒng)開放性好、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、編程容易、智能并高效。
智能車的避障規(guī)則，通過對紅外傳感器的信息進(jìn)行采集,使用二極管D1 發(fā)射紅外線，二極管D2 接收紅外信號。紅外線發(fā)射部分不設(shè)專門的信號發(fā)生電路，直接從單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)鐘頻率，既簡化了線路和調(diào)試工作，又能使電路的穩(wěn)定性和抗干擾能力大大加強(qiáng)。經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證，該系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行可靠，達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)要求。
介紹一種基于CCD 攝像頭的路徑識別的智能車控制系統(tǒng), 設(shè)計(jì)了硬件結(jié)構(gòu)與方案, 提出了轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)的控制策略, 該智能車能準(zhǔn)確實(shí)現(xiàn)自主尋跡, 具備抗干擾性極強(qiáng), 穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差小等特點(diǎn)。
智能車系統(tǒng)，包括傳感器信息采集與處理、電機(jī)驅(qū)動、控制算法及控制策略等方面。采用激光傳感器采集道路信息并反饋給單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)，通過軟件進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析處理，通過速度反饋和PID 算法控制舵機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)向和智能車速度。通過實(shí)際運(yùn)行驗(yàn)證，本方法使智能車運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定、可靠,其平均速度達(dá)到2.6m/s，得到比較理想的效果。
為了綜合利用控制、模式識別、傳感器技術(shù)、汽車電子、電氣、計(jì)算機(jī)、機(jī)械等專業(yè)領(lǐng)域知識, 設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了一個基于PID 控制算法, CCD 檢測系統(tǒng), 并采用H C9SDG128 單片機(jī)作為主控芯片的智能車系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)使用Codewar rio r IDE 集成開發(fā)環(huán)境作為程序設(shè)計(jì)的基本軟件平臺, 能利用攝像頭自動識別路況, 進(jìn)行圖像處理, 進(jìn)而調(diào)整方向沿預(yù)定軌道前行, 具有很強(qiáng)的可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、快速性、擴(kuò)展性。
以“飛思卡爾”杯智能車大賽為研究背景，開發(fā)了一種智能循跡小車。該小車采用光電傳感器檢測路徑，獲得賽道信息，求出小車與黑線間的偏差，采用模糊控制對小車的速度進(jìn)行控制，使小車能夠自動跟隨直道和彎道。實(shí)踐表明，采用模糊控制的智能小車在路徑識別的精準(zhǔn)度，穩(wěn)定性，及速度控制上具有明顯優(yōu)勢。
本世紀(jì)初期，在計(jì)算機(jī)和信息革命的影響下，汽車經(jīng)歷了性能和與駕駛者之間的互動方面最富戲劇性的變革。
1908年，亨利福特T型車的出現(xiàn)體現(xiàn)了汽車設(shè)計(jì)上的重大突破。它不僅開創(chuàng)了輕松更換零件和大量生產(chǎn)的先河，而且其“用戶友好”的運(yùn)作方式，讓任何人都可以輕松駕駛。近90年來，類似于福特T型車的簡單汽車越來越少，汽車迅速成為了一種復(fù)雜的“移動電腦”，扮演著領(lǐng)航者，護(hù)航者，甚至第二司機(jī)的角色。這些新特性不僅改變了我們的駕駛方式，還提高了運(yùn)輸服務(wù)質(zhì)量和挽救生命的能力，并對美國工業(yè)的競爭力提供了支持。
然而，智能車的表現(xiàn)不僅如此。相反的，使車輛更加智能的這些組件，如新信息，安全性和自動化技術(shù)，是作為零配件抵達(dá)市場的，或作為可選設(shè)備，或作為售后服務(wù)的特殊配件。為了提高司機(jī)的安全性，這些技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展并上市銷售。但是個別的技術(shù)還沒有得到整合，不能創(chuàng)造出與司機(jī)高度協(xié)作的完全智能的車輛。
汽車行業(yè)已經(jīng)意識到并解決了潛在的不協(xié)調(diào)技術(shù)的大量涌入問題。但他們的進(jìn)步受到技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)障礙，不確定的消費(fèi)者喜好，不完善的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和準(zhǔn)則的阻礙。此外，無論是傳統(tǒng)的汽車制造商或是政府監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)（除非安全問題非常明顯）都不能控制售后的產(chǎn)品的使用，特別是在卡車和公共汽車的使用方面。然而，還沒有一個“以人為本”的智能車輛試圖整合和協(xié)調(diào)各種技術(shù)以解決問題。我們也許不僅僅會失去實(shí)現(xiàn)新的車載技術(shù)的機(jī)遇，甚至可能會在無意中降低行車的安全性和性能。
意識到智能車輛的重要性和汽車設(shè)計(jì)中人為因素所產(chǎn)生的潛在危險(xiǎn)之后，交通部于1997年啟動智能車輛倡議（IVI）。這一舉措旨在加快汽車系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和集成，用以幫助汽車，卡車及巴士司機(jī)更安全和有效地操作。
