電動(dòng)自行車調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
電動(dòng)自行車調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì),電動(dòng)自行車,調(diào)速,系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì)
外文資料翻譯
Metal heat treatment
金屬熱處理
Metal heat treatment is a kind of craft to heat pieces of metals at the suitable temperature in some medium and to cool them at different speed after some time.
金屬熱處理是將金屬工件放在一定的介質(zhì)中加熱到適宜的溫度，并在此溫度中保持一定時(shí)間后，又以不同速度冷卻的一種工藝。
The metal heat treatment is one of the important crafts in the machine-building, comparing with other technologies, the heat treatment seldom changes the form of the work pieces and chemical composition of the whole .it improve the serviceability of the work piece through changing their micro- work pieces, chemical composition, or surface. Its characteristic is improving inherent quality of work pieces which can not be watched by our eyes.
金屬熱處理是機(jī)械制造中的重要工藝之一，與其他加工工藝相比，熱處理一般不改變工件的形狀和整體的化學(xué)成分，而是通過(guò)改變工件內(nèi)部的顯微組織，或改變工件表面的化學(xué)成分，賦予或改善工件的使用性能。其特點(diǎn)是改善工件的內(nèi)在質(zhì)量，而這一般不是肉眼所能看到的。
In order to make the metal work piece have mechanics , physics and chemical property which are needed, besides the use of many materials and various kinds of crafts which are shaped , the heat treatment craft is essential. Steel is a wide-used material in the mechanical industry, its complicated micro-composition can be controlled through the heat treatment , so the heat treatment of the steel is a main content of the metal heat treatment . In addition aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium and their alloys also can change their mechanics , physics and chemical property through the heat treatment to make different serviceability.
為使金屬工件具有所需要的力學(xué)性能、物理性能和化學(xué)性能，除合理選用材料和各種成形工藝外，熱處理工藝往往是必不可少的。鋼鐵是機(jī)械工業(yè)中應(yīng)用最廣的材料，鋼鐵顯微組織復(fù)雜，可以通過(guò)熱處理予以控制，所以鋼鐵的熱處理是金屬熱處理的主要內(nèi)容。另外，鋁、銅、鎂、鈦等及其合金也都可以通過(guò)熱處理改變其力學(xué)、物理和化學(xué)性能，以獲得不同的使用性能。
During the process of development from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age and to the Iron Age, the function of the heat treatment is gradually known by people. As early as 770 B.C.~222 B.C., the Chinese in production practices had already found the performance of the copper and iron changed by press and temperature . White mouthfuls of casting iron’s gentle-treatment is a important craft to make farm implements.
在從石器時(shí)代進(jìn)展到銅器時(shí)代和鐵器時(shí)代的過(guò)程中，熱處理的作用逐漸為人們所認(rèn)識(shí)。早在公元前770～前222年，中國(guó)人在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中就已發(fā)現(xiàn)，銅鐵的性能會(huì)因溫度和加壓變形的影響而 變化。白口鑄鐵的柔化處理就是制造農(nóng)具的重要工藝。
In the sixth century B.C., the steel weapon was gradually adopted. In order to improve the hardness of the steel, quench craft was then developed rapidly. Two sword and one halberd found in YANXIA, Hebei of China , had “MA structure” in its micro-composition which was quenched.
公元前六世紀(jì)，鋼鐵兵器逐漸被采用，為了提高鋼的硬度，淬火工藝遂得到迅速發(fā)展。中國(guó)河北省易縣燕下都出土的兩把劍和一把戟，其顯微組織中都有馬氏體存在，說(shuō)明是經(jīng)過(guò)淬火的。
With the development of quenching technology, people gradually found the influence of cold pharmaceutical on quality of quenching. Pu yuan a people of the Three Kingdoms(now, Shanxi province Xiegu town)made3000 knives for Zhu Ge-liang.the knives were quenched in Chengdu according to legend. This proved that the chinese had noticed the cooling ability of waters with different quality in ancient times, and the cooling ability of the oil and urine at the same time were found. People found a sword in Zhongshan tomb which were up to the Western Han Dynasty (B.C. 206 -A.D. 24 ),in whose heart department carbon was about 0.15-0.4%, but on whose surface carbon was about more than 0.6%.this has shown the use of the carburization craft. But as the secret of individual's " craftsmanship " at that time, the development was very slow.
