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1、專題限時檢測(二十一)閱讀理解C篇專練(二)(共3篇，限時24分鐘)A(2019南京、鹽城二模)Listen carefully to the footsteps in the family home, especially if it has wooden floors, and you can probably work out who it is that is walking about.The features most commonly used to identify people are faces, voices, finger prints and retinal scan
2、s.But their “behavioural biometrics”， such as the way they walk, are also giveaways.Researchers have, for several years, used video cameras and computers to analyse peoples gaits, and are now quite good at it.But translating such knowledge into a practical identification system can be tricky especia
3、lly if that system is supposed to be hidden.Cameras are often visible, are hard to set up, require good lighting and may have their view blocked by other people.So a team led by Krikor Ozanyan of the University of Manchester, in England and Patricia Scully of the National University of Ireland, in G
4、alway have been looking for a better way to recognise gait.Their answer: pressuresensitive mats.In themselves, such mats are nothing new.They have been part of security systems for donkeys years.But Dr Ozanyan and Dr Scully use a complex version that can record the amount of pressure applied in diff
5、erent places as someone walks across it.These measurements form a pattern unique to the walker.Dr Ozanyan and Dr Scully therefore turned, as is now common for anything to do with pattern recognition, to an Artificial Intelligence system that uses machine learning to recognise such patterns.It seems
6、to work.In a study published earlier this year the two researchers tested their system on a database of footsteps trodden by 127 different people.They found that its error rate in identifying who was who was a mere 0.7%.And Dr Scully says that even without a database of footsteps to work with the sy
7、stem can determine someones sex women and men, with wide and narrow pelvises (骨盆) respectively, walk in different ways and guess, with reasonable accuracy, a subjects age.A matbased gaitrecognition system has the advantage that it would work in any lighting conditions even pitchdarkness.And though i
8、t might fail to identify someone if, say, she was wearing stilettos and had been entered into the database while wearing trainers, it would be very hard to fool it by imitating the gait of an individual who was allowed admission to a particular place.The latest phase of Dr Ozanyans and Dr Scullys pr
9、oject is a redesign of the mat.The old mats contained individual pressure sensors.The new ones contain optical fibres(光纖)Lightemitting diodes (二極管) distributed along two neighbouring edges of a mat transmit light into the fibres.Sensors on the opposite edges (and thus the opposite ends of the optica
10、l fibres) measure how much of that light is received.Any pressure applied to part of the mat causes a distortion (變形) in the fibres and a consequent change in the amount of light transmitted.Both the location and amount of change can be plotted and analyzed by the machinelearning system.Dr.Ozanyan s
11、ays that the team have built a demonstration fibreoptic mat, two meters long and a metre wide, using materials that cost 100(130)They are now talking to companies about commercializing it.One application might be in health care, particularly for the elderly.A fibreoptic mat installed in a nursing ho
12、me or an old persons own residence could monitor changes in an individuals gait that warn certain illnesses.That would provide early warning of someone being at greater risk of falling over, say, or of their cognition becoming damaged.Gait analysis might also be used as a security measure in the wor
13、kplace, monitoring access to restricted areas, such as parts of military bases, server farms or laboratories dealing with harmful materials.In these cases, employees would need to agree to their gaits being scanned, just as they would agree to the scanning of their faces or retinas for optical secur
14、ity systems.Perhaps the most fascinating use of gaitrecognition mats, though, would be in public places, such as airports.For that to work, the footsteps of those to be recognised would need to have been stored in a database, which would be harder to arrange than the collection of mugshots and finge
15、rprints that existing airport security systems rely on.Some people, however, might volunteer for it.Many aircrew or preregistered frequent flyers would welcome anything that speeded up one of the most tiresome parts of modern travel.語篇解讀：本文主要介紹了一種新的識別方法：步態(tài)識別。1Camerabased gait recognition fails to co
16、me into wide use, because _.aits not easy to find the camerasbfinger print recognition is still popularcsometimes the cameras can be covereddits a waste of money to fix the equipmentegood lighting conditions cant be guaranteedfits difficult to set up the systemAa、c、fBb、d、eCc、d、f Dc、e、f解析：選D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第
17、二段的一開始的三句話可知，雖然人們已經(jīng)很擅長利用攝像機和計算機來分析人們的步態(tài)，但是將這些知識轉(zhuǎn)化為實際的識別系統(tǒng)可能很難。主要有這樣幾個原因：cameras are hard to set up, require good lighting,may have their view blocked by other people。2Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraphs 68?AThe new mats function greatly with individual pressure sensors
