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英文資料
The growth of automotive sector
It is learnt that with industrial production and improve the living standards of the people, the world auto market rapidly expanded. Information, the current of the world's leading automobile manufacturing companies in the automobile production capacity has reached more than 70 million vehicles, by the end of 1999, a total of 700 million cars world vehicles. According to Environment and Development, show the world auto industry, the development trend of cases : Worldwide car production show the confrontation among three forces regional tendency. Major automobile producer in the world, the United States, Japan firmly ahead of the previous two, Germany ranks third, France, Spain, Italy, Korea, followed by China, Thailand, Vietnam auto industry has developed rapidly. However, the area of motor production and the confrontation among three forces has made the situation take shape; North America (mainly the U.S.); Western region (in Germany, France, Italy and Spain-based); Asia and Oceania (Japan, Korea-based), these three areas accounted for the total automobile output 90% of global vehicle production. With the three areas and the development of automobile industry, the monopoly will be increasingly apparent. Automobile manufacturing joint annexation winds will be blowing more Vietnamese troops. In automobile manufacturing industry, the major initiative in the company in order to obtain market competition, have concentrated manpower and material, using the latest technologies, the latest design products and to minimize the development cycle of new products. At the same time, to enrich the power companies and groups will be more mergers or joint. According to statistics, the world production of 12 large transnational automobile production has a group of the world auto market. In the automobile producer, the large enterprises around the world auto market is. In car producing country, large-scale enterprise groups monopoly role is more evident, such as Germany's Volkswagen car production has about national output 70%; Japanese Toyota, Honda and Nissan Motor Company three production close to the national car production 70%; Korea and the United States and large enterprise groups in the country is the proportion of larger, 90% or more. Safety performance vehicle design and development as a goal to pursue. In the fierce competition in the world auto industry, car-horsepower increasing speed and fast, the requirements for security functions are increasingly high. Currently the major automobile production in the advanced technology group have to, or even similar advanced electronic devices for aircraft navigation car driving. Environmental Protection will become the first choice for the survival and development of auto industry conditions. With the popularity of automobiles, air pollution has become the largest urban pollution. A statistics show that motor vehicle emissions pollution gases to the atmosphere each year as many as 200 million tons, that address vehicle pollution is very urgent, concrete measures are : First, to optimize the traditional technologies to control the vehicle tail gas discharged; Second, the development of alternative fuels; Third, the development of electric vehicles; Fourth, the development of fuel cell vehicles.
With the rapid development of automobile industry, and people constantly improve the level of consumption, vehicle maintain a rapid growth in automotive services market is also increasingly popular. Motor vehicle service industry is an important link in the chain, is linked car producers and users of the tie, to a large extent affected the automobile production and development. China's auto decoration from the start to the development of the beauty trade has experienced more than 10 years before the time, the pace of development soon, cars and decorating the number of beauty companies have reached larger scale, but Looking at China's automobile and decorating the status of the beauty trade, with foreign Advanced automotive business compared with decorating beauty there is a certain gap, there are also many problems. In this paper, beauty and decorating the car with the statusquo, against armored vehicle chassis, to a certain degree of presentations and discussions. Electric power steering systems offer improvements over conventional hydraulic assist systems by reducing overall weight and improving fuel economy. In addition, EPS allows for precise electronic control of the steering system.This includes variable effort assist and handwheel return characteristics which may be tuned to a desired feel and responsiveness. The amount of tactile feedback to the driver through the handwheel may also be electronically controlled. Specifically, the handwheel restoring torque provides information to the driver regarding road conditions and vehicle maneuverability. The amount of restoring torque is a function of the chassis design and the transmissibility of rack loads back to the handwheel. EPS provides active control of the transmissibility characteristics and therefore the amount of tactile feedback to the driver. The purpose of proper wheel alignment is to provide maximum safety, ease of handling, stability, and directional control of the vehicle. This requires that each of the steering angles (steering geometry) be adjusted to the specifications recommended by the vehicles require different settings. Follow the specific shop manual for each vehicle. The wheels must also be in proper dynamic and static balance to achieve these purposes. Steering geometry refers to the angels formed by the steering and suspension parts in relationship to the frame and body of the vehicle. These angles include camber, caster, steering axis inclination, toe in (toe out), and toe out on turn (turning radius). Ideally, the vehicle center line, geometric center line, and the thrust line would all be identical and the car would form a perfect 90о rectangle. Because of factory tolerances and the unitized construction common to today’s cars, this is rarely, if ever, the case. On all vehicles it is important to remember that the rear axle dictates the position of the front wheels. On frame-type vehicles, two-wheel alignments are taken from the frame and the rear axle is assumed to be in correct alignment. On unitized vehicles with four wheel independent suspension, there is no frame to work with, so we can no longer assume that rear wheels are in correct alignment; therefore, four-wheel alignment is necessary to give proper steering and handling.
