英語(yǔ)畢業(yè)論文24從寵兒透視美國(guó)黑人女性的悲劇與成長(zhǎng)

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1、從寵兒透視美國(guó)黑人女性的悲劇與成長(zhǎng)The Tragedy and Growth of the Black Women Embodied in BelovedAbstractToni Morrison is the only Afro-American woman writer who wins the Nobel Prize for literature, and her works are well-known for vivid images, copious emotions and profound thoughts. Her works are always presented on

2、 behalf of the black women and full of tragedies. A general theme goes through all her fictions: the tragic life of the black people and the conflict between the white culture and the black culture.In Beloved, Morrison tells people a story about a black slave woman who has a tragic life but never gi

3、ves up her faith in self-growth. Through the different growing experiences of three generations, the fiction reveals the humble position of the black women and their difficult process of growth under the oppression of racism and sexism. On the one hand Morrison shows the real situation of the black

4、women from a distinct point of view, and demonstrates their pains and sufferings. On the other hand, through the tragic story of Beloved, Morrison also shows people the great strength and self-growth of the black women. Although the growing process is full of difficulties, the black women, through t

5、he efforts of generations, finally build themselves up, and bravely face the present and the future.Key WordsBlack women; discrimination and oppression; tragedy; strength; growth 摘要托尼莫里森是美國(guó)唯一一位獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的黑人女性作家，其小說(shuō)以鮮明的形象,豐富的感情和深刻的思想而著名, 她的作品總是代表著黑人女性并充滿了悲劇色彩。在她的小說(shuō)中始終可以感受到一個(gè)主題：“美國(guó)黑人命運(yùn)的殘酷，以及白人文化和黑人傳統(tǒng)文化之

6、間的沖突和對(duì)峙。”在寵兒中， 莫瑞森就講述了一個(gè)生活在悲劇中但卻始終不放棄信念的黑人女奴的悲慘故事；通過(guò)三代人不同的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷展現(xiàn)了處于弱勢(shì)地位的黑人婦女在種族主義和性別主義的雙重壓迫下艱難的心路歷程。一方面，莫里森用她獨(dú)特的視角講述黑人婦女真實(shí)的處境，使人們可以強(qiáng)烈深刻地感受到黑人婦女的痛苦經(jīng)歷。另一方面，通過(guò)寵兒的悲劇故事，莫里森向人們展示了黑人婦女的力量與自我成長(zhǎng)。盡管成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程充滿荊棘，但通過(guò)一代又一代的努力，黑人女性最終成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)，開(kāi)始勇敢地面對(duì)現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)。關(guān)鍵詞黑人婦女；歧視和壓迫；悲??；力量；成長(zhǎng) IntroductionToni Morrison is the only Afro-

7、American woman writer who wins the Nobel Prize for literature. It confirms her renown and makes her one of the most influential writers in America history. From The Bluest Eye to Love, each of her fictions has exerted vibrating influence upon the literary world. In the fictions of Toni Morrison, the

8、re is a distinct and eternal theme which can be felt and touched clearly: the tragic life of the black people and the conflict between the white culture and the black culture.Beloved, a famous fiction by Toni Morrison in 1987 which wins the 1988 Pulitzer Prize, best exemplifies the theme and her tho

9、ughts about the blacks, especially the black women. The story of Beloved comes from a true event: In 1850, Margaret Garner, a Kentucky fugitive slave woman, would rather choose death for herself and her children than being returned to slavery. But she only killed one and the rest were recaptured and

10、 sold (Zhu 144). When Toni Morrison heard this story, she was deeply moved and decided to write down it. After 10 years of gestating and 3 years of writing, she finally finished this great work. Once it was published, it shook the whole American literary circle and cultural circle, and was considere

11、d a milestone in the history of Afro-Americans.People always think that the black women are coquettish, crude, strong and humble, and they can bear more pressure than the white women. However, Morrison argues that they are wrong. Through her fictions Morrison reveals that the black women have the sa

12、me emotion just as other people do. Morrison is always proud of her black status. In fact, the black women contribute a lot to America, and even to the whole world, but they still cant be accepted by the society.Actually, people know very little about the black women, and about the troubles they met