信息和機(jī)動車輛的電腦為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)，然而，是不是新的用途。將廣泛的汽車電腦開始了旨在提高車輛運(yùn)行和駕駛員舒適性技術(shù)的20世紀(jì)80年代。這些技術(shù)包括電子控制燃油噴射發(fā)動機(jī)的性能，特別是減少汽車排放，提高燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性，防抱死制動系統(tǒng)，以幫助司機(jī)保持在濕滑路面控制，巡航控制系統(tǒng)以減輕司機(jī)的駕駛很長一段乏味。而這些技術(shù)主要是加強(qiáng)對車輛，在車輛技術(shù)的最新波，其中最感興趣的是IVI的能力的目的，是智能交通，旨在加強(qiáng)對駕駛員的能力的系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)包括預(yù)警和信息，駕駛輔助和自動化技術(shù)。
正如人們具有不同的專業(yè)能力，不同類型和層次的車載智能車輛技術(shù)賦予“情報(bào)”，以補(bǔ)充該驅(qū)動程序。駕駛員信息系統(tǒng)，擴(kuò)大了駕駛員的路線和地點(diǎn)的知識。預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，如防撞技術(shù)，提高駕駛員的感知能力發(fā)生了什么事在周圍環(huán)境的。自動化和驅(qū)動技術(shù)援助和模擬駕駛者的思想和行動，以實(shí)際操作或在緊急情況下，長時(shí)間的車輛暫時(shí)的。
但是，在智能車輛將擴(kuò)大司機(jī)的能力，它也可能會增加司機(jī)的傳統(tǒng)角色。特別是，在新車內(nèi)的技術(shù)中，人的作用擴(kuò)大從感覺運(yùn)動技能，寫道托馬斯謝里登，教授誰負(fù)責(zé)的人機(jī)系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室在美國麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT），“這一規(guī)劃，程序員，在自動化，診斷者...，監(jiān)控學(xué)習(xí)者和管理者。
ITS的研究顯示出將在智能車輛中應(yīng)用的許多技術(shù)的好處可行性：
路線引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)將幫助司機(jī)更好的行駛在不熟悉的街道或找到到達(dá)目的地最快的路線。1992年和1993年，在交通部主辦的奧蘭多TravTek實(shí)地測試中顯示，配備了路線引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的游客駕駛汽車減少了30%的車輛轉(zhuǎn)錯彎的問題。與使用紙質(zhì)地圖的游客相比，節(jié)省了20%的時(shí)間。
防撞系統(tǒng)可以加強(qiáng)交通安全規(guī)范，完全防止交通事故的發(fā)生。據(jù)研究表明，如果司機(jī)能多半秒鐘反應(yīng)時(shí)間，就可以避免60%的岔路交通事故和30%的迎面相撞，而75%的車輛事故是由司機(jī)走神造成的。國家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）估計(jì)每年美國應(yīng)用于這三類的防撞系統(tǒng)能夠避免110萬次交通事故，占總交通事故數(shù)的17%。而這能夠挽救17,500人的生命（安全帶和氣囊約挽救10,500人）并挽回260億美元的損失。其他的安全設(shè)施正在測試中，包括自動撞擊告知系統(tǒng)，當(dāng)一輛汽車的安全氣囊彈出時(shí)，該系統(tǒng)會自動發(fā)出求救信號，而昏睡司機(jī)警告系統(tǒng)可以防止在汽車行駛過程中司機(jī)昏昏欲睡。
車內(nèi)自動化系統(tǒng)可以在緊急情況下接管駕駛，或在允許長時(shí)間行駛的情況下自動駕駛。1996年，國家公路交通安全管理局開始實(shí)地測試智能巡航控制系統(tǒng)——該系統(tǒng)能夠自動調(diào)整車輛行駛速度，與前方車輛保持安全距離——以評價(jià)這種技術(shù)在安全方面的影響。更加戲劇化的一幕出現(xiàn)在名為“放開手，放開腳”的駕駛中。去年夏天，由交通部和其他9個公、私營組織合辦的全國自動公路系統(tǒng)聯(lián)盟（NAHSC）在圣地亞哥I-15號路一段12公里的測試路段示范了未來全自動車輛的原型。未來，自動公路管理系統(tǒng)將在速度越來越高、車距越來越短的高速地段提高交通管理者2-3倍的監(jiān)管力度。該系統(tǒng)也可能消除人為操作錯誤引發(fā)的交通事故的發(fā)生，提高路段的安全性。
除了為乘客提供安全和高效的交通以外，聯(lián)邦政府預(yù)計(jì)，智能汽車固有的發(fā)展趨勢也有可能提高美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭能力。
為了讓智能汽車發(fā)揮出它最大的潛力，它們必須能夠與智能交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)和其他的智能汽車溝通交流，例如，與智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)溝通可以使智能汽車了解事故的發(fā)生然后實(shí)時(shí)主動地選擇路線。智能汽車還可以作為探針，將有關(guān)于路段條件的信息發(fā)送給智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)，用以創(chuàng)建更加豐富的道路條件基本信息。此外，全自動汽車應(yīng)當(dāng)還可以在某種程度上依賴于智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)和其他的智能汽車提供的引導(dǎo)。例如，不久前圣地亞哥的美國直升機(jī)協(xié)會（AHS）顯示，在保險(xiǎn)杠下安裝有磁動傳感器的自動汽車，成功被植入路表下方1.2米的磁鐵引導(dǎo)行駛。
在未來的5到10年，我們應(yīng)該能夠看到具有特別驅(qū)動信息和報(bào)警系統(tǒng)能力的第一代產(chǎn)品。隨著信息的發(fā)展這些系統(tǒng)將日益完善。雖然防撞系統(tǒng)會提供一些自動的援助，司機(jī)們?nèi)匀怀钟衅嚨耐耆刂茩?quán)。此外，因?yàn)楹椭悄芑A(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)有了初步的溝通能力，汽車將在路段條件的實(shí)時(shí)偵查方面更加智能化。
