捷達(dá)轎車(chē)變速器的設(shè)計(jì)【捷達(dá)轎車(chē)1.6L手動(dòng)車(chē)型】

捷達(dá)轎車(chē)變速器的設(shè)計(jì)【捷達(dá)轎車(chē)1.6L手動(dòng)車(chē)型】,捷達(dá)轎車(chē)1.6L手動(dòng)車(chē)型,捷達(dá)轎車(chē)變速器的設(shè)計(jì)【捷達(dá)轎車(chē)1.6L手動(dòng)車(chē)型】,捷達(dá),轎車(chē),變速器,設(shè)計(jì),手動(dòng),車(chē)型 附 錄A Transmission oil temperature control For people who buy the car, reliability and fuel efficiency is the second oftwoimportant price considerations. No doubt, for the new owner is concerned, the most terrifying thing on the way to remove car. In addition, owner and expect the car can try to durable. Meanwhile, due to current global fuel prices have risen to make owners pay more attention。thefuelefficiency, and hope to try to reduce carbon emissions. Auto power transmission system includes an internal combustion engine, transmission and more than a gear than wheels. Engine torque and speed will be needed for the railway traction power and car in the transmission of conversion. In addition, the transmission can also control wheel rotation direction. Manual and automatic transmission speed generally fall into two. Automatic transmission can automatically control friction unit, selection of gear ratios and shift. Automatic transmission will adopt hydraulic oil to achieve lubrication and frozen effect, hydraulic oil is a very special liquid, can be in any severe conditions operation. Automatic transmission oil (the main function of ATF) from the motivation for: transferred engine torque converter power transmission device; Absorb the torque converter produces thermal and moved to the front of a frozen device; car As clutch friction of the coolest refrigerants, it can absorb and by clutch or take out meshing the heat energy produced; Through a complex hydraulic control system, the liquid pressure transmission to the system USES valve, servo machines, pump, clutch always pump, hydraulic pipe and pipe to control; As a planetary gears, bearings, servo machines, clutch and target group-exact marketing of lubricant and coolant. Automatic transmission oil in operating temperature (about 90 ° C / ° F) viscosity 195 is general very low. But if the oil temperature is too low (for example is 0 ° C / 30 ° F below), its viscosity will greatly increased, lead to a very high drag torque (dragtorque). As a result, gear meshing, it can cause is commonly synchronous devices of this couldn't cope with high torque force. If gear can't mesh or shift, car will not start. For this reason, "cold start" program will respond to the oil temperature and activated, to ensure that at least one gear can succeed mesh. Warm car driving car started after process when, unless required by obvious acceleration or dragged heavy objects (such as trailer), otherwise the hydraulic oil temperature will only slowly rising, but it also means drag torque will slowly rising. If the car is chronically high drag torque environment, synchronous devices will overload