槳葉結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)[中文1880字] 【中英文WORD】
槳葉結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)[中文1880字] 【中英文WORD】,中文1880字,中英文WORD,槳葉結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)[中文1880字],【中英文WORD】,槳葉,結(jié)構(gòu),設(shè)計(jì),中文,1880,中英文,WORD
The Design Of The Lade
Blade structure design of the main work is according to the overall design and aerodynamic design and the parameters of the helicopter, helicopter is designed to meet tactical technical requirements and overall technical requirements of blade structure. Blade structure design to meet the blade aerodynamic shape, rotor dynamics, fatigue and strength, reliability and maintainability, manufacturability and economy requirements, etc.
Blade structure design of main work include:
(1) The blade material design, select material determine blade materials system and variety.
(2) The blade configuration design, determine the structure of the blade profile typical forms, joint form and main structure size.
(3) Blade layer design and structure parameters are calculated.
(4) The blade structure detail design.
Blade of the main girder, skin structure, after a period of parts and connectors. In addition, there is blade tip cover, rear adjustment piece, front bag piece, balance weight, etc. Blade configurations by early wood blade, blade hybrid structure, the metal blade, metal and composite materials mixed blade structure and development of the whole composite blade, to date, most advanced helicopter blades with composite materials. Blade configuration is mainly according to the shape of the blade material and supporting as well as the joint form to differentiate, blade configuration design, want to consider domestic blade development and industry technical accumulation, the basis of reasonable selection of blade configurations.
1. The metal blade configurations
Metal blades are usually made of girder, joint, in the back cover and the blade tip, trailing edge adjustment piece, front bag piece, such as balance weight zero components. According to the shape of the girder and the forming process is different, can be divided into the hollow extruded beam blade, C shape extruded beam blade, illustrated the paddle blade and a closed cavity composite beams.
(1) Extrusion hollow beam
Extrusion hollow girder according to blade design requirements, the girder extrusion into D beam, can be squeezed into trapezoidal beam. Usually the shape of the hollow beam by mechanical processing and become, form the front of the oar Ye Yi type. The configuration of the blade good torsional stiffness, beam can be individually under complex load of blade. Hollow beam are usually made of aluminium alloy extrusion forming, inner surface son what shape and surface quality of the girder by extrusion technology guarantee, usually inner surface and girder as the surface processing benchmark. Therefore, extruded beam inner cavity size and high surface quality requirement, manufacture process is difficult.
(2) C shape extruded beam girder (C)
C girder is generally made by aluminum alloy extrusion forming, surface after machining. C beam form at the front part of the airfoil, upper and lower surface constitute a part of the airfoil surface. C beam inner surface is open (concave), surface processing and quality inspection. Because C beam rear openings, low torsional rigidity of girder, often need to skin (or shape wall) or Ⅱ girder together constitute a single or double closed cavity closed load-carrying structure.
(3) Illustrated the blade
Illustrated by alloy steel or commonly qin alloy extrusion forming, cross section shape according to the requirements of blade overall configuration and the bearing can be round or oval. Steel of high strength, modulus, impact toughness is better, but better than strength, modulus and aluminum alloy.
(4) Other forms
More closed cavity composite beam is composed of steel plate bending forming C shape, D beam element, by welding or bonding of closed cavity load-carrying structure. Girder for stainless steel plate after forming glue connect together to form more closed cavity beam.
2. Composite blade configurations
Composite blade configuration mainly based on the typical section girder structure, mainly including c girder single closed cavity, D beam double closed cavity structure with more closed cavity, etc.
(1) C girder single closed cavity structure
Is usually the most simple profile structure C shape beam single closed cavity structure, the structure is simple and good manufacturability. This configuration is similar to metal C shape beam structure, because it is open at the back of the C shape beam structure, section low torsional rigidity, for blade chord length is larger, after airfoil section area skin and bonding strength of filling material is the structure design of the difficulty, so this kind of configuration is usually suitable for medium and small helicopter blades.
(2) D beam double closed cavity structure
Single closed cavity structure stiffness and strength is relatively low, for blade chord length is larger, followed by regional skin and filler material knot strength to demand higher, can use double closed cavity structure. Double closed cavity D C beam girder structure is relatively single closed cavity structure is relatively complex, but this kind of structure can improve the torsional rigidity of blade and the blade trailing edge skin it strength.
(3) closed cavity structure
C beam and girder D configuration, essence is the metal blade configuration, only the metal blade hollow beam and solid beam with composite material instead. And more closed cavity structure, make full use of the composite materials can design, make the inside of the blade structure design, performance optimization, the stiffness, weight and strength characteristics better. More closed cavity girders of the blade is a kind of multi-channel structure of force transmission, due to more closed cavity structure, internal blade by hardwood, such as beam, Z girder,Ⅰ girder, Ⅱ girder, blade broken good security features.
