通用減速器機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝夾具設(shè)計—組合機(jī)床、夾具設(shè)計【二級圓柱齒輪減速器】【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】
通用減速器機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝夾具設(shè)計—組合機(jī)床、夾具設(shè)計【二級圓柱齒輪減速器】【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】,二級圓柱齒輪減速器,說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS,通用減速器機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝夾具設(shè)計—組合機(jī)床、夾具設(shè)計【二級圓柱齒輪減速器】【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】,通用,減速器,機(jī)殼
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)任務(wù)書
學(xué)生姓名
專業(yè)班級
指導(dǎo)教師
工作單位
機(jī)電工程系
設(shè)計(論文)題目
通用減速機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝裝備設(shè)計——組合機(jī)床、夾具設(shè)計
設(shè)計(論文)主要內(nèi)容:
1、通用減速機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝方案設(shè)計;
2、通用減速機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工組合機(jī)床設(shè)計;
3、通用減速機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工夾具設(shè)計
4、編寫設(shè)計說明書
要求完成的主要任務(wù)及其時間安排:
主要任務(wù):
1、通用減速機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝方案;
2、繪制機(jī)床聯(lián)系尺寸圖、加工示意圖、工序圖等;
3、繪制加工夾具圖;
4、進(jìn)行必要的設(shè)計計算;
5、編寫設(shè)計說明書;時間安排:
第1~3周:接受畢業(yè)設(shè)計課題,根據(jù)課題內(nèi)容了解課題研究的現(xiàn)狀,并進(jìn)行查找資料,完成開題報告;
第4~5周:通用減速器殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝方案設(shè)計;
第6~8周: 繪制機(jī)床聯(lián)系尺寸圖、加工示意圖、工序圖等;
第9周:繪制加工夾具圖
第10~11周: 進(jìn)行必要的設(shè)計計算
第12周:編寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書。
第13周:對設(shè)計進(jìn)行檢查、糾正、整理、綜合;最后打印,交指導(dǎo)老師復(fù)查。
必讀參考資料:
《組合機(jī)床簡明設(shè)計手冊》 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社
《機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計》 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社
《機(jī)床設(shè)計手冊》 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社
《機(jī)械加工工藝手冊》 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社
《金屬切削手冊》 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社
指導(dǎo)教師簽名: 教研室主任簽名:
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)開題報告
題目
通用減速機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝裝備設(shè)計
1.目的及意義(含國內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀分析):
減速機(jī)是一種動力傳達(dá)機(jī)構(gòu),利用齒輪的速度轉(zhuǎn)換器,將電機(jī)(馬達(dá))的回轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)減速到所要的回轉(zhuǎn)數(shù),并得到較大轉(zhuǎn)矩的機(jī)構(gòu)。在目前用于傳遞動力與運動的機(jī)構(gòu)中,減速機(jī)的應(yīng)用范圍相當(dāng)廣泛。幾乎在各式機(jī)械的傳動系統(tǒng)中都可以見到它的蹤跡,從交通工具的船舶、汽車、機(jī)車,建筑用的重型機(jī)具,機(jī)械工業(yè)所用的加工機(jī)具及自動化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備,到日常生活中常見的家電,鐘表等等.其應(yīng)用從大動力的傳輸工作,到小負(fù)荷,精確的角度傳輸都可以見到減速機(jī)的應(yīng)用,且在工業(yè)應(yīng)用上,減速機(jī)具有減速及增加轉(zhuǎn)矩功能。因此廣泛應(yīng)用在速度與扭矩的轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備