and damaged. In gearbox to add some loss, will shift some moved to higher speed valve and improve the quality of the gearbox lubricant, these all can accelerate the process of car warm up. Thus, engine, gearbox and catalyst can be quickly reach best operation temperature. The faster transmission is the optimum operating temperature, can be used to save fuel consumption and faster start the gear shift program. Gear shifting part through hydraulic or electronic is starting valve to control, these shifting unit start-up will significantly by the influence of the temperature of automatic transmission oil, reason is with the temperature and the viscosity will rise significantly, so the temperature can influence the degree of pressure and time characteristics. Once the automatic transmission oil gets hot, its temperature variation of amplitude will increase, so the shift when the set standard oil, must consider the problems about the oil temperature. Under high temperature operation, no doubt, automatic transmission oil very vulnerable to the influence of the temperature of cryogenic, but compared to the reaction of the reaction temperature, the much more. The process of automatic transmission will produce a lot of friction, and these will generate a lot of friction heat. Liquid will constantly stir in torque converter and pump in the mouth and current meters of hydraulic circuits. Whenever variable speed shift, clutch components will produce more than box of oil can take the heat. The transmission, the greater the load of the heat generated by then, box of oil will become more heat. General traditional transmission oil temperature can allow maximum temperature for 80 to 100 ° C or 175 ° F, and to 212 special transmission oil temperature can be as high as 110 ℃ to 130 ° F or 230 to 265. However, nowadays advanced automobile transmission oil temperature could be as high as 120 to 150 ℃ or 250 to 300 ° F, and for heavy trucks for example is 18 rounds of freight trains, if it in hot weather, the oil temperature under driving even to 170 ° C 160 ° F or 320 to 340. Such a high oil temperature can cause box of oil and variable speed component damage. Transmission oil working life, in the high temperature environment, the working life of the transmission oil can be reduced. Once the temperature above normal operation level (90 ° C / 195 ° F above), lubricants oxidation speed will increase, so the effective life be shortened. Based on the law 娒 designated, when the temperature above normal operation temperature 。