約10至15年，一些改進(jìn)措施的應(yīng)用將為我們帶來更好更智能的第二代產(chǎn)品。雖然司機(jī)仍然有汽車的完全控制權(quán)，但防撞系統(tǒng)將可以在緊急情況下采取暫時(shí)控制。另外，更加精密的語音識別系統(tǒng)將被納入司機(jī)與汽車的互動方面。車輛之間能夠互相溝通，以提高防撞能力。當(dāng)然，與智能基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)的溝通也將更加積極有效。
大約20年，在第三代產(chǎn)品中，我們將能看到完全自動化的公路系統(tǒng)，車輛和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的整合系統(tǒng)，司機(jī)與汽車之間更加貼近的互動，如視覺增強(qiáng)和平視顯示儀的使用。
回顧一個世紀(jì)泛濫如洪的技術(shù)，汽車作為一項(xiàng)尤為突出的動力學(xué)發(fā)明而鶴立雞群。在下個世紀(jì)，這種活力將推動信息和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展。我們未來的挑戰(zhàn)是整合新的信息，安全和自動化技術(shù)，用以創(chuàng)造以人為本的智能車輛，提高安全性、地面?zhèn)鲃有屎徒?jīng)濟(jì)競爭能力。
英文原文 ：
Intelligent Vehicle
Our society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines.
One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion .
when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed。In developed countries, travelers today have access to signifi-cant amounts of information about travel conditions, whether they are driving their own vehicle or riding on public transit systems.
As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.
In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.
The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.
Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.
The hardware and software of the intelligent vehicle are designed based on AVR.This system could set the route in advance. The vehicle could communicate with the PC vianRF401 and could run safely with the help of ultra sound detection and infrared measuring circuit.Neural network self- study is used to improve the intelligence of the vehicle.
The performance of servo systems will determine the property of the robot． Based on AVRseries MCU，the velocity servo system for driving motor is created in this paper，including a discrete PIregulator which will work out a PWM control signal with applying the skill of integral separation． The velocities of motors will be controlled real － time with the speed sampling frequency set for 2KHz by using the AVR － GCC compiler software development． Compared to the servo system development based on the 51 Series MCU，the system here has these advantages of simpler peripheral circuit and faster data processing．The experiments demonstrate that，the mobile robot runs stably and smoothly by the control of AVR units，and that the design proposal especially benefits the development of intelligent mobile robots，also can be widely used in the development of other smart devices and product lines．
A new design of contest robot cont rol system based on AVR Atmega8 was put forward. According to the character of contest robot , the main cont rol unit , motor drive unit , sense detection unit and LCDdisplay unit wereintroduced. Furthermore the servo driver system based on MCBL3006S , the line t racker sensor system and the obstacle avoidance sensor system were presented in detail. Finally the performance showsthat the cont rol system is open , simple , easy programming , intelligent and efficiency.
