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Steeplechase lifting device structure and design
Lifting Gear steeplechase and design of the structure of the lifting mechanism is relatively traditional, the tail plate lifting mechanism using only a single fuel tank, so that the hydraulic system of the pipe is simple, convenient control and high reliability of the hydraulic system, and and ease of installation. The above analysis and calculation of the institutions such as the structure and properties of the mathematical relationship between parameters. To promote inter-related with the sleeve of the friction and wear, the sleeve guide groove angle and flip angle and a high degree of adaptability, such as lifting will be subject to further research and the analysis of the structure of hair.
Lifting Gear steeplechase vehicle movements in foreign countries as the rear door (end plate), its installed in the car named after the tail. In this paper, according to national standards call a lifting gear steeplechase. Steeplechase a lifting device installed on the van in the carriage of goods, not only to demonstrate its proprietary water-resistant dust-proof function, but also in the loading and unloading of goods mechanization achieved.
1 steeplechase development Lifting Gear
Lifting Gear steeplechase development, largely in foreign countries can be divided into four periods. The first generation of products in the 30's at the end of this century, characterized mainly lifting cylinder, and the steeplechase manually turned on, from or about the quality of 500kg, steeplechase (also known as loading platforms) touchdown angle 9 ° ~ 10 °. At present, this product in South-East Asia, Japan still in use, 90 years, is still the United States by the new development. Second-generation products in the early 50's the European market, in the first generation of products based on the increase of turnover to close the fuel tank. Lift and flip the fuel tank by two to achieve independence. The most common is a type 4 tank, but also of the double. Lifting the quality of more than 500 kg, platform loading touchdown angle 10 °, flip action control based on the experience of the operator. The products are mainly used in the Americas and Southeast Asia. Third-generation products in the 70's at the end of the European market is the second generation of products based on the increase in the fuel tank of the fifth. Only the fuel tank of the hydraulic system in the relative positions of the main effect of memory function, so that touchdown to loading platform, off the flip action is no longer controlled by the operator by the hydraulic control system itself, so that the process is relatively smooth take-off and landing and security. Touchdown angle is generally 8 ° ~ 10 °. If it doubles as a car door, and a result of increased platform size, angle may also be less than 8 °. At present these products to Europe and America in general. Fourth-generation products during the early 90s, and its hydraulic system and function of principles with the third-generation products, only an increase of the fuel tank the size of memory, so memory and increase the scope of action. It is different from the third generation of the product lies in the loading platform to increase its special structure, from one body to two activities connected to the platform after the touchdown, not only can automatically flip, but there is a sinking action to achieve the touchdown angle 6 °, even in 6 below. At present, the products in the Netherlands, Yugoslavia and China has applied for a utility model patent. The domestic market has been stereotyped. From the performance, security, reliability results, the fourth-generation products will be gradually replaced the second and third generation products. The first generation of products, because of its simple structure, light weight, although the technical content, but with the advantages of easy maintenance, etc., in developing countries will still have a certain market. Lifting Gear steeplechase development in China only a few things more than a decade. The former Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in 1985 imported from Japan with a number of lifting devices steeplechase van. Since then, by the Special Purpose Vehicle Institute of Hanyang, Hubei auto parts plant and Communication Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications Machinery Factory Mingshui three cooperation made the research and development, which lasted more than two years, due to various reasons can not be put into use. In early 1988, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications Communications Machinery Factory Mingshui technical staff, continue to develop. Post Office in Beijing to help the strong, thanks to the efforts of the past four years, increasing product quality stabilized. Early use of domestic products as a driving force for car engines. To achieve in 1992 a car battery as the driving force of the hydraulic pump station. After 1992, lifting gear steeplechase van due to the development of domestic and began to develop, the skill level is gradually close to the international. According to the current understanding of the situation, the domestic production steeplechase of the enterprises, including Lifting Gear Mingshui, such as posts and telecommunications equipment factory at least five, the product structure have a single-cylinder, four-cylinder, five-cylinder and the early 90's and the latest U.S. technology-based The five-cylinder technology. Although the product mix in the form, the international four-generation products are produced in China, but its development is still in its infancy. The expansion of the domestic market, but also the need for inter-and opportunities. Speaking time may not last long, from the varieties of speaking, a short period of time will still exist a variety of forms, but in the end may be the single-cylinder and five-cylinder products.
