SG-400-140型火電廠鍋爐中硫煙煤煙氣濕式石灰法脫硫塵系統(tǒng)設計【含CAD圖紙+文檔全套】
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摘要
近年來，盡管半干法和干法脫硫技術及其應用有了較大的發(fā)展，但濕發(fā)脫硫仍是目前世界上應用最多的脫硫技術。濕發(fā)工藝中又以濕式鈣法占絕對地位，其優(yōu)點是技術成熟，脫硫率高沒Ca/S比低，操作簡便，吸收劑價廉易得，副產(chǎn)品便于利用，使用煤種范圍寬，其簡化工藝的投資和運費也很低。
近幾年，童志權，陳昭瓊在國內外首次研究了體系pH值對石灰濕法脫硫反映機理的影響，提出當體系pH值不同時，發(fā)生的主要脫硫反映是不同的。首次從理論上理解了在某些pH值條件下濕式鈣法不結垢的原因。在此基礎上，又在國內外首次提出并研究了亞硫酸鈣脫硫法。該法是用亞硫酸鈣懸浮液在塔內與SO反應生成溶解度很大的亞硫酸鈣（因而不結垢），吸收液在循環(huán)池中用石灰漿液再生出亞硫酸鈣循環(huán)使用。其實質是類似雙堿法。堿式硫酸鋁法的新型的全鈣基間接石灰法。此前的研究和文獻均忽視了pH值對濕式鈣法脫硫反應機理的影響，這是不妥的。盡管人們已知控制體系pH值是防止?jié)袷解}法脫硫結垢的重要措施，但未能從理論上解釋其原因。
中北大學課程設計
課 程 設 計 任 務 書
1．設計目的：
通過本課程設計，掌握《大氣污染控制工程》課程要求的基本設計方法，掌握大氣污染控制工程設計要點及其相關工程設計要點，具備初步的大氣污染控制工程方案及設備的獨立設計能力；培養(yǎng)環(huán)境工程專業(yè)學生綜合運用所學的理論知識獨立分析和解決大氣污染控制工程實際問題的實踐能力。
2．設計內容和要求（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術參數(shù)、條件、設計要求等）：
1.設計題目 SG-400/140型火電廠鍋爐中硫煙煤煙氣濕式石灰法脫硫塵系統(tǒng)設計
2.設計原始資料
鍋爐型號：SG-400/140 即，上海鍋爐廠制造，蒸發(fā)量400t/h，出口蒸汽壓力140MPa
燃燒方式是沸騰爐（煤粉爐），所配發(fā)電機組功率125MW
設計耗煤量：42t/h；
設計煤成分：CY=54.5% HY=9% OY=8% NY=1% SY=1.5% AY=18% WY=8%；
VY＝15％；屬于中硫煙煤
排煙溫度：160℃
空氣過剩系數(shù)＝1.2
飛灰率＝34％
煙氣在鍋爐出口前阻力1060Pa
污染物排放按照鍋爐大氣污染物排放標準中2類區(qū)新建排污項目執(zhí)行。
連接鍋爐、凈化設備及煙囪等凈化系統(tǒng)的管道假設長度450m，90°彎頭60個。
3.設計內容及要求
（1）根據(jù)燃煤的原始數(shù)據(jù)計算鍋爐燃燒產(chǎn)生的煙氣量，煙塵和二氧化硫濃度。
（2）凈化系統(tǒng)設計方案的分析確定，包括凈化設備的工作原理及特點；運行參數(shù)的選擇與設計；凈化效率的影響因素等。
（3）脫硫設備結構設計計算
（4）煙囪設計計算
（5）管道系統(tǒng)設計，阻力計算，風機電機的選擇
（6）根據(jù)計算結果繪制設計圖，系統(tǒng)圖要標出設備、管件編號、并附明細表；除塵系統(tǒng)平面、剖面布置圖若干張，以解釋清楚為宜，最少3張A4圖，并包括系統(tǒng)流程圖一張。
3．設計工作任務及工作量的要求〔包括課程設計計算說明書(論文)、圖紙、實物樣品等〕：
課程設計計算說明書一份，并按照規(guī)定格式打印裝訂；
課程設計所需若干圖紙，要求作圖規(guī)范，A4紙打印。
課 程 設 計 任 務 書
4．主要參考文獻：
1.郝吉明，馬廣大.大氣污染控制工程.第二版.北京：高等教育出版社，2002
2. 黃學敏，張承中.大氣污染控制工程實踐教程.北京：高等教育出版社，2003
3.劉天齊.三廢處理工程技術手冊·廢氣卷.北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，1999
4. 張殿印.除塵工程設計手冊. 北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，2003