13、 and the respect they should get in their work, in their marriage, in their character as a mother, in their spiritual life and their belief. Morrison always tries to express to other people that though the black women have a tragic life they never give up their faith in self-growth, and though their

14、 growing process is full of difficulties, they finally build themselves up, and bravely face the present and the future. I. The Tragedy and Growth of the Black WomenA. The Tragedy of the Black WomenMorrison chooses the 124 house on Bluestone Road in Cincinnati as the scene of the story. The time is

15、1873. Although it was 18 years ago when she escaped from the Sweet Home and killed her daughter. It was still a strong memory in Sethes mind. At the beginning of the fiction, it said that “124 was spiteful. Full of a babys venom.” But “by 1873 Sethe and her daughter Denver were its only victims.” (M

16、orrison 3). The baby ghost was always in the house. It speeded the Grandmothers death, and made the little daughter Denver eccentric. The whole story begins with a mysterious ambience, and it is even like a ghost story. In Morrisons mind, brutal act from human being is crueler than slavery itself, s

17、o she bitterly attacks it and describes the real situation of black slaves in the world:White people believed that whatever the manners, under every dark skin was a jungle. Swift unnavigable waters swinging screaming baboons, sleeping snakes, red gums ready for their sweet white blood. The more colo

18、red people spent their strength trying to convince them how gentle they were, how clever and loving, how human, the more they used themselves up to persuade whites of something Negroes believed could not be questioned, the deeper and more tangled the jungle grew inside. The screaming baboon lived un

19、der their own white skin; the red gums were their own. (Morrison 198)In Beloved, the schoolteacher is a typical white man; he seems to be impartial and objective. But what he and his nephews did was really brutal: in order to do so-called research, he used to gauge the black slaves, like the draught

20、 animals. One of the nephews had nursed Sethe while his brother held her down. The white people do good or evil things just as they like, and the black people have no choices, but receive all. With the coming of the modern society, the scientific and democratic spirit has been put around the United

21、States, but never the Africa-Americans. The ghosts of the black slaves are the irrefutable evidence. Morrison once said, her works are for the black people themselves. The black people should love themselves; especially the black women need do so. In Beloved, Sethe has to kill her daughter, and undo

22、ubtedly thats a big tragedy. Besides, Beloved herself is a tragedy too. She comes to this world at a wrong time, and is killed by her mother. When she comes back, she is treated as an evil. At the end of the Beloved, Morrison writes:Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her na

23、me. Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be lost because no one is looking for her, and even if they were, how can they call her if they know her name? Although she has claim, she id not claimed. In the place where long grass opens, the girl who waited to be loved and cry shame erupts into

24、her separate parts, to make it easy for the chewing laughter to swallow her all away. (Morrison 274)Although the daughters name is Beloved, she never gets love. Nobody loves her, she is just considered a ghost, and everybody expels her. In fact, the black women are born to be looked down upon. They

25、are looked down upon by the white people, and even by some black male. So actually, they are the most tragic people in the world. They always have to bear the pains and sufferings both from race and sex discrimination which is heavily imposed on them.The black women are looked down upon for the colo

26、r of their skin all the time. Although the American Constitution says that everyone is equal in the society. But in reality, colored people, especially the black women, never have equal rights and respect. They usually stay at the bottom of the society. In American society, generally, people hold th

27、e idea that only the white people are in the main stream. They would like to divide Americans into several classes. Of course the white people are the first class people, and they are the center of the social life. There are no blacks or other colored people who can be the president, or even the lea

28、ding officers. For the white people, they believe they are, undoubtedly, superior to the black people; the black people were born to be slaves, or the lowest class people. At the late of the 19th century, the black peoples human rights and civil rights had been accepted in law, but in practice they

29、were still oppressed physiologically and intelligently. For law, it prescribes that everyone is equal, but it does not prescribe that the white and black people can sit together, share the public equipment together, or work together. Therefore, in many places, the whites and the blacks are segregate

30、d. In restaurant, there are the Whites Zone and the Blacks Zone; in the train, there are different carriages for the whites and the blacks.In the past, the black people were told that the reason why they were black was because their blood was black, and they were dyed with the black blood. So many b