12 ° C / 20 ° F, box of oil expected working life will be halved. Work surface wear, in addition to the outside, the influence of high temperature will also work on the surface of the transmission activities components threat. Reason is that when the temperature more and more high, was taken from the friction area, so the thermal and less chance of gear stuck will soar. When the temperature rose more than 175 ° C / 350 ° F, the steel and iron the hardness will decline. If we consider gear and clutch working surface temperature is usually higher than the oil temperature, we may expect gear with oil temperature the hardness of fallen, even if the oil temperature below 175 ° C / 350 ° F. Rubber seal and pipeline, rubber seal and coolant pipeline extremely sensitive to high oil temperature. When the rubber seal in high temperature would harden and become fragile, cause its working life and reliability drastically. When cars can't install a wired coolant pipes, we must adopt the PA12 plastic (amide 12 or nylon 12) made of coolant pipeline, this pipeline will torque device circulation output port and coolant connection. In high temperature (° C / 350 than 175 ° F) environment, plastic frozen pipe may buckling that box of oil to high and make coolant failure. ECU overheat, the electronic control unit (ECU) job is to monitor and control the operation of automatic transmission system. In some cases, ECU will be placed in the gearbox enclosure to try to use gearbox existing space, this means control unit will be automatic transmission oil with direct contact maintained for a long time. This configuration advantages including can send a link ECU, sensors and starter of wiring try to shorten; Reduce the number of plug and connectors; Reduce the noise and make between circuit shift position detection more accurate. If the transmission environment and coolant temperature is exorbitant, automobile's power and control electronics will not to operate properly so that its life shorten and appear damaged. Therefore, the transmission system of overheating situation to detect and proper even predict produced measures to reduce heat and/or improve overheating. For some extreme cases, the system must more accurately measuring temperature and the sensitive electronic components close to prevent control electronics were destroyed. Conclusion, in order to overcome the supervisory automatic transmission challenge, the temperature of LM71 national semiconductor's special optimized for high temperature application, launched LM71A1. LM71A1 is a qualified SPI interface digital temperature sensor, its wide working temperature range (40 ° C ° C or to + 175 ° F 40 to 350), make the temperature monitoring can at the same time in cold start and overheating. This device is to provide, and ensure LuoPian form with faster to warm temperature response thus car process has better control. However, it is the biggest characteristic is available in high temperature (130 ° C or to 150 ° F) 165 to 300 ° and high resolution (LSB) 0.03125 under C/to extremely high accuracy, in order to under the environment of high temperature in extremely accurately sensor temperature. In order to maintain the box of oil in normal operation scope, and properly control valve and shift time and prevent part of degradation and damage, fast accurate temperature detection and indispensable. So, can obtain higher fuel efficiency and enhance the system reliability. LM71A1 can help designers design antiserums to transmission electronic control unit of high-performance thermal management system. 