減速器機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝裝備設(shè)計是我們此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計的課題。減速器機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝方案的優(yōu)劣好壞直接影響著減速器的生產(chǎn)難易程度、制備周期和價格成本等要素,在減速器整機(jī)生產(chǎn)裝配流程中起著關(guān)鍵性作用。與大多數(shù)箱體類零件相比,通用減速器的外型較不規(guī)則,給加工和裝夾帶來了一定的不便。在國內(nèi)外的減速器的生產(chǎn)中,制造廠家大都選用組合機(jī)床或者自動線作為加工設(shè)備。
與效率有限的通用機(jī)床、專用機(jī)床相較,組合機(jī)床及其流水線在實際生產(chǎn)中的普遍應(yīng)用無疑為發(fā)動機(jī)缸體加工帶來了福音,其生產(chǎn)加工效率更是隨著后期組合機(jī)床自動線的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展,得到了進(jìn)一步的提升。本次課題設(shè)計的減速器機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工便是由這應(yīng)用最為廣泛的組合機(jī)床來完成。而現(xiàn)今的社會科技發(fā)展迅速,數(shù)控機(jī)床在實際加工生產(chǎn)中的引入運用日趨頻繁,數(shù)控加工中心必將經(jīng)歷由新生到完善成熟的過程,減速器的加工難易程度亦會隨之逐步降低,其生產(chǎn)效率提高、價格成本降低的同時,減速器成品的性價比也必會得到大幅提升。
此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計的根本目的旨在讓我們利用大學(xué)四年所習(xí)得的專業(yè)知識,獨立自主地完成一次較為復(fù)雜的機(jī)械加工設(shè)計任務(wù)(包括減速器機(jī)殼體側(cè)面的銑削加工工藝及其專用組合機(jī)床的整體設(shè)計);在設(shè)計側(cè)面加工工藝時,應(yīng)根據(jù)它所屬減速器機(jī)殼體的結(jié)構(gòu)特點,擬定草案,精心選擇最優(yōu)的銑削工藝裝備設(shè)計方案,為日后走上工作崗位進(jìn)行實際機(jī)械設(shè)計積累寶貴經(jīng)驗,逐步鍛煉以具備一名機(jī)械設(shè)計者應(yīng)有的專業(yè)素質(zhì),從而在未來的工作中能夠設(shè)計出達(dá)到預(yù)期功能要求,具有性能好、成本低、價值最優(yōu)等特點,滿足客戶及市場競爭需求的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品及相關(guān)加工工藝。
2.基本內(nèi)容和技術(shù)方案:
此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計主要論述了減速器機(jī)殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝裝備設(shè)計的加工方法。首先根據(jù)被加工零件的生產(chǎn)要求,分析被加工零件的工藝特點,提出在組合機(jī)床上對給定減速器機(jī)殼體側(cè)面加工的若干方案,并且分析論述相關(guān)方案的可行性,進(jìn)行最優(yōu)選擇、優(yōu)化設(shè)計。完成總體設(shè)計構(gòu)思,繪制側(cè)面銑削工序圖,機(jī)床聯(lián)系圖、加工示意圖,然后對機(jī)床夾具所要達(dá)到的夾緊力進(jìn)行具體機(jī)械計算,包括夾具是如何定位,夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的自鎖是如何實現(xiàn)的,完成整套的減速器側(cè)面銑削加工工藝裝備設(shè)計方案 ?;緝?nèi)容見下:
(1) 設(shè)計減速器加工工藝方案;
(2) 繪制工序圖、加工示意圖、機(jī)床聯(lián)系尺寸圖;
(3) 繪制兩張具有代表意義的零件三維造型圖;
(4) 手繪專有零件圖;
(5) 進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的加工工藝裝備設(shè)計、必要的設(shè)計計算;
(6) 編寫設(shè)計說明書及填寫相應(yīng)的加工工藝卡,完成整套機(jī)械設(shè)計。
3.進(jìn)度安排:
第1~3周:接受畢業(yè)設(shè)計課題,根據(jù)課題內(nèi)容了解課題研究的現(xiàn)狀,并進(jìn)行查找資料,完成開題報告;
第4~5周:通用減速器殼體側(cè)面銑削加工工藝方案設(shè)計;
第6~8周: 繪制機(jī)床聯(lián)系尺寸圖、加工示意圖、工序圖等;
第9周:繪制加工夾具圖
第10~11周: 進(jìn)行必要的設(shè)計計算
第12周:編寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書。
第13周:對設(shè)計進(jìn)行檢查、糾正、整理、綜合;最后打印,交指導(dǎo)老師復(fù)查
4.指導(dǎo)老師意見:
指導(dǎo)教師簽名: 年 月 日
被加工
零件
圖號
毛坯種類
鑄件
名稱
通用減速機(jī)殼體
毛坯重量
材料
HT200
硬度
HBS160~220
工序名稱
通用減速機(jī)殼體連接孔鉆削加工
工序號