18、built in.BThe new mats will be likely to work better with enough pressure.CThe elderly are cured of their diseases with the monitor of the fibreoptic.DRestricted areas are accessible to those with their gaits scanned beforehand.解析：選D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第八段第二句“In these cases, employees would need to agree to the
19、ir gaits being scanned, .”可知在這些場合，員工(的步態(tài))需要和(之前)掃描過的步態(tài)一致。即：事先掃描過步態(tài)的人可以進入禁區(qū)。3What does “it” refer to in Paragraph 5?AThe matbased gaitrecognition system.BThe gait stored in the database.CThe advantage of working in any light condition.DThe admission to a particular place.解析：選A代詞指代題。閱讀第五段的內(nèi)容可知這個“it”是表
20、示指代的，代替上文中所提到過的名詞短語“A matbased gaitrecognition system”。4Whats the best title of the passage?AListen to your footstepsBApplaud pattern recognitionCLove the way you walkDBetter the mats you step on解析：選C標題歸納題。本文主要介紹了一種新的安全識別方法：步態(tài)識別。這種識別方法可以用在公共場所，而且比傳統(tǒng)的指紋識別方法速度更快，受到人們的歡迎。所以你走路的姿態(tài)將來可以成為識別你的一種方法，所以要珍惜、愛你
21、自己的步態(tài)。用“Love the way you walk”作為標題，能夠表達文章的主題。B(2019蘇、錫、常、鎮(zhèn)二模)Alarming headlines suggest one in four teenage girls in the UK are selfharming, motivated by sex discrimination and pressures to look good in a selfie (自拍) society.These stories come from a report by UK charity The Childrens Society, based
22、 on an ongoing survey of 11,000 children aged 14.Among the girls, 22 per cent said they had selfharmed while boys 9 per cent.But while the term selfharm improves images of teenagers cutting themselves, that may, thankfully, be only the most extreme end of a broader range.In this survey, participants
23、 were merely asked if they had “hurt themselves on purpose in any way”Some could have answered yes for things like punching (擊拳) a wall in dissatisfaction or deliberately getting fallingdown drunk.Others could have thought the question included mental hurt.Such selfdestructive behaviour would natura
24、lly be of concern to parents, but wouldnt be that unusual for teenagers.Max Davie, a health promotion officer, does believe that selfharm among teens is somewhat on the rise but thinks the question in this survey was not specific enough to reveal its real universality.The latest headlines join an on
25、going account about a mental health crisis in todays youth.Some blame cutbacks in social services, while others point to a loosening of sexual standards putting teens at risk.For those cautious of new technologies, it is social media or the latest popular computer games.But such reports also deserve
26、 some skepticism.Claims of high rates of depression are usually based on surveys with very loose, nonmedical criteria.Thankfully, clinical depression is still rare in this age group.In fact, a different and regularly repeated survey has found no change in 11to15yearolds happiness with life as a whol
27、e between 1995 and 2016.Nor did their satisfaction with their appearance change, which makes it strange to blame the selfie culture for the apparent selfharm increase.This survey, called Understanding Society, even found improvement in happiness with family and schoolwork over that period.These more
28、 optimistic findings were also in the latest Childrens Society report but were buried at the bottom of their press release.Davie thinks the rise in selfharm may not be due to a rise in unhappiness, but simply that this age group now sees selfharm as a more culturally acceptable way to express extrem
29、e sufferings.“It may be that previously people didnt know that this was something you could do.If people are talking about something and normalizing it, its probably more likely that their peers will do it.”If that is the case, it is all the more reason not to make selfharm seem more common than it
30、really is.語篇解讀：本文主要談論了青少年自殘這種社會現(xiàn)象。5In response to the survey reported by The Childrens Society, the author believes _.Athe survey is unscientific as it asked very specific questionsBthe selfdestructive behavior for teens is worrying to parentsCthe number of selfharming teens is alarming because of s
31、elfiesDthe images of teens selfharm are becoming more specific解析：選B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句“Such selfdestructive behaviour would naturally be of concern to parents, but wouldnt be that unusual for teenagers.”可知，這種自我毀滅性的行為自然會引起父母的關注，但對于青少年來說也不算罕見。6What does Max Davie think of selfharm among teenagers?AThe situ
32、ation is too worrying.BThe rise is somewhat beneficial.CThe problem is actually widespread.DThe phenomenon is not so universal.解析：選D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Max Davie, a health promotion officer . reveal its real universality.”可知，克斯戴維斯(Max Davie)確實認為青少年的自我傷害有所上升，但認為本次調(diào)查中的問題不夠具體，無法揭示其真正的普遍性。7What can we know
33、from the survey called Understanding Society?ATeenagers in the past lived a happier life.BSelfie culture is responsible for the increase of selfharm.CThere is no connection between selfharm and selfie.DWith selfie teenagers are more satisfied with their appearance.解析：選C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段的內(nèi)容，特別是第二句“Nor did