3. The blade joint form
Joint is the key component of blade connected to the propeller yi, blade root larger centrifugal force and under complex load are passed on from joint to oar yi. Blade joint depends primarily on connection with OARS yi in the form of form. Usually have a comb joint, flange and double winding bushing connecting forms, etc.
(1) comb joint connection
Comb joint connection generally adopts double ear or ears more connection, connection of the bolt hole, there are two of the same diameter, also have different sizes. Use comb connector, connector connected to the girders usually adopts bolt connection and bonding layer board, joint with girder web plate up and down the roots by bolt connection into a whole. Web thickness along the exhibition to become thinner, step by step implementation structure and strength design.
(2) the flange connection
Blade flange with OARS oar yi flange through a set of bolts connection, connection and girders connection bolt connection and bonding layer board, is often used to this kind of connection mode for more metal blades, straight type 8 main blade is made the connection form of the flange.
(3) dual coil sleeve connection
Blade roots of the two bushings through the bolt or pin connected to the propeller yi, this type of connection for composite blade, blade beam around the roots of bushing, joint is relatively simple. At present, the development of 9 straight, straight 11 composite blade is with double sleeve connection mode.
槳葉結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)
槳葉結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的主要工作是根據(jù)直升機(jī)總體設(shè)計(jì)和氣動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)確定的參數(shù)，設(shè)計(jì)出滿足戰(zhàn)術(shù)技術(shù)要求和直升機(jī)總體技術(shù)要求的槳葉結(jié)構(gòu)。槳葉結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)要滿足槳葉氣動(dòng)外形、旋翼動(dòng)力學(xué)、疲勞與強(qiáng)度、可靠性與維修性、工藝性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性等要求。
槳葉結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)主要工作包括:
（1）槳葉的選材設(shè)計(jì)，確定槳葉所用材料體系和品種。
（2）槳葉的構(gòu)型設(shè)計(jì)，確定槳葉典型剖面的構(gòu)造形式、接頭形式和主要結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。
（3）槳葉鋪層設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)計(jì)算。
（4）槳葉結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)。
槳葉的主要結(jié)構(gòu)有大梁、蒙皮、后段件和接頭。此外，還有槳尖罩、后緣調(diào)整片、前緣包片、平衡配重等。槳葉構(gòu)型由早期的木質(zhì)槳葉、混合式結(jié)構(gòu)槳葉，向金屬槳葉、金屬和復(fù)合材料混雜結(jié)構(gòu)槳葉和全復(fù)合材料槳葉發(fā)展，目前先進(jìn)的直升機(jī)大多采用復(fù)合材料槳葉。槳葉的構(gòu)型主要根據(jù)槳葉材料與大梁的形狀以及接頭形式來區(qū)分，進(jìn)行槳葉構(gòu)型設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，要考慮國內(nèi)槳葉研制的基礎(chǔ)和行業(yè)的技術(shù)積累，合理選擇槳葉的構(gòu)型。