變速器油溫的控制 對(duì)于購(gòu)買(mǎi)汽車(chē)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，可靠性及燃油效益是僅次于價(jià)格的兩項(xiàng)重要考量因素。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，對(duì)于新車(chē)主而言，最可怕的事情莫過(guò)于汽車(chē)在途中熄火。此外，車(chē)主也期望汽車(chē)能盡量經(jīng)久耐用。與此同時(shí)，由于目前全球燃油價(jià)格不斷上升，以使車(chē)主更加關(guān)注燃油效率，并希望能盡量減低二氧化碳的排放量。汽車(chē)的動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)包括有一個(gè)內(nèi)燃機(jī)、一個(gè)多齒輪比變速器及車(chē)輪。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)矩及速度會(huì)因汽車(chē)所需的牽引動(dòng)力而在變速器中進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。此外，汽車(chē)的變速器還可控制車(chē)輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向。變速器一般分為手動(dòng)及自動(dòng)變速兩種。自動(dòng)變速可自動(dòng)控制磨擦單元、齒輪比的選擇及換檔。 自動(dòng)變速會(huì)采用液壓油來(lái)達(dá)到潤(rùn)滑及冷凍的效果，液壓油是一種非常特別的液體，可在任何惡劣的環(huán)境下運(yùn)行。自動(dòng)變速箱油(ATF)的主要功能為： 把動(dòng)力從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)變矩器傳送到動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)裝置; 吸收由變矩器產(chǎn)生的熱力并轉(zhuǎn)移到汽車(chē)前端的冷凍裝置; 作為離合器磨擦的冷凍劑，它可吸收及散發(fā)由離合器或帶嚙合所產(chǎn)生的熱能; 通過(guò)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的液壓控制系統(tǒng)把液體壓力傳送開(kāi)去，該系統(tǒng)采用汽門(mén)、伺服機(jī)、泵、離合器總泵、液壓管路及管道來(lái)進(jìn)行控制; 作為行星齒輪、軸承、伺服機(jī)、離合器和軸襯的潤(rùn)滑劑及冷凍劑。 自動(dòng)變速箱油于工作溫度下(約90°C/195°F)的黏度一般都非常低?？墒羌偃缬蜏靥蜁r(shí)(例如是0°C/30°F以下)，其粘度便會(huì)大幅增加，導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生非常高的曳力矩。結(jié)果，齒輪便難以嚙合，原因是當(dāng)中的同步器件一般都不能應(yīng)付這般高的轉(zhuǎn)矩力。假如齒輪不能?chē)Ш匣驌Q檔，汽車(chē)便不能開(kāi)動(dòng)?；谶@個(gè)原因，“冷起動(dòng)”程序會(huì)因應(yīng)油溫而被激活，以確保至少有一個(gè)齒輪能夠成功嚙合。 暖車(chē)過(guò)程 當(dāng)汽車(chē)開(kāi)始行駛后，除非需要明顯加速或拖拉笨重的物體(例如是拖車(chē))，否則液壓油溫只會(huì)慢慢地上升，而這也意味著曳力矩也會(huì)緩慢地上升。假如汽車(chē)長(zhǎng)期處于高曳力矩的環(huán)境，同步器件便會(huì)超載并且受損。 在齒輪箱加入一些損耗、將換檔點(diǎn)移到較高的轉(zhuǎn)速汽門(mén)及提高齒輪箱潤(rùn)滑油的質(zhì)量，這些均可加快暖車(chē)的過(guò)程。由此，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、齒輪箱及催化劑便可更快地達(dá)到最佳的運(yùn)作溫度。變速器越快達(dá)到最優(yōu)的工作溫度，便可越快啟動(dòng)用于節(jié)省耗油量的齒輪換檔程序。齒輪的換檔組成部份是經(jīng)由液壓或電子起動(dòng)汽門(mén)來(lái)控制，這些換檔單元的起動(dòng)會(huì)顯著地受到溫度的影響，原因是自動(dòng)變速箱油的粘度會(huì)隨著溫度而顯著地上升，因此溫度可以影響施加壓力的程度及時(shí)間特性。一旦自動(dòng)變速箱油變熱，其溫度變化的幅度便會(huì)增大，因此當(dāng)設(shè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的換檔油壓時(shí)，必須考慮有關(guān)油溫的問(wèn)題。在高溫下運(yùn)行 ，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，自動(dòng)變速箱油很容易受到溫度的影響，但相比對(duì)低溫的反應(yīng)，其對(duì)高溫的反應(yīng)要大得多。自動(dòng)變速的過(guò)程會(huì)產(chǎn)生很多的磨擦，而這些磨擦?xí)a(chǎn)生很多熱力。液體會(huì)不斷在變矩器中攪動(dòng)并且被泵過(guò)測(cè)流口和液壓電路。每當(dāng)變速換檔時(shí)，離合器組件會(huì)產(chǎn)生出超乎箱油所能帶走的熱力。變速器的負(fù)載越大，所產(chǎn)生的熱力便越大，而箱油也會(huì)變得更熱。一般的傳統(tǒng)變速箱油溫所能允許的最高溫度為80到100°C或175到212°F，而特制的變速箱油溫則可高達(dá)110到130℃或230到265°F。