31、lack women tried to find husbands which were whiter to mix because they believed that the blackness would disappear in that way. In Beloved, grandma Baby Suggs pondered color during her lost years. “Took her a long time to finish with blue, the yellow, then green. She was well into pink when she die

32、d.” (Morrison 201) She used the little energy left her for pondering all kinds of colors, except red and black which refers to the blood and the black people. She said, the colors wouldnt hurt people. However, its the color that really hurts people, even kills people the Blacks. In the whites opinio

33、n, being dark is ugly, and black is equal to evil, while being white is beautiful. Then the black women were faced with even more problems. Their figures were usually abused, disparaged, distorted and even used as weapons to attack themselves. Many black women couldnt bear such miseries, they had to

34、 abandon their own figures, and turn to masks.In the society, men are considered to be independent, offensive, competitive, rational, and intrepid, while women are such a group that most of them are oppressed by sex discrimination. Many black women feel that they always see themselves through others

35、 eyes, treasure their own souls by the whites rule, and the world always looks down upon them and shows no mercy to them. They really feel horror in their inner heart. They suffer not only in their souls, but also in their bodies. Although “Everybody has his liberty and right.” (詹妮特 412), female is

36、unequal to male everywhere, for example, in the family female usually takes on all the housework, and take care of the children. It is considered that women are born to be housewives. They are born to look after their husbands and their duty is to give birth to children. In those days, women didnt h

37、ave their rights and wasnt respected. They were just like mens accessories. The black women made contributions to the United States, and the society had never stopped enjoying the benefits made by them. But as a black woman, no matter how smart she is, how much ability she has, and how beautiful she

38、 is, she also cant be accepted easily by the white society. They are still discriminated and crashed by peoples old prejudicial ideas, and are ruled by the world of the white people. The old idea holds that if a black woman is strong, she is not beautiful, and even can not be regarded as a woman; bu

39、t if she does a servant work, preparing food and setting a kid to go to school, she must be stupid. Therefore, the black people are looked through glasses with color. No matter what they do, they always suffer from discrimination; no matter how successful they get, they are still looked down upon fo

40、r their black skins. That is a big injury in their inner heart, and the public opinion and pressure give them the allusion that they can not do anything. They have to wait for the definition and evaluation by the white people.With the rise of feminist movement, some women began to realize that they

41、should have their rights. Then, women began to fight for their own rights. But most of them are white women; they just fight for the White. However, they excluded the black women from getting into them. So, when the white women gradually win their rights in political or economic realm. The black wom

42、en are still oppressed and have to live tragic lives. Because the oppression is doubled, they have to bear the oppression both from the men and the white women. Some white women said that they call for the sisterhood without racialism, and they want to let the black women join them together for this

43、 movement. It seems that they just want to invite “the guestthe black women” as a host. So, many black women believed that it is not good for them and it is useless for them to take part in the movement to fight for the white women.Therefore, it can be said that the racial discrimination will exist

44、for a long time because of the social system, and the black women will still live in their tragic lives for a long time. B. The Growth of the Black WomenThere is a motto of Irish Revolution “You should sally out by yourself if you want liberty” (詹妮特 467)thats fit for the black women absolutely. The

45、black women must fight by themselves to win the liberty and rights. And also, people always say that where there is oppression, there is resistance. The black womens situation is bad, but they never lose their faith. They are making unremitting efforts to find their ways to a better future. Thats th

46、eir strength and growth.Because of the slavery, grandma Baby Suggs was deprived of rights to be the others friend, daughter, wife, mother and so on, and she had seven children, but was allowed only to leave her little son Halle by her side. This is her only chance to be a mother. But at that time, t

47、he children of the slave mothers dont belong to them; all of them are the private property of the slave owner, and like the tools of workers, they are treated equal to the livestock. Baby Suggs hates the Whites very much and she hopes there is a clear place left for her. But when the Whites break in

48、to the yard, she can do nothing, but just accept it, pondering color and waiting for death. Before she has been ransomed, she has no ideas about herself. After she gets freedom, she realizes that if the Blacks want to get liberty, they should know their own value, and learn to love themselves. So, i