隨著淬火技術(shù)的發(fā)展，人們逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)淬冷劑對(duì)淬火質(zhì)量的影響。三國(guó)蜀人蒲元曾在今陜西斜谷為諸葛亮打制3000把刀，相傳是派人到成都取水淬火的。這說(shuō)明中國(guó)在古代就注意到不同水質(zhì)的冷卻能力了，同時(shí)也注意了油和尿的冷卻能力。中國(guó)出土的西漢(公元前206～公元24)中山靖王墓中的寶劍,心部含碳量為0.15～0.4%，而表面含碳量卻達(dá)0.6%以上，說(shuō)明已應(yīng)用了滲碳工藝。但當(dāng)時(shí)作為個(gè)人“手藝”的秘密，不肯外傳，因而發(fā)展很慢。
In 1863, Britain metallo graphy expert and geologist's discoverity that six kinds of different metallography organizations existed in the steel under the microscope, proved that the inside of steel would change while heating and cooling. the looks of steel at the high temperature would change into a harder looks when urgently colded. Frenchmen Osmon established Allotropic theory , and Englishmen Austin first made the iron- carbon looks picture .these tow theories set the theoretical foundation for the modern heat treatment craft . Meanwhile, people also studied the metal protection in the heating to avoid the metal's oxidizing and out of carbon in the course.
1863年，英國(guó)金相學(xué)家和地質(zhì)學(xué)家展示了鋼鐵在顯微鏡下的六種不同的金相組織，證明了鋼在加熱和冷卻時(shí)，內(nèi)部會(huì)發(fā)生組織改變，鋼中高溫時(shí)的相在急冷時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐环N較硬的相。法國(guó)人奧斯蒙德確立的鐵的同素異構(gòu)理論，以及英國(guó)人奧斯汀最早制定的鐵碳相圖，為現(xiàn)代熱處理工藝初步奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。與此同時(shí)，人們還研究了在金屬熱處理的加熱過(guò)程中對(duì)金屬的保護(hù)方法，以避免加熱過(guò)程中金屬的氧化和脫碳等。
1850~1880s, there were a series of patent to use kinds of gases to heat (such as hydrogen , coal gas , carbon monoxide etc. ). Englishman's Rec obtained the patent of bright heat treatment of many kinds of metal in 1889-1890.
1850～1880年，對(duì)于應(yīng)用各種氣體(諸如氫氣、煤氣、一氧化碳等)進(jìn)行保護(hù)加熱曾有一系列專利。1889～1890年英國(guó)人萊克獲得多種金屬光亮熱處理的專利。
Since the 20th century, the development of metal physics and transplantation application of other new technologies,make the metal heat treatment craft develop on a large scale even more. A remarkable progress was carburizition of gas in a tube of stoves in industrial production during 1901~1925; 1930s the appeariance of the electric potential different count and then the use of carbon dioxide and oxygen made stove carbon of atmosphere under control . In 1960s, hot treatment technology used the function of the plasma field, developed the nitrogen, carburization craft.The application of laser , electron beam technology, made the metal obtain new method about surface heat treatment and chemical heat treatment.
二十世紀(jì)以來(lái)，金屬物理的發(fā)展和其他新技術(shù)的移植應(yīng)用，使金屬熱處理工藝得到更大發(fā)展。一個(gè)顯著的進(jìn)展是1901～1925年，在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)筒爐進(jìn)行氣體滲碳 ；30年代出現(xiàn)露點(diǎn)電位差計(jì),使?fàn)t內(nèi)氣氛的碳勢(shì)達(dá)到可控，以后又研究出用二氧化碳紅外儀、氧探頭等進(jìn)一步控制爐內(nèi)氣氛碳勢(shì)的方法；60年代，熱處理技術(shù)運(yùn)用了等離子場(chǎng)的作用，發(fā)展了離子滲氮、滲碳工藝 ；激光、電子束技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，又使金屬獲得了新的表面熱處理和化學(xué)熱處理方法。
The metal heat treatment craft
金屬熱處理的工藝:
The heat treatment craft generally includes heating, keeping and cooling and sometimes only heating and cooling two progresses . The course links up each other.