5. 童志權.工業(yè)廢氣凈化與利用. 北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，2003
6.周興求，葉代啟.環(huán)保設備設計手冊—大氣污染控制設備，北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，2003
7.羅輝.環(huán)保設備設計與應用. 北京：高等教育出版社，2003
5．設計成果形式及要求：
一、說明書裝訂順序：說明書封面，任務書，目錄，正文、參考文獻、附圖。
二、說明書格式
（1）用1 1.1 1.1.1 做標題，標題左頂格，不留空格。
（2）一級標題3號宋體加黑；二級標題4號宋體加黑；三級標題小4號宋體加黑；
（3）“目錄”居中， 用小4號宋體加黑，1.5倍行距；
（4）正文小4號宋體，1.5倍行距。
（5）“參考文獻”標題格式同一級標題，內容格式同正文小4號宋體，1.5倍行距。
（6）頁碼排序從正文開始，用“第～頁”形式，居中。
三、設計圖A4紙規(guī)范打印，包括圖框、明細表，平面布置圖中要有方位標志（指北針）。
6．工作計劃及進度：
年 月 日 ~ 月 日
月 日 ~ 月 日
月 日 ~ 月 日
月 日 ~ 月 日
月 日 ~ 月 日 答辯或成績考核
系主任審查意見：
簽字：
年 月 日
第II頁共II頁
中北大學
課 程 設 計 說 明 書
學生姓名： 安志萍 學 號： 0408240106
學 院： 化工與環(huán)境學院
專 業(yè)： 環(huán)境工程
題 目： SG-400/140型火電廠鍋爐中硫煙煤
煙氣濕式石灰法脫硫塵系統(tǒng)設計
指導教師： 趙光明 職稱: 講師
06 年 6 月 24 日
中北大學
課程設計任務書
2006/2007 學年第 二 學期
學 院： 化工與環(huán)境學院
專 業(yè)： 環(huán)境工程
學 生 姓 名： 安志萍 學 號： 0408240106
課程設計題目： SG-400/140型火電廠鍋爐中硫煙煤
煙氣濕式石灰法脫硫塵系統(tǒng)設計
起 迄 日 期： 6 月 24 日～ 6 月 28 日
課程設計地點： 環(huán)境工程專業(yè)實驗室
指 導 教 師： 趙光明
系 主 任： 郭春絨
下達任務書日期: 07年 6 月 24 日
中北大學課程設計
目 錄
1煙氣量，煙塵和二氧化硫濃度的計算 1
1.1 標準狀態(tài)下理論空氣量 1
1.2 標準狀態(tài)下理論煙氣量 1
1.3 標準狀態(tài)下實際煙氣量 1
1.4 煙氣含塵濃度 2
1.5 濃度的計算 2
2 凈化系統(tǒng)設計方案的分析確定 3
2.1 濕式石灰/石灰石-石膏法反應原理 3
2.2 濕式石灰/石灰石-石膏法特點 3
3 工藝過程及操作要點 4
3.1 工藝過程 4
3.2 影響吸收效率的主要因素 4
4 確定煙氣除塵脫硫工藝并進行物料衡算 5
5 除塵器脫硫裝置的選擇設計 6
5.1 除塵器 6
5.2 煙囪高度的計算 8
5.3 煙囪直徑的計算 10
5.4 系統(tǒng)阻力的計算 11
5.5 風機及電動機選擇及計算 14
5.6 系統(tǒng)中煙氣溫度的變化 15
6 總結 17
參考文獻 18
附圖
第II頁共II頁
中北大學課程設計
摘要
近年來，盡管半干法和干法脫硫技術及其應用有了較大的發(fā)展，但濕發(fā)脫硫仍是目前世界上應用最多的脫硫技術。濕發(fā)工藝中又以濕式鈣法占絕對地位，其優(yōu)點是技術成熟，脫硫率高沒Ca/S比低，操作簡便，吸收劑價廉易得，副產(chǎn)品便于利用，使用煤種范圍寬，其簡化工藝的投資和運費也很低。
近幾年，童志權，陳昭瓊在國內外首次研究了體系pH值對石灰濕法脫硫反映機理的影響，提出當體系pH值不同時，發(fā)生的主要脫硫反映是不同的。首次從理論上理解了在某些pH值條件下濕式鈣法不結垢的原因。在此基礎上，又在國內外首次提出并研究了亞硫酸鈣脫硫法。該法是用亞硫酸鈣懸浮液在塔內與SO反應生成溶解度很大的亞硫酸鈣（因而不結垢），吸收液在循環(huán)池中用石灰漿液再生出亞硫酸鈣循環(huán)使用。其實質是類似雙堿法。堿式硫酸鋁法的新型的全鈣基間接石灰法。此前的研究和文獻均忽視了pH值對濕式鈣法脫硫反應機理的影響，這是不妥的。盡管人們已知控制體系pH值是防止?jié)袷解}法脫硫結垢的重要措施，但未能從理論上解釋其原因。