然而，現(xiàn)如今先進(jìn)的汽車(chē)的變速箱油溫可能高達(dá)120到150℃或250到300°F，而對(duì)于重型貨車(chē)?yán)缡?8輪的貨運(yùn)列車(chē)來(lái)說(shuō)，假如在炎熱天氣下行駛，其油溫甚至可高達(dá)160到170°C或320到340°F。如此高的油溫會(huì)導(dǎo)致箱油及變速組件受損。變速箱油的工作壽命 ，在高溫的環(huán)境下，變速箱油的工作壽命會(huì)被縮短。一旦溫度超出正常運(yùn)作的水平(90°C/195°F以上)，潤(rùn)滑油的氧化速度便會(huì)增加，導(dǎo)致其有效壽命被縮短。基于娒指定律，當(dāng)溫度超出正常運(yùn)作溫度，箱油的預(yù)期工作壽命便會(huì)減半。工作表面的磨損 ，除上述的影響外，高溫還會(huì)對(duì)變速器活動(dòng)組件的工作表面構(gòu)成威脅。原因是當(dāng)溫度越來(lái)越高時(shí)，從磨擦區(qū)被帶走的熱力便越少，因此齒輪被卡住的機(jī)會(huì)便會(huì)大增。當(dāng)溫度上升超過(guò)175°C/350°F時(shí)，鋼鐵的硬度便會(huì)下降。假如我們考慮到齒輪和離合器工作表面的溫度通常都高于油溫時(shí)，我們便可預(yù)期齒輪的硬度會(huì)隨著油溫度而下降，即使油溫低于175°C/350°F。橡膠密封件及流通管道 ，橡膠密封件及冷凍劑流通管道對(duì)高油溫極其敏感。當(dāng)橡膠密封件遇上高溫時(shí)便會(huì)變硬和變得脆弱，導(dǎo)致其工作壽命和可靠性大幅度降低。當(dāng)汽車(chē)不能安裝金屬制的冷凍劑管道時(shí)，便需采用由PA12塑料(酰胺12或尼龍12)制成的冷凍劑流通管道，該管道將轉(zhuǎn)矩器流通輸出端口與冷凍劑連接。在高溫(超出175°C/350°F)的環(huán)境下，塑膠制的冷凍管道可能會(huì)屈曲，以致箱油向上流并使冷凍劑失效。ECU過(guò)熱 ，電子控制單元(ECU)的工作是監(jiān)視和控制自動(dòng)變速系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作。在某些情況下，ECU會(huì)被放置于齒輪箱罩內(nèi)以盡量利用齒輪箱的現(xiàn)有空間，這表示控制單元會(huì)與自動(dòng)變速箱油長(zhǎng)期保持直接接觸。這種配置的優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括可把連接ECU、傳感器及起動(dòng)器的接線(xiàn)盡量縮短;減少插頭和連接器的數(shù)量;降低線(xiàn)路間的噪聲及使換檔的位置檢測(cè)更加準(zhǔn)確。假如變速器環(huán)境及冷凍劑的溫度過(guò)高，汽車(chē)的動(dòng)力和控制電子元件便不能正常地運(yùn)作，以致其壽命縮短并出現(xiàn)損壞。因此，變速器系統(tǒng)必須對(duì)過(guò)熱情況進(jìn)行偵測(cè)甚至預(yù)測(cè)，并通過(guò)適當(dāng)措施減少所產(chǎn)生的熱力及/或改善過(guò)熱的情況。對(duì)于一些極端的情況，系統(tǒng)必須更精確地測(cè)量溫度并把敏感的電子元件關(guān)閉以防止控制電子被完全破壞。結(jié)論 ，為了克服監(jiān)察自動(dòng)變速器溫度的各項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)，美國(guó)國(guó)家半導(dǎo)體特別對(duì)LM71進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，推出針對(duì)高溫應(yīng)用的LM71A1。LM71A1是一個(gè)具備有SPI接口的數(shù)字溫度傳感器，其寬闊的工作溫度范圍(-40°C到+175°C或-40到350°F)，使溫度的監(jiān)察能同時(shí)于冷起動(dòng)及過(guò)熱情況下進(jìn)行。該器件現(xiàn)以裸片形式提供，并保證擁有更快的溫度響應(yīng)，從而對(duì)暖車(chē)過(guò)程有更佳的控制。然而，它的最大特點(diǎn)是可在高溫(130到150°C或165到300°F)及高分辨率(0.03125°C/LSB)下達(dá)到極高的精確度，以確保能于極高溫的環(huán)境下精確地感測(cè)溫度。為了把箱油維持在正常的運(yùn)作范圍內(nèi)，以及正確地控制汽門(mén)和換檔時(shí)間及防止機(jī)件過(guò)快退化和損壞，精確的溫度檢測(cè)便不可或缺。如此，便可獲得較高的燃油效益和提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性。LM71A1可幫助設(shè)計(jì)人員設(shè)計(jì)出針對(duì)變速器電子控制單元的高性能熱管理系統(tǒng)。 附 錄B 符號(hào)說(shuō)明 汽車(chē)總質(zhì)量 kg 重力加速度 N/kg 道路最大阻力系數(shù) 驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的滾動(dòng)半徑 mm 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大扭矩 N·m 主減速比 汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)系的傳動(dòng)效率 一檔傳動(dòng)比 汽車(chē)滿(mǎn)載載荷 N 路面附著系數(shù) 第一軸與中間軸的中心距 mm 中間軸與倒檔軸的中心距 mm 第二軸與中間軸的中心距 mm 中心距系數(shù) 直齒輪模數(shù) 斜齒輪法向模數(shù) 齒輪壓力角 ° 斜齒輪螺旋角 ° 齒輪寬度 mm 齒輪齒數(shù) 齒輪變位系數(shù) 齒輪彎曲應(yīng)力 MPa 齒輪接觸應(yīng)力 MPa 齒輪所受圓周力 N 軸向力 N 徑向力 N 計(jì)算載荷 N·m 應(yīng)力集中系數(shù) 摩擦力影響系數(shù) 齒輪材料的彈性模量 MPa 重合度影響系數(shù) 主動(dòng)齒輪節(jié)圓半徑 mm 從動(dòng)齒輪節(jié)圓半徑 mm 主動(dòng)齒輪節(jié)圓處的曲率半徑 mm 從動(dòng)齒輪節(jié)圓處的曲率半徑 mm 扭轉(zhuǎn)切應(yīng)力 MPa 軸的抗扭截面系數(shù) 軸的材料的剪切彈性模量 MPa 軸截面的極慣性矩 垂直面內(nèi)的撓度 mm 水平面內(nèi)的撓度 mm