熱處理工藝一般包括加熱、保溫、冷卻三個(gè)過(guò)程，有時(shí)只有加熱和冷卻兩個(gè)過(guò)程。這些過(guò)程互相銜接，不可間斷。
Heating is one of the important processes of the heat treatment . There are a lot of heating methods of the metal heat treatment . the first heat source were the charcoal and coal , then liquid and gaseous fuel. The application of the electricity is easy to control the heating, and no environmental pollution. the heat source could be heated directly or indirectly by the use of salt or metal of melting or the floating particle.
加熱是熱處理的重要工序之一。金屬熱處理的加熱方法很多，最早是采用木炭和煤作為熱源，進(jìn)而應(yīng)用液體和氣體燃料。電的應(yīng)用使加熱易于控制，且無(wú)環(huán)境污染。利用這些熱源可以直接加熱，也可以通過(guò)熔融的鹽或金屬，以至浮動(dòng)粒子進(jìn)行間接加熱。
While metal heated, the work piece in air , is often oxidized or take off carbon ( steel's surface carbon content reduces).this does harm to the metal's surface performanc which is heated. Therefore metal should heat in the the vacuum or the melted salt, in controlled atmosphere or protected atmosphere . Sometimes it is heated in the protect means of coating or pack .
金屬加熱時(shí)，工件暴露在空氣中，常常發(fā)生氧化、脫碳(即鋼鐵零件表面碳含量降低)，這對(duì)于熱處理后零件的表面性能有很不利的影響。因而金屬通常應(yīng)在可控氣氛或保護(hù)氣氛中、熔融鹽中和真空中加熱，也可用涂料或包裝方法進(jìn)行保護(hù)加熱。
Heating temperature is one of the important craft parameters of the heat treatment craft , choosing and controling heating temperature is a main matter of guaranting heat treatment quality. Heating temperature may change according to the different purposes of the heat treatment and different metal materials , but usually it is up to the temperature at which high temperature frame could be abtained.it must keep some time at the high temperature to make the inside and outside of the metal reach the some heating level,so that its micro-frame would turn out wholely.we call this period of time "keep-heat"time. There is no "keep-heat"time when adopting density heating and surface heat treatment of high energy because of the rapidity. But the chemical heat treatment often need much more time to sustain the heat .
加熱溫度是熱處理工藝的重要工藝參數(shù)之一，選擇和控制加熱溫度 ，是保證熱處理質(zhì)量的主要問(wèn)題。加熱溫度隨被處理的金屬材料和熱處理的目的不同而異，但一般都是加熱到相變溫度以上，以獲得高溫組織。另外轉(zhuǎn)變需要一定的時(shí)間，因此當(dāng)金屬工件表面達(dá)到要求的加熱溫度時(shí)，還須在此溫度保持一定時(shí)間，使內(nèi)外溫度一致， 使顯微組織轉(zhuǎn)變完全，這段時(shí)間稱為保溫時(shí)間。采用高能密度加熱和表面熱處理時(shí)，加熱速度極快，一般就沒(méi)有保溫時(shí)間，而化學(xué)熱處理的保溫時(shí)間往往較長(zhǎng)。
Cooling is an indispensable step in the craft course of heat treatment too . cooling methods are different because of crafts , mainly at controling the speed of cooling. generally anneals is slowest in speed, the cooling normalizing is a little fast in speed, the quenched cooling is much faster in speed. But there are different demands according to the kindof steel, for example empty hard steel can be cooled with normalize as quick as the speed by hard quench .
冷卻也是熱處理工藝過(guò)程中不可缺少的步驟，冷卻方法因工藝不同而不同，主要是控制冷卻速度。一般退火的冷卻速度最慢，正火的冷卻速度較快，淬火的冷卻速度更快。但還因鋼種不同而有不同的要求，例如空硬鋼就可以用正火一樣的冷卻速度進(jìn)行淬硬。
The metal heat treatment craft can be divided into whole heat treatment , surface heat treatment and chemical heat treatment.Every kind could be divided into different crafts according to heating medium , heating temperature and cooling method. The same kind of metal adopting different heat treatment crafts can get different organizations which have different performance . The steel is the widest-used metal on the industry, and its micro- organization is the most complicated, so the steel heat treatment craft is various in style.