工時/min
序號
工步
名稱
工作行程/mm
切速/(m·min-1)
進(jìn)給量/(mm·r-1)
進(jìn)給量/(mm·min-1)
工進(jìn)時間
輔助時間
1
裝卸工件
1.5
2
動力部件
3
滑臺快進(jìn)
47
6.3
0.0075
4
多軸向工進(jìn)
73
0.06
500
20.41
1.22
5
滑臺快退
120
6.3
0.019
6
7
8
9
備注
裝卸工件時間取決于操作者熟練程度,本機(jī)計算時取1.5min
累計
1.22
1.53
單件總工時
2.75
機(jī)床生產(chǎn)率
17.02件/h
理論生產(chǎn)率
20.966件/h
負(fù)荷率
81.4%
武漢理工大學(xué)華夏學(xué)院
機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片
產(chǎn)品型號
零件圖號
A0
產(chǎn)品名稱
減速器
零件名稱
減速器箱體
共
4
頁
第
1
頁
材 料 牌 號
HT200
毛 坯 種 類
金屬模機(jī)器造型
毛坯外形尺寸
540×250×135
每 臺 件 數(shù)
備 注
工
序
號
工 名
序 稱
工 序 內(nèi) 容
車
間
工
段
設(shè) 備
工 藝 裝 備
工 時
準(zhǔn)終
單件
10
鑄造
以鑄造方式獲得工件毛坯
型腔
20
時效處理
30
檢驗
檢驗鑄件各部分尺寸
40
油漆底漆
50
劃線,分箱
60
粗銑
粗銑兩箱結(jié)合面(上箱蓋以12mm上表面為基準(zhǔn),下箱體以12mm下表面為基準(zhǔn))
X62W
游標(biāo)卡尺、硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀、專用夾具
70
粗銑
粗銑上箱蓋頂面,下箱體下底面(以結(jié)合面為基準(zhǔn))
X62W
游標(biāo)卡尺、硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀、專用夾具
80
人工時效
90
精銑
精銑結(jié)合面(上箱蓋以頂部為基準(zhǔn),下箱體以底面為基準(zhǔn))
X62W
游標(biāo)卡尺、硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀、專用夾具
100
半精銑
半精銑上箱蓋頂部,下箱體底面(以結(jié)合面為基準(zhǔn))
X62W
游標(biāo)卡尺、硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀、專用夾具
110
合箱
按所劃線合箱
120
鉆
鉆M10定位孔
組合鉆床
鉆頭、鉆套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
130
攻絲
對M10定位孔攻絲至圖紙要求
組合鉆床
高速鋼機(jī)動絲錐、專用夾具
設(shè) 計(日 期)
校 對(日期)
審 核(日期)
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期)
會 簽(日期)
標(biāo)記
處數(shù)
更改文件號
簽 字
日 期
標(biāo)記
處數(shù)
更改文件號
簽 字
日 期
武漢理工大學(xué)華夏學(xué)院
機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片
產(chǎn)品型號
零件圖號
A0
產(chǎn)品名稱
減速器
零件名稱
減速器箱蓋
共
4
頁
第
2
頁
材 料 牌 號
HT200
毛 坯 種 類
金屬模機(jī)器造型
毛坯外形尺寸
540×250×135
每 臺 件 數(shù)
備 注
工
序
號
工 名
序 稱
工 序 內(nèi) 容
車
間
工
段
設(shè) 備
工 藝 裝 備
工 時
準(zhǔn)終
單件
140
鉆
鉆2×Φ8錐銷孔
組合鉆床
高速鋼機(jī)動絲錐、專用夾具
150
擴(kuò)
擴(kuò)2×Φ8錐銷孔
組合鉆床
擴(kuò)孔刀、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
160
定位
在錐銷孔中打入定位銷
170
鉸
鉸2×Φ8錐銷孔
組合鉆床
機(jī)鉸刀、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
180
鉆
鉆8×Φ13孔
組合鉆床
鉆頭、鉆套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
190
锪
將8×Φ13孔锪平Φ26
組合鉆床
锪孔刀、專用夾具
200
鉆
鉆4×Φ11孔
組合鉆床
鉆頭、鉆套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
210
锪
將4×Φ11孔锪平Φ24
組合鉆床
220
去毛刺
230
拆箱
240
清洗
清除機(jī)體結(jié)合面毛刺和切屑,重新裝配打入錐銷,擰緊螺栓
250
粗銑
粗銑軸孔端面
X62W
游標(biāo)卡尺、硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀、專用夾具
260
精銑
精銑軸孔端面
X62W
游標(biāo)卡尺、硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀、專用夾具
設(shè) 計(日 期)
校 對(日期)
審 核(日期)
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期)
會 簽(日期)
標(biāo)記
處數(shù)
更改文件號
簽 字
日 期
標(biāo)記
處數(shù)
更改文件號
簽 字
日 期
武漢理工大學(xué)華夏學(xué)院
機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片