1.金屬槳葉構(gòu)型
金屬槳葉通常由大梁、接頭、后段件及槳尖罩、后緣調(diào)整片、前緣包片、平衡配重等零組件組成。根據(jù)大梁的形狀和成形工藝不同，可分為空心擠壓梁槳葉，C形擠壓梁槳葉，管梁槳葉和多閉腔組合梁槳葉。
（1）空心擠壓梁
空心擠壓大梁可根據(jù)槳葉設(shè)計(jì)要求，將大梁擠壓成D形梁，也可擠壓成梯形梁。通?？招牧旱耐庑谓?jīng)機(jī)械加工而成，構(gòu)成槳葉翼型的前部。這種構(gòu)型的槳葉抗扭剛度好，大梁可以單獨(dú)承受槳葉的復(fù)雜載荷?？招牧和ǔＳ射X合金擠壓成形，大梁內(nèi)表面兒何形狀與表面質(zhì)量由擠壓工藝保證，通常大梁內(nèi)表面又作為外表面的加工基準(zhǔn)。因此，擠壓梁內(nèi)腔尺寸和表面質(zhì)量要求較高，工藝制造難度較大。
（2）C形擠壓梁(C形梁)
C形梁一般也是由鋁合金擠壓成形，表面經(jīng)機(jī)械加工而成。C形梁構(gòu)成翼型的前緣部分，上下表面構(gòu)成部分翼型面。C形梁內(nèi)表面(凹面)是開敞的，便于表面加工和質(zhì)量檢查。由于C形梁后緣開口，大梁的扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度偏低，常需要與蒙皮(或外形壁板)或Ⅱ形梁一起構(gòu)成單閉腔或雙閉腔承力結(jié)構(gòu)。
（3）管梁槳葉
管梁一般由合金鋼或欽合金擠壓成形，截面形狀根據(jù)槳葉整體構(gòu)型和承力的要求，可以是圓形或橢圓形。鋼的強(qiáng)度高，模量、沖擊韌性比較好，但比強(qiáng)度、比模量與鋁合金不相上下。
（4）其他形式
多閉腔組合梁是由鋼板折彎成形的C形、D形梁元件，通過焊接或膠接組成的多閉腔承力結(jié)構(gòu)。大梁為不銹鋼板彎曲成形后膠接在一起組成多閉腔梁。
2.復(fù)合材料槳葉構(gòu)型
復(fù)合材料槳葉構(gòu)型主要依據(jù)大梁典型剖面結(jié)構(gòu)形式區(qū)分，主要包括c形梁單閉腔、D形梁雙閉腔與多閉腔等結(jié)構(gòu)形式。
（1）C形梁單閉腔結(jié)構(gòu)
通常最簡單的剖面構(gòu)造是C形梁單閉腔結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，工藝性好。這種構(gòu)型類似金屬C形梁結(jié)構(gòu)，由于采用后部開口的C形梁結(jié)構(gòu)，剖面抗扭剛度低，對(duì)于弦長較大的槳葉，翼型后段區(qū)蒙皮與填充材料的膠接強(qiáng)度是這種結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)難點(diǎn)，所以這種構(gòu)型通常適用于中、小型直升機(jī)的槳葉。
（2）D形梁雙閉腔結(jié)構(gòu)
單閉腔結(jié)構(gòu)的剛度與強(qiáng)度相對(duì)較低，對(duì)于弦長較大的槳葉，其后段區(qū)域蒙皮和填充材料的就結(jié)強(qiáng)度要求較高，可采用雙閉腔結(jié)構(gòu)。雙閉腔D形梁結(jié)構(gòu)較單閉腔C形梁結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)復(fù)雜，但這種結(jié)構(gòu)能提高槳葉的扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和槳葉后緣蒙皮的就結(jié)強(qiáng)度。
（3）多閉腔結(jié)構(gòu)
C形梁和D形梁構(gòu)型，實(shí)質(zhì)是金屬槳葉的構(gòu)型思路，只是將金屬槳葉的空心梁和實(shí)心梁用復(fù)合材料代替。而多閉腔結(jié)構(gòu)，充分利用了復(fù)合材料的可設(shè)計(jì)性，使槳葉內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)效能趨于優(yōu)化，其剛度、重量和強(qiáng)度特性更優(yōu)。多閉腔大梁的槳葉是一種多路傳力結(jié)構(gòu)，由于采取多閉腔結(jié)構(gòu)，槳葉內(nèi)部有加強(qiáng)梁，如Z形梁、Ⅰ形梁、Ⅱ形梁等，槳葉破損安全特性好。
3.槳葉接頭形式
接頭是槳葉與槳毅連接的關(guān)鍵構(gòu)件，槳葉根部承受較大的離心力和復(fù)雜載荷都由接頭傳遞給槳毅。槳葉接頭的形式主要取決于與槳毅的連接形式。通常有梳形接頭、法蘭盤和雙纏繞襯套連接形式等。
（1）梳形接頭連接
梳形接頭連接一般采用雙耳或多耳連接，連接的螺栓孔，有兩個(gè)相同直徑的，也有大小不同的。采用梳形接頭，接頭與大梁的連接通常采用螺栓連接和層板膠接，接頭上下腹板與大梁根部通過螺栓連接成一個(gè)整體。腹板的厚度沿展向逐級(jí)變薄，實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)的等強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)。
（2）法蘭盤連接
槳葉法蘭盤與槳毅的法蘭盤通過一組螺栓螺帽連接，接頭與大梁的連接常采用螺栓連接和層板膠接，這種連接方式多用于金屬槳葉，直8型機(jī)主槳葉就是采用這種法蘭盤的連接形式。
（3）雙纏繞襯套連接
槳葉根部的兩個(gè)襯套通過螺栓或插銷與槳毅相連，這種連接形式多用于復(fù)合材料槳葉，槳葉大梁繞根部襯套纏繞，接頭相對(duì)簡單。目前我國研制的直9、直11復(fù)合材料槳葉都是采用雙襯套的連接方式。
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