2 steeplechase of the basic principles of lifting gear
Lifting Gear steeplechase varieties are numerous, but the basic fundamental tenets of the original but it is the same, that is, parallel four-bar linkage of the practical application of the principle of parallel move, it is two sets of parallel four-bar linkage, sub-put longeron on both sides of car, synchronous movements, while the DCE is the above mentioned loading platform (steeplechase). Design, the following three issues to be resolved: BC under the driving force for rotation; BC under the role of rotational dynamics and the role of the form of points; CD under the C-point after touchdown, there must be a rotation around the point D moves to E end of touchdown to facilitate loading and unloading of goods.
2.1 Power System
Steeplechase early in the development of lifting devices for the automotive engine through the oil pump driven from power-driven devices. Working hours as a result of the need to idle the engine running, is now seldom used. At present, the basic use of micro-driven hydraulic pump station, a car battery for power source. Micro-pump station has the basic components of DC motors (with the car battery voltage to match), control valves, gear pumps, combination valve (overflow, cutting one-way), and the fuel tank, electric start switch, control switch and so on. According to different vehicle battery voltage, DC motors are 12 V, 24 V are two different power according to the weight since there are 018 kW, 110 kW, 112 kW, 115 kW, 2 kW, 3 kW and so on. Gear pump according to the number of tanks (mainly hydraulic flow) and the hydraulic system pressure to choose, there is displacement 1 ml, 112 ml, 116 ml, 210 ml, 215 ml, 410 ml wide range of specifications, the maximum output pressure gear pump up to 25M Pa. Hydraulic Pump Station has been the international product quality is stable, less quality of domestic products, mainly the quality of the solenoid valve or volume too large, however.
2.2 The form and the role of driving force transmission point
Both rely on power through the pressure of hydraulic oil system from the fuel tank to the BC transmission poles. Fuel tanks and installation of the number of different positions, and to take the DC bar the difference in the rotation, the power transmission lines are also different. a1 cylinder on the front. Hinge for a long shaft B, the two parallel four-bar linkage mounted on the shaft at both ends, a shaft connected to the middle arm, then the fuel tank of the piston rod end of the fuel tank on the other side of the fixed bracket on the transmission of power as follows: oil tumbler cylinder → → BC rod shaft, the working process in Figure 2. b1 on the rear cylinder. The fuel tank 24 is located in the middle of linkage, the two four-bar linkage in the middle of the BC bar with fixed beams together, the middle beam connecting rod and the fuel tank, fuel tank connected to the other side with the stent. c1 four-cylinder and five-cylinder type. Five-cylinder structure of the memory of the fifth hydraulic cylinder is a cylinder in the hydraulic circuit, the loading platform to participate in only touchdown after the reversal platform action, without reference platform for take-off and landing, and its basic structure with the same four-cylinder. Four-cylinder under the structure of the fuel tank of BC, which is different from the distinction between single-cylinder.
2.3 CD under the rotation
CD of the rotation pole, four-cylinder with five-cylinder fuel tank of the type of contraction depend on the realization of single-cylinder rear-mounted on, CD can not be achieved under rotation (but can be reversed to achieve at the highest position, because the structure of more complex, and I shall not introduce) ; for the single-cylinder front-on, based on the structural changes under BC achievable. The actual design, AD is also required under certain technical processing to meet the requirements. In addition, note that, D CE articulated only in the D point, the other type for the D, C two hinged.
3 steeplechase lifting device to determine the technical parameters
Lifting Gear steeplechase main technical parameters: Rated lifting the quality of travel movements, take-off and landing speed, shot size, platform size, operating voltage and power motor, gear pump row weight (rated output flow), control valves, the type and quantity of and the fuel tank of the bore and stroke, rated working pressure. Under normal circumstances, the beginning of the design parameters are known to width and height from the floor, battery voltage and capacity, beam spacing and beam auto height and size of rear overhang. Known parameters are the fundamental basis for design.