產(chǎn)品型號
零件圖號
A0
產(chǎn)品名稱
減速器
零件名稱
減速器箱蓋
共
4
頁
第
3
頁
材 料 牌 號
HT200
毛 坯 種 類
金屬模機(jī)器造型
毛坯外形尺寸
540×250×135
每 臺 件 數(shù)
備 注
工
序
號
工 名
序 稱
工 序 內(nèi) 容
車
間
工
段
設(shè) 備
工 藝 裝 備
工 時
準(zhǔn)終
單件
270
粗鏜
粗鏜軸孔
組合鏜床
硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀、鏜套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
280
精鏜
精鏜軸孔
組合鏜床
硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀、鏜套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
290
鉆
鉆軸孔端面36×Φ8孔
組合鉆床
鉆頭、鉆套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
300
鉸
鉸軸孔端面36×Φ8孔
組合鉆床
機(jī)鉸刀、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
310
攻絲
對軸孔端面36×Φ8孔攻絲至圖紙要求
組合鉆床
高速鋼機(jī)動絲錐、專用夾具
320
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鉆2×Φ18吊耳孔
組合鉆床
鉆頭、鉆套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
330
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組合鉆床
鉆頭、鉆套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
340
锪
將地腳螺栓孔锪平至圖紙要求
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锪孔刀、專用夾具
350
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鉆油塞、油尺孔
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鉆頭、鉆套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
360
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對油塞、油尺孔攻絲至圖紙要求
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高速鋼機(jī)動絲錐、專用夾具
370
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將油尺孔锪平至圖紙要求
組合鉆床
锪孔刀、專用夾具
380
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鉆4×Φ6通氣孔
組合鉆床
鉆頭、鉆套、專用夾具、游標(biāo)卡尺
390
攻絲
對4×Φ6通氣孔攻絲4×Φ6通氣孔
組合鉆床
高速鋼機(jī)動絲錐、專用夾具
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10110108404
英語外文翻譯
教 學(xué) 系: 機(jī)械制造及其自動化
指導(dǎo)教師: 齊洪方
專業(yè)班級: 機(jī)制1084
學(xué)生姓名: 李笑軒
2012年5月
Machine design theory
The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.
Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.
Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:
(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability
(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?
(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?
(4) product service is whether convenient?
(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?
Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.
Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.
Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.
Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.
In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I
n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.
In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.
The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.