49、n the woods, she appeals her compatriots for loving themselves:Love your hands! Love them. Raise them up and kiss them. Touch others with them, pat them together, stroke them on yours face cause they dont love that either. You got to love it, you! And all your inside parts that theyd just as soon sl

50、op for hogs, you got to love them. The dark, darklove it, love it, and the beat and beating heart, love that too. More than eyes or feet. More than lungs that have yet to draw free air. More than your life-holding womb and your life-giving private parts, hear me now, love your heart. For this is the

51、 prize. (Morrison 89)Obviously, loving themselves is the first step that the black begin to find their own identity and grow up.In fact, the black women are never yield to the outside. When Sethe gets to know that the schoolteacher and his nephews are doing research about black slaves and put Sethes

52、 “human characteristics on the left; her animal ones on the right,” (Morrison 193) She is shocked and swears that she would never allow her childs characteristics to be put on the animals side. So, when her husband Halle and Sixos first escape plan fails, she resolutely decides to escape alone and t

53、hen she does it. In this sense, Sethes escape is the demonstration of her strength and self-growth. When she kills her daughter, her intense maternal love is driven to extremes. That means that a slave firstly dominates her own life. Undoubtedly, she uses her courage and strength to challenge the so

54、ciety.When Paul D, her boyfriend, knows the truth of the facts about Sethes killing matter, he accuses her “Your love is too thick”. But she answers, “Love is or it aint. Thin love aint love at all.” (Morrison 164) Here, a nationality which has lost their words for a long time find its own sounds an

55、d characters from a woman. Morrison chooses the women who are oppressed by race and sex to be the leading actors of her national hero epic, and to find a way out for the nationality. That does not disobey the national history, the actual actualities, and the strength of black women, but embodies her

56、 consistent thinking about the black women.When the schoolteacher is coming, Sethe decides to kill her children to exchange their lasting freedom. When she cuts the babys throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find som

57、e ways to get liberty and determine her childrens destiny herself.And for Denver, at the end of the Beloved, she finally realizes the only way to protect her mother is “She would have to leave the yard, step off the edge of the world, leave the two behind and go ask somebody for help” (Morrison 243)

58、 “Know it, and go on out the yard. Go on.”(Morrison 244) With the encouragement of her passed grandma, Denver finally has the courage to go out the yard, and found her first job, then the second, and the third. When Paul D wants to express his opinion about Beloved, she stops him, “I have my own.”(M

59、orrison 267) Denver goes out of the yard with self-confidence, she knows who she is, and finally she has found her identity.The three womens changes demonstrate the growing process of the black women. No matter how hard the situation is, they insist on their faith all the time. In the past, people a

60、lways think that they are the weak group. But they dont accept it; they prove their strength in their own ways. And for Morrison, she also has her own ways to show her spirit of resistance. When she is not a famous author at the very beginning, her work is refused to be published for several times.

61、But she does give up. Finally, she makes it. She becomes a very famous person and wins the Nobel Prize. In face, she always writes stories for the black women, and she is very proud of her status. She once said that, she is not only a black writer, but more importantly, a black female writer. She ju

62、st uses her works to prove that the black women will not always be silent and passive. The black women will gradually break the prejudice against them and grow up psychologically and intellectually. There is a famous case of Brown VS Board of Education in the history of their struggles and growth. B

63、rown is a black girl, and thus is refused to go into the whites school because of racial segregation, but she does not accept it. She rejects it and accuses the Board of Education. At last, the high court judges she wins the case and she finally can go into this school equally with the white student

64、s.Undoubtedly, the black women now will not just wait for oppression. Their common aim is to overthrow the idea that they should be obedient. They call for respect and demand to share education, chances, duties and rights. They are not willing to stay at home, and subordinate to their husbands any l

65、onger. In fact, there are more and more outstanding black women who come out, and build up many associations to call for their rights which they ought to have. Gradually the black women go into schools and have the same chances for education, and come into the society and have the same chances for v

66、oting. They know though the road for them is very difficult to go, they still believe that they can make it. They will not stop their fighting until they get their rights.In fact, through their efforts, the situation of the black women is getting better. Of course, they still have many hindrances, but more people are changing t