欄板起重裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計
相對傳統(tǒng)的舉升機構(gòu),該尾板舉升機構(gòu)只采用了單油缸,使液壓系統(tǒng)的管路簡單,控制方便,液壓系統(tǒng)的可靠性高,且安裝方便。上述的分析與計算,為該機構(gòu)建立了結(jié)構(gòu)與性能等參數(shù)間的數(shù)學(xué)關(guān)系。有關(guān)推銷與套筒間的摩擦與磨損,套筒導(dǎo)槽角和翻轉(zhuǎn)角度與舉升高度的適應(yīng)性等問題,將有待進一步的分析研究和結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)。
欄板起重裝置在國外稱為汽車升降尾門(尾板) ,由其安裝在汽車尾部而得名。本文按國家標準稱其為欄板起重裝置。一輛安裝了欄板起重裝置的廂式貨車在貨物運輸中, 不僅顯示其防雨防塵的專有功能,而且在貨物的裝卸方面實現(xiàn)了機械化。
1 欄板起重裝置的發(fā)展
欄板起重裝置的發(fā)展, 在國外大體上可分為四個時期。第一代產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生于本世紀30 年代末, 其特點主要是單缸舉升, 而欄板翻轉(zhuǎn)靠手動, 起升質(zhì)量為500kg 左右, 欄板(又稱載物平臺) 觸地傾角9°～ 10°。目前, 這種產(chǎn)品在東南亞、日本仍在使用, 90 年代, 還在美國得到了新的發(fā)展。第二代產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生于50 年代初的歐洲市場, 在第一代產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)上增加了翻轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)門油缸。舉升與翻轉(zhuǎn)分別由二個獨立油缸實現(xiàn)。最常見的是四只油缸的型式, 也有雙缸的。起升質(zhì)量在500 kg 以上, 載物平臺觸地傾角10°, 翻轉(zhuǎn)動作憑操作者經(jīng)驗控制。該種產(chǎn)品目前主要用于美洲及東南亞地區(qū)。第三代產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生于70 年代末的歐洲市場, 是在第二代產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)上增加第五只油缸。這只油缸在液壓系統(tǒng)中主要起相對位置的記憶功能, 使載物平臺觸地、離地的翻轉(zhuǎn)動作不再由操作者控制而由液壓系統(tǒng)本身控制, 從而使升降過程相對平穩(wěn)與安全。觸地傾角一般為8°～ 10°。若兼作廂門用, 因平臺尺寸增大, 傾角也可能小于8°。目前該類產(chǎn)品普遍用于歐美地區(qū)。第四代產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生于90 年代初, 其液壓系統(tǒng)及功能原理同第三代產(chǎn)品, 只增加了記憶油缸的尺寸, 使記憶動作的范圍進一步增大。它不同于第三代產(chǎn)品的關(guān)鍵在于其載物平臺增加特殊結(jié)構(gòu), 由一體改為兩體活動聯(lián)接, 使平臺觸地后不僅能自動翻轉(zhuǎn), 而且有一個下沉的動作, 使觸地傾角達到6°, 甚至在6以下。目前該產(chǎn)品在荷蘭、南斯拉夫和中國已申請了實用新型發(fā)明專利。國內(nèi)已有定型產(chǎn)品投放市場。從操作性能、安全可靠性等使用效果上, 第四代產(chǎn)品將逐漸取代了第二、三代產(chǎn)品。而第一代產(chǎn)品,由于其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單, 重量輕, 雖然技術(shù)含量低, 但具有便于維修等優(yōu)點, 在發(fā)展中國家將仍有一定的市場。欄板起重裝置在國內(nèi)的發(fā)展只是近十幾年的事情。1985 年原郵電部從日本進口了一批裝有欄板起重裝置的廂式車。此后, 由漢陽專用汽車研究所、湖北汽車配件廠和郵電部明水通信機械廠三家合作進行了國產(chǎn)化研制開發(fā), 歷時兩年多, 卻因多種原因而未能投入使用。1988 年初, 郵電部明水通信機械廠組織技術(shù)人員, 繼續(xù)研制。在北京市郵政局的大力協(xié)助下, 經(jīng)過近四年的努力, 產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量日漸趨于穩(wěn)定。國產(chǎn)化產(chǎn)品早期用汽車發(fā)動機作為動力。1992 年實現(xiàn)以汽車蓄電池作為液壓泵站的驅(qū)動力。1992 年以后, 欄板起重裝置因國內(nèi)廂式車的發(fā)展而開始發(fā)展起來, 技術(shù)水平也逐漸向國際靠近。