Tracking and wheelbase For proper tracking, all four wheels must be parallel to the frame. This requires that the wheelbase to equal on both sides of the vehicle. The four wheels should be positioned to form a rectangle. Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel at the top. Inward tilt is negative camber and outward tilt is positive camber. The tilt of the wheel (camber) is measured in degrees and is adjustable on many vehicles. Caster is the forward or backward tilt of the spindle or steering the knuckle at the top when viewed from the side. Forward tilt is negative caster and backward tilt is positive caster. Caster is measured in the number of degrees that it is forward or backward from true vertical and is adjustable on many vehicles.
Steering axis inclination is the inward tilt of the steering knuckle at the top. Steering axis inclination is measure in degrees and is not adjustable. If incorrect, suspension parts are at fault and must
After joins WTO the intense international competition, Chinamust locate to what kind of foreign trade policy, can achieve theChinese foreign trade health stable development goal, this is China injoins under WTO this new situation, the institute inevitably must faceimportant, is worth the question which pondered. Whether does Chinarest on, WTO basic principle establishment science reasonable foreigntrade policy system, whether not only relates the Chinese foreigntrade benignity development, the economy whether continues by thestable speed development, but also relates China the internationalimage and the status.
After China's competitive industry joins WTO the main challengeand the risk, manifests and cancels the overseas product competitionin because lowering of custom duty which the non- tariff barrierfaces.
Said to the Chinese state-owned monopoly profession that, collectsfees high, the efficiency and the service level are low; Dependentcountry massive finances and financial backing maintenance revolution;The scale is uneconomical, comes off sentry duty the worker much, thecloth wrapper back is heavier. When joins WTO, the cash cancellationprotection, opens the market, gives the foreign capital by thenational treatment, the approval participation equality competitionpledge, these professions have the possibility to be under the foreigncapital technology powerful big company intense impact, faced withhuge challenge and risk. For example, the telecommunication industry,after joins WTO, China's telecommunication industry market will changethe steep competition by the monopoly. These departments if do notstep up to adjust, changes the bureaucratic merchant workstyle,practically improves own quality and the competition strength, verywill be difficult the new situation which should opposite be near; Theautomobile industry, the automobile will import the customs duty from80% one 100% to fall to 2006 to 25. The overseas car company willenjoy full retailing with the trade right; Allows the foreign countryto purchase the automobile personally to provide the financialbacking; The import and export no longer must pass the Chineseintermediates. Originally the automobile industry has not still goneout an infant industry in under the high customs duty rate protectionthe shadow, the visible light depends on the administrative monopolyand the protection, was is impossible to grow has the vitality theindustry to come. Under on the contrary, in highly protects the richprofit which forms to stimulate, China emerges more than 200automobiles entire vehicles production enterprise, cannot form thescale benefit, the production technology backward, the product qualityis inferior, simply does not have the competition strength; Financeservice sector. Recent years China opened the minority key city andthe local area financial service to the limited foreign capitalfinancial organ and the enterprise group. Since long ago, Chinacontinuously regards the finance does the extremely specialprofession, the foreign seal, monopolizes to in, these enterpriseeconomic efficiencies are not high, the quality is bad Once joins WTOto lose the special policy the protection, its difficulty it can beimagined.
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