機(jī)械設(shè)計理論
機(jī)械設(shè)計是一門通過設(shè)計新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個領(lǐng)域,主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思,還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。
進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性,還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運動學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。
如前所訴,機(jī)械設(shè)計的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處,只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而,應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計之前,必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個好的設(shè)計中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面,應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運算。例如,即使將一個小數(shù)點的位置放錯,也會使正確的設(shè)計變成錯誤的。
一個好的設(shè)計人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險,當(dāng)新的方法不適用時,就使用原來的方法。因此,設(shè)計人員必須要有耐心,因為 所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設(shè)計,要求屏棄許多陳舊的,為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī),這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法,在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗證的設(shè)計原理,將其與未經(jīng)過驗證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。
新設(shè)計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生,只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后,才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此,一個性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時,也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,如果設(shè)計本身不要求采用全新的方法,就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。
在設(shè)計的初始階段,應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性,不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實際的想法,也會在設(shè)計的早期,即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣,才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,要提出幾套設(shè)計方案,然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項容易的工作,因為實際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。
另一個重要問題,設(shè)計工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段,設(shè)計人員必須就初步設(shè)計同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商,并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論,草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ,需要解決下列問題:
(1) 所設(shè)計的這個產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要?
(2) 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競爭能力?
(3) 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)?
(4) 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便?
(5) 產(chǎn)品有無銷路?是否可以盈利?
只有時間能對上述問題給出正確答案。但是, 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計、制造和銷售只能在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖,與制造部門一起對最終設(shè)計方案進(jìn)行磋商。
通常 ,在制造過程中會出現(xiàn)某個問題??赡軙髮δ硞€零件尺寸或公差作一些更改,使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是,工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計人員批準(zhǔn),以保證不會損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時,在產(chǎn)品的裝配時或者裝箱外運前的試驗中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計是一個動態(tài)過程??偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計工作,設(shè)計人員應(yīng)該不斷努力,尋找這些更好的方法。
近些年來,工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外,選擇過程應(yīng)該是一個對材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評價過程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn),而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會對材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源,可能會要求使用不同的材料。來自國內(nèi)和國際競爭、對產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力,都會促使人們對材料進(jìn)行重新評價。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外,材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識得更清楚。因此,為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果,設(shè)計工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。
制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計。設(shè)計通??梢苑譃閹讉€明確的階段:(a)初步設(shè)計;(b)功能設(shè)計;(c)生產(chǎn)設(shè)計。在初步設(shè)計階段,設(shè)計者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個方案,然后決定這種思想是否可行;如果可行,則應(yīng)該對其中一個或幾個方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段,關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是:是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇;如果沒有的話,是否有較大的把握在成本和時間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。
在功能設(shè)計和工程設(shè)計階段,要做出一個切實可行的設(shè)計。在這個階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙,選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實物模型,并對其進(jìn)行試驗,評價產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗可能會表明,在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前,應(yīng)該更換某些材料,但是,絕對不能將這一點作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能,認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時,所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同,并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來,或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同,則這種樣機(jī)就沒有多大的價值。設(shè)計工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作,而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計階段去做。因為,在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的,這些人對產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計工程師。
在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計階段中,與材料有關(guān)的主要問題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來,使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng),能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工,而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。
在制造過程中,不可避免地會出現(xiàn)對使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗表明,可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而,在大多數(shù)情況下,在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費的代價要高。在設(shè)計階段做好材料選擇工作,可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然,這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是,必須對新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評價,以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住,新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前,沒有真正了解它們的長期使用性能而引起的。
產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計人員和公司在選擇材料時,采用最好的程序。在材料過程中,五個最常見的問題為:(a)不了解或者不會使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料;(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途(如有可能,設(shè)計人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中,由于錯誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家,并且贏得判決);(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定,尤其是當(dāng)其長期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時候;(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗證;(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。
通過對上述五個問題的分析,可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,設(shè)計人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇,可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。
從以上的討論可以看出,選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì),特點和加工方法有一個全面而基本的了解。
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