金屬熱處理工藝大體可分為整體熱處理、表面熱處理和化學(xué)熱處理三大類。根據(jù)加熱介質(zhì)、加熱溫度和冷卻方法的不同，每一大類又可區(qū)分為若干不同的熱處理工藝。同一種金屬采用不同的熱處理工藝，可獲得不同的組織，從而具有不同的性能。鋼鐵是工業(yè)上應(yīng)用最廣的金屬，而且鋼鐵顯微組織也最為復(fù)雜，因此鋼鐵熱處理工藝種類繁多。
The whole heat treatment is to change the whole mechanics performance of work piece through heating the work piece wholely and then cooling at the proper speed. The whole heat treatment of steel roughly has four basic crafts of annealing , normalizing , quenching and flashing back .
整體熱處理是對(duì)工件整體加熱，然后以適當(dāng)?shù)乃俣壤鋮s，以改變其整體力學(xué)性能的金屬熱處理工藝。鋼鐵整體熱處理大致有退火、正火、淬火和回火四種基本工藝。
Annealing means heating the work piece to the proper temperature ,then adopting different temperature retention time according to the material and size of work piece and then cooling slowly, whose purpose is to make the metal organization to achieve or close to the balance state, obtain good craft performance and serviceability, or prepare for quench further. normalizing is to cool in the air after heating the work piece at suitable temperature , its result is similar to annealing except that the organization out of normalizing are more refined which is often used to inhance the cutting performance of the material and is occationally used for the final heat treatment of material which are not high-requested. .
退火是將工件加熱到適當(dāng)溫度，根據(jù)材料和工件尺寸采用不同的保溫時(shí)間，然后進(jìn)行緩慢冷卻，目的是使金屬內(nèi)部組織達(dá)到或接近平衡狀態(tài)，獲得良好的工藝性能和使用性能，或者為進(jìn)一步淬火作組織準(zhǔn)備。正火是將工件加熱到適宜的溫度后在空氣中冷卻，正火的效果同退火相似，只是得到的組織更細(xì)，常用于改善材料的切削性能，也有時(shí)用于對(duì)一些要求不高的零件作為最終熱處理。
Quenching is to cool work piece which has been heated and kept in warm fast in the cold medium as water , oil , other inorganic salts ,or organic aqueous solution and so on . The steel quenched becomes hard and fragile too. To reduce its fragility , we must first keep the quenched piece of steel in a certain temperature which is higher than room temperature but lower than 650℃for a long time,and then cool it again. this progress is called the flashing back . Annealing , normalizing, quenching , flashing back is " four fires " in the whole heat treatment . the quenching contact close to flashing back ,and they are often used together.
淬火是將工件加熱保溫后，在水、油或其他無(wú)機(jī)鹽、有機(jī)水溶液等淬冷介質(zhì)中快速冷卻。淬火后鋼件變硬，但同時(shí)變脆。為了降低鋼件的脆性，將淬火后的鋼件在高于室溫而低于650℃的某一適當(dāng)溫度進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的保溫，再進(jìn)行冷卻，這種工藝稱為回火。退火、正火、淬火、回火是整體熱處理中的“四把火”，其中的淬火與回火關(guān)系密切，常常配合使用，缺一不可。
" Four fire "is divided into kinds of heat treatment crafts by different heating temperatures and diferent ways of cooling. What is " quality adjust " is a kind of craft combining "quench" with "high-temper a ture flash back" to make the work piece obtain certain intensity and toughness. Some alloy saturation out of quench can improve its hardness, intensity, electricity and magnetism after it is kept in the high proper temperature for a little long time . Such heat treatment craft is called “effective dealing”.
“四把火”隨著加熱溫度和冷卻方式的不同，又演變出不同的熱處理工藝 。為了獲得一定的強(qiáng)度和韌性，把淬火和高溫回火結(jié)合起來(lái)的工藝，稱為調(diào)質(zhì)。某些合金淬火形成過(guò)飽和固溶體后，將其置于室溫或稍高的適當(dāng)溫度下保持較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，以提高合金的硬度、強(qiáng)度或電性磁性等。這樣的熱處理工藝稱為時(shí)效處理。
Deformation-heat-treatment is the combination of pressure-deformation and heat treatment on work piece ,this mothod could enhance its intensity; and vacuum-heat-treatment is that work piece is heated in atmosphere or vacuum.It can make the work piece not oxidize or take off carbons , keep its surface bright and neat and improve its performance. At the same time ,it can carry on the chemical heat treatment by the pharmaceutics.