34、their satisfaction with their appearance change, which makes it strange to blame the selfie culture for the apparent selfharm increase.”可知，從1995年到2016年，青少年的幸福感整體并沒有太大變化，他們對自己外貌的滿意度也沒有發(fā)生變化，所以說把自殘這一現(xiàn)象的增長歸因到自拍文化是很奇怪的。8The last two paragraphs mainly imply that _.Aselfharm results from too much pressureB
35、selfharm is the result of social developmentCteens need correct guidance from the outsideDteens should avoid following peers examples解析：選C推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后兩段的內(nèi)容，尤其是倒數(shù)第二段第一句“Davie thinks the rise in selfharm. as a more culturally acceptable way to express extreme sufferings.”可知，戴維認為，自殘情緒的上升可能不是因為不快樂情緒的上升，而是
36、因為這個年齡段的人現(xiàn)在把自殘看作是一種在文化上可以接受的表達極度痛苦的方式。而青少年的這種理解是不正確的，所以需要外界正確的引導。C(2019南京三模)Babies have an astonishing talent that adults entirely lose.By the age of one, they can recognise the significant noises around them and group them into a language.When we have lost this capacity as adults, it becomes enormo
37、usly difficult to distinguish between sounds that are glaringly different to a native speaker.It all sounds Greek to us.This is because the range of possible sounds that humans use to convey meaning may be as high as 2,000, but few languages use more than 100 and even then the significant noises the
38、 phonemes (音素) of a language each cover a range of sounds and so vague distinctions which would change the meaning of a word in other languages.But where do these phonemes come from and why do they shift over time? New research suggests that the apparently arbitrary distribution of some sounds aroun
39、d the world may be partially explained by diet.This is unexpected.Wed rather think of language as the product of our thought, rather than of the arrangement of our teeth.In reality, though, any given language must be both.Hunter gatherer languages very seldom use the sounds known as labiodentals (唇齒
40、音) those such as f and v that are made by touching the lower lip with the upper teeth.Only two of the hundreds of Australian aboriginal languages use them, for example.But in cultures that have discovered farming, these consonants (輔音) are much more common.The argument goes that farmers eat more coo
41、ked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers.Either way, they need to chew mush less, and to bite less with their front teeth.So farmers grew up with smaller lower jaws and more of an overbite than their ancestors who had to bite through harder foods.It became easier for them to make the labiodenta
42、l consonants instead of purely labial (唇音) ones: one example is that f came to take the place of pRomans said “pater” but English speakers (unless theyre Rees Moggs) say “father”Beyond these particular changes, the story highlights the way in which everything distinctively human is both material and
43、 spiritual: speech must combine sound and meaning, and the meaning cant exist or be transmitted without a real object.But neither can it be reduced to the purely physical, as our inability to understand or even to recognise foreign languages makes clear.The food we eat shapes our jaws, and our jaws
44、in turn shape the sounds of our language.The ease with which we eat probably shapes our thought too, as anyone who has suffered toothache could testify.What we eat may have shaped the sounds of our language, but how we eat changes how we feel and what we use language to express.A family meal is very
45、 different from a sandwich at the office desk, even if the calorie is the same.Food has purposes and meanings far beyond keeping us alive and pleasing the palate (味覺)語篇解讀：本文重點闡述了日常飲食和思維，語言發(fā)展之間的關系。9Compared with adults, babies could more easily _.Acreate significant noisesBclassify the forms of noise
46、sCunderstand the Greek languageDdistinguish meaningful sounds解析：選D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容特別是第一句和第二句可知，嬰兒有著成年人完全失去了的驚人的天賦，到了一歲的時候，他們就可以識別周圍的明顯噪音，并把它們分成一種語言。所以說與成人相比，嬰兒更容易辨別有意義的聲音。10According to the passage, which of the following factors help shape language?ALips and teeth.BJobs and habits.CAge and regions. D
47、Food and thinking.解析：選D推理判斷題。第二段的最后兩句“Wed rather think of language as the product of our thought, rather than of the arrangement of our teeth.In reality, though, any given language must be both.”意思是：我們寧愿把語言看作是我們思想的產(chǎn)物，而不是我們牙齒的排列。然而，實際上，任何給定的語言都必須是兩者。所以說食物和思維有助于塑造語言。11The reason for farmers making sou
48、nds of “f” and “v” is _.Aenjoying more cooked foodsBbiting more with front teethCconstantly chewing harder foodsDgrowing up with lager lower jaws解析：選A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的第三、四兩句“But in cultures that have discovered farming, these consonants (輔音) are much more common.The argument goes that farmers eat more co
49、oked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers.”可知，在發(fā)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)業(yè)的文化中，(“f”和“v”)這些輔音更為常見，這是因為農(nóng)民比狩獵采集者吃更多的熟食和奶制品。12By writing this passage, the author intends to reveal _.Ajaws help shape our thoughtBfood determines our thoughtCdiet has some influence on languageDlanguage consists of sound and meaning解析：選C推理判斷題。通讀全文，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)主要是日常飲食、思維和語言發(fā)展之間的關系。因此作者寫這篇文章的目的是為了揭示飲食對語言的影響。8
（江蘇專用）2020高考英語二輪復習 專題限時檢測（二十一）閱讀理解C篇專練（二）