據(jù)目前了解的情況, 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)欄板起重裝置的企業(yè)包括明水郵電通信設(shè)備廠等至少有5 家, 產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)型式有單缸、四缸、五缸及90 年代初的美國技術(shù)及最新型的五缸技術(shù)。盡管在產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)形式上, 國際上的四代產(chǎn)品均在國內(nèi)都有生產(chǎn), 但就其發(fā)展而言, 仍處于起步階段。國內(nèi)市場的擴展, 還需要間與機遇。從時間上講可能不會太久, 從品種上講, 短時期內(nèi)將仍是以多種型式并存, 但最終可能是單缸產(chǎn)品和五缸產(chǎn)品為主。
2 欄板起重裝置的基本原理
欄板起重裝置的品種雖多,但其基本原但其基本原理卻是相同的,即平行四連桿機構(gòu)的平行移動原理實際應(yīng)用中, 是兩組平行的四連桿機構(gòu),分置于汽車縱梁兩側(cè), 同步動作, 而DCE 即為上文所說的載物平臺(欄板)。設(shè)計時,須解決以下三個問題:BC桿轉(zhuǎn)動的動力; BC桿轉(zhuǎn)動動力的作用點及作用形式;CD 桿在C 點觸地后, 必須有一個繞D 點轉(zhuǎn)動動作,以便E端觸地,方便貨物裝卸。
2.1 動力系統(tǒng)
欄板起重裝置在發(fā)展初期為汽車發(fā)動機通過取力器帶動油泵驅(qū)動。由于工作時發(fā)動機需要怠速運轉(zhuǎn), 現(xiàn)已很少采用。目前基本都采用微型液壓泵站驅(qū)動, 以汽車電瓶為動力源。微型泵站的基本構(gòu)成有直流電動機(與汽車電瓶電壓匹配)、控制閥、齒輪泵、組合閥體(溢流、單向節(jié)流) 以及油箱、電機啟動開關(guān)、控制開關(guān)等。根據(jù)汽車電瓶電壓不同, 直流電機有12 V、24 V 兩種, 功率根據(jù)起重量不同有018 kW、110 kW、112 kW、115 kW、2 kW、3 kW 等。齒輪泵根據(jù)油缸數(shù)量(主要是液壓流量) 和液壓系統(tǒng)工作壓力選擇, 排量有1 m l、112 m l、116 m l、210 m l、215 m l、410 m l 多種規(guī)格, 齒輪泵最大輸出壓力可達25M Pa。液壓泵站國際產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量已很穩(wěn)定, 國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量稍差, 主要是電磁閥質(zhì)量不過或體積偏大。
2.2 動力傳遞形式及作用點
動力均靠液壓油經(jīng)過壓力系統(tǒng)由油缸傳遞到B C 桿上。油缸數(shù)量和安裝位置不同, 以及采取的D C 桿的轉(zhuǎn)動方式的差異, 其動力傳遞的路線也不同。a1 單缸對中前置。鉸鏈B 為一長轉(zhuǎn)軸, 兩平行四連桿機構(gòu)安裝于軸的兩端, 軸的中間連一轉(zhuǎn)臂, 接油缸活塞桿端, 油缸另一端固定于支架上, 力的傳遞為: 油缸→轉(zhuǎn)臂轉(zhuǎn)軸→B C 桿, 工作過程如圖2。b1 單缸對中后置。油缸位于兩四連桿機構(gòu)的中間位置, 兩四連桿的B C 桿在中間用橫梁固定連為一體, 梁中間與油缸活塞桿聯(lián)接, 油缸另一端與支架聯(lián)接。c1 四缸及五缸型式。五缸結(jié)構(gòu)中的第五缸是液壓記憶缸, 在液壓回路中, 只參與載物平臺觸地后平臺的翻轉(zhuǎn)動作, 而不參平臺升降, 其基本結(jié)構(gòu)與四缸相同。四缸結(jié)構(gòu)中B C 桿均為油缸, 這是不同于單缸的區(qū)別。
2.3 CD 桿的轉(zhuǎn)動
CD 桿的轉(zhuǎn)動, 四缸與五缸型式依靠油缸的收縮實現(xiàn), 單缸對中后置式, CD 桿無法實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)動(但可在最高位置實現(xiàn)翻轉(zhuǎn), 因結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜, 在此不作介紹) ; 對于單缸對中前置式, 是以B C 桿的結(jié)構(gòu)改變實現(xiàn)的。實際設(shè)計中,A D 桿也需要作一定的技術(shù)處理才能滿足要求。另外還要注意一點,D CE 只在D 點鉸接, 其它型式為D、C 兩點鉸接。
3 欄板起重裝置技術(shù)參數(shù)的確定
欄板起重裝置的技術(shù)參數(shù)主要有: 額定起升質(zhì)量、升降行程、升降速度、桿件尺寸、平臺尺寸、電動機工作電壓及功率、齒輪泵排重(額定輸出流量)、控制閥型式及數(shù)量和油缸的缸徑及工作行程、額定工作壓力等。一般情況下, 設(shè)計開始時已知的參數(shù)為廂體寬度、地板距地高度、電瓶電壓及容量、汽車縱梁間距及縱梁高度和汽車后懸尺寸等。已知參數(shù)是進行設(shè)計的基本依據(jù)。