把壓力加工形變與熱處理有效而緊密地結(jié)合起來(lái)進(jìn)行，使工件獲得很好的強(qiáng)度、韌性配合的方法稱為形變熱處理；在負(fù)壓氣氛或真空中進(jìn)行的熱處理稱為真空熱處理，它不僅能使工件不氧化，不脫碳，保持處理后工件表面光潔，提高工件的性能，還可以通入滲劑進(jìn)行化學(xué)熱處理。
Surface heat treatment on work piece is only to heat its cover to change the metal-layer's mechanics performance. In order to only heat the layer of work piece without making too much heat spreading into the inside, the heat source used must be of high density of energy , namely it can offer greater heat energy on the unit's area of the work piece and make its layer or parts reach high temperature in short-term or instantaneously. The main method of the surface heat treatment is "flame quenching" and "reaction heat" treatment and the heat source used commonly are flame as oxygen acetylene or propane, reaction electric current, laser and electron beam,ect.
表面熱處理是只加熱工件表層，以改變其表層力學(xué)性能的金屬熱處理工藝。為了只加熱工件表層而不使過(guò)多的熱量傳入工件內(nèi)部，使用的熱源須具有高的能量密度，即在單位面積的工件上給予較大的熱能，使工件表層或局部能短時(shí)或瞬時(shí)達(dá)到高溫。表面熱處理的主要方法有火焰淬火和感應(yīng)加熱熱處理，常用的熱源有氧乙炔或氧丙烷等火焰、感應(yīng)電流、激光和電子束等。
The chemical heat treatment is to alter the chemical composition, organization and performance of the top layer of work piece.The difference between Chemical and surface heat treatment is that the latter just change the chemical composition of the top layer of work piece . The former is to set the work piece heating in the medium (the gas , liquid , solid ) including carbon , nitrogen or other alloying elements,and then to keep it warm for longer time, thus to make elements as the carbon,nitrogen,boron and chromium,etc permeate through the top layer of work piece.Sometimes after permeation, there is other heat treatment craft to carry on such as quenching and flashing back . The main method of the chemical heat treatment include carbon,nitrogen, and metal permeation.
化學(xué)熱處理是通過(guò)改變工件表層化學(xué)成分、組織和性能的金屬熱處理工藝?；瘜W(xué)熱處理與表面熱處理不同之處是后者改變了工件表層的化學(xué)成分?；瘜W(xué)熱處理是將工件放在含碳、氮或其他合金元素的介質(zhì)(氣體、液體、固體)中加熱，保溫較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，從而使工件表層滲入碳、氮、硼和鉻等元素。滲入元素后，有時(shí)還要進(jìn)行其他熱處理工藝如淬火及回火。化學(xué)熱處理的主要方法有滲碳、滲氮、滲金屬。
The heat treatment is one of the important processes in machine components and tool and mould manufacture. Generally speaking, it guarantees and improves various kinds of performance of the work piece , for instance wear proof and anti-corrosion. It also improve the organization and state of the tough work piece to ensure various kinds of cooling and heating work.
熱處理是機(jī)械零件和工模具制造過(guò)程中的重要工序之一。大體來(lái)說(shuō)，它可以保證和提高工件的各種性能 ，如耐磨、耐腐蝕等。還可以改善毛坯的組織和應(yīng)力狀態(tài)，以利于進(jìn)行各種冷、熱加工。
For example tin are annealed for a long time to turn into malleable cast iron which is of plasticity. proper heat treatment craft can prolong the gear wheel's service life at double or dozens of times than these without heat treatment ; In addition, the cheap carbon steel with some alloying elements permeated will own the alloy steel performance whose prices hold high so that it can replace some heat-resisting steel , stainless steel ; all tool and mould need to be through the heat treatment before in use..
例如白口鑄鐵經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間退火處理可以獲得可鍛鑄鐵，提高塑性 ；齒輪采用正確的熱處理工藝，使用壽命可以比不經(jīng)熱處理的齒輪成倍或幾十倍地提高；另外，價(jià)廉的碳鋼通過(guò)滲入某些合金元素就具有某些價(jià)昂的合金鋼性能，可以代替某些耐熱鋼、不銹鋼 ；工模具則幾乎全部需要經(jīng)過(guò)熱處理方可使用。
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