Avoidance rules of intelligent vehicle obstacle are introducted. Through the collection of infrared sensor formation, the rules use diode D1 to launch and diode D2 to receive infrared signals. Infrared transmitter signal without a dedicated circuit comes directly from the MCU clock frequency, which not only simplifie the circuit and debugging, but also make the circuit stability and anti- jamming capability greatly enhanced. After the experimental verification, the system runs reliably meet the design requirements.
A smart car control sys tem of the path informat ion identif ied based on CCD camera was introduced. The hardware s truc ture and scheme were designed. The contro l strategy of s teering mechanismwas presented. T he smart car not only can identify the road prec isely, but also have antinterference performance, and small s teady state error.
This article designed smartcar system,includes the aspects of the sensor information acquisition and processing, motor drive, control algorithm and control strategy etc.Using laser sensor to collect the road information which can feedback to the microcontroller control system,then making analytical processing combined with the software.With velocity feedback and PID control algorithms to control steering engine and the speed of smartcar.Verified by actual operation, this method makes smartcar travel stably and reliably，and its average speed to reach 2.6m /s, and get a satisfied results.
By the aid of the professional knowledge of control, pattern recognition, sensor technology, aut omotive electronics, electricity, computer, machinery and soon, an intelligent vehicle system is designed with PID controlalgorithm,CCD detection system and H C9SDG128 M CU. Codew arrior IDE integrated development programming environment is taken as a basicsoftw are platformt hat canautomatically deal with the traffic and image processing, and then adjust the mo ving direction along the scheduled or bit by t he aid of a CCD camera. The system has many advantages, such as hig h r eliability , high stability, good speedability and scalability.
Based on the research background of the Free-Scale smart car competition, a smart trackfollowing car is designed. In the car, the photo electricity sensor is used to check the path and obtain the information of racing road, andcalculate the error between the car and the black line. The fuzzy control is used to control the velocity of the car. The experiments show that the smart car based on the fuzzy control has high accuracy on the judgment of the path, stability and velocity control.
In the wake of the computer and information revolutions, motor vehicles are undergoing the most dramatic changes in their capabilities and how they interact with drivers since the early years of the century.
In 1908, Henry Ford's Model T exemplified major breakthroughs in automotive design. Not only did its interchangeable parts inaugurate easy and economical mass production, but its "user-friendly" operation allowed almost anyone to drive. Nearly 90 years later, the motor vehicle is resembling less and less Ford's simple machine and quickly becoming a complex "mobile computer", capable of acting as a navigator, a safeguard, and even, a second driver. These new capabilities will not only change how we drive; intelligent vehicles could also enhance transportation services, save lives, and bolster the competitiveness of U.S. industries.
However, intelligent vehicles aren't quite here. Instead, the components that make vehicles smarter -- new information, safety, and automation technologies -- are arriving on the market as piecemeal accessories, offered either as optional equipment by new vehicle manufacturers or as speciality components by after-market suppliers. These technologies are being developed and marketed to increase driver safety, performance, and convenience. These individual technologies, however, have yet to be integrated to create a fully intelligent vehicle that works cooperatively with the driver.
The automotive industry is already aware of and addressing potential problems associated with the uncoordinated influx of technology. But their progress is hampered by technical and economic obstacles, uncertain consumer interest, and insufficient standards and guidelines. Also, neither original vehicle manufacturers or government regulators (unless safety problems are clearly proven) have control over after-market products, especially their use in trucks and buses. However, without a "human-centered" design approach for the intelligent vehicle that attempts to integrate and coordinate various technologies, we may not only lose the opportunity to realize the benefits offered by new in-vehicle technologies, but we could inadvertently degrade driving safety and performance.
Recognizing the importance of smart vehicles and the potential for unintended consequences if human factors are not placed at the center of their design, DOT launched the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) in 1997. This initiative aims to accelerate the development, availability, and use of integrated in-vehicle systems that help drivers of cars, trucks, and buses operate more safely and effectively.
The use of information- and computer-based technologies in motor vehicles, however, is not new. Widescale computerization of motor vehicles began in the 1980s with technologies designed to enhance vehicle operation and driver comfort. These technologies included electronic fuel injection to control engine performance, particularly to reduce vehicular emissions and improve fuel economy, antilock brak
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