目 錄
1煙氣量，煙塵和二氧化硫濃度的計算 1
1.1 標準狀態(tài)下理論空氣量 1
1.2 標準狀態(tài)下理論煙氣量 1
1.3 標準狀態(tài)下實際煙氣量 1
1.4 煙氣含塵濃度 2
1.5 濃度的計算 2
2 凈化系統(tǒng)設計方案的分析確定 3
2.1 濕式石灰/石灰石-石膏法反應原理 3
2.2 濕式石灰/石灰石-石膏法特點 3
3 工藝過程及操作要點 4
3.1 工藝過程 4
3.2 影響吸收效率的主要因素 4
4 確定煙氣除塵脫硫工藝并進行物料衡算 5
5 除塵器脫硫裝置的選擇設計 6
5.1 除塵器 6
5.2 煙囪高度的計算 8
5.3 煙囪直徑的計算 10
5.4 系統(tǒng)阻力的計算 11
5.5 風機及電動機選擇及計算 14
5.6 系統(tǒng)中煙氣溫度的變化 15
6 總結 17
參考文獻 18
附圖
1煙氣量，煙塵和二氧化硫濃度的計算
1.1 標準狀態(tài)下理論空氣量
Qa′=4.76(1.867 CY +5.56 HY +0.7 SY -0.7 OY)( m3/㎏)
式中CY，HY，SY，OY—分別為煤中各元素所占的質量分數(shù)。
Qa′=4.76(1.867×0.545+5.56×0.09+0.7×0.015 -0.7×0.08)
=7.54( m3/㎏) （4—1）
1.2 標準狀態(tài)下理論煙氣量
設空氣含濕量12.93g/m3
Qs′=1.867(CY+0.375SY)+11.2HY+1.24WY+0.016 Qa′+0.79 Qa′+0.8NY ( m3/㎏)
式中Qa′---標準狀態(tài)下理論空氣量，m3/㎏；
WY ---煤中水分的質量分數(shù)；
NY ---N元素在煤中的質量分數(shù)。
Qs′=1.867(0.545+0.375×0.015)+11.2×0.09+1.24×0.08+0.016×7.54+0.79×7.54+0.8×0.01=8.22 ( m3/㎏) (4—2)
1.3 標準狀態(tài)下實際煙氣量
Qs= Qs′+1.016(α-1) Qa′( m3/㎏)
式中 α---空氣過量系數(shù)；
Qs′---標準狀態(tài)下理論煙氣量，m3/㎏；
Qa′----標準狀態(tài)下理論空氣量，m3/㎏。
標準狀態(tài)下煙氣流量Q應以m3/h計，應此，Q=Qs×設計耗煤量
Qs=8.22+1.016×(1.2-1)×7.54=9.75( m3/㎏) （4—3）
Q=Qs×設計耗煤量=9.75×42000=409500( m3/h)
1.4 煙氣含塵濃度
C=dsh·AY/Qs (㎏/m3)
式中 dsh ---排煙中飛灰占煤中不可燃燒成分的質量分數(shù)；
AY ---煤中不可燃成分的含量
Qs ---標準狀態(tài)下實際煙氣量，m3/㎏。
C=0.34×0.18/9.75=6.28×10-3(㎏/m3)=6.28×103(mg/m3) （4—4）
1.5 濃度的計算
=0.105
（4—5）
2 凈化系統(tǒng)設計方案的分析確定
2.1 濕式石灰/石灰石-石膏法反應原理
分為吸收和氧化兩個工序
吸收過程：
2.2 濕式石灰/石灰石-石膏法特點
利用石灰或石灰石漿液作為洗滌液吸收凈化煙道氣中的SO2并副產(chǎn)石膏。
優(yōu)點：吸收劑價廉易得；副產(chǎn)物石膏可回收用作建筑材料；
缺點：易發(fā)生設備結垢堵塞或磨損設備。解決這個問題最有效的辦法是在吸收液中加入添加劑，目前工業(yè)上采用添加劑有：氯化鈣（CaCl2）、Mg2+、已二酸、氨等。加入添加劑后，不僅能抑制結垢和堵塞現(xiàn)象，而且還能提高吸收效率。
3 工藝過程及操作要點
3.1 工藝過程
主要有三部分組成：SO2的吸收，固液分離，固體處理。
現(xiàn)結和三菱重工業(yè)石灰-石膏法工藝流程作簡要說明（見書P219，圖9-14）。
3.2 影響吸收效率的主要因素
1）漿液的PH值
有些固體物質在水溶液的溶解度與PH值關系密切見下表所示（補）。
表4—3 在500C不同PH值時和的溶解度
PH值
濃度/
PH值
濃度/
Ca2+
SO32-
SO42-
Ca2+
SO32-
SO42-
7.0
675
23
1320
4.0
1120
1873
1072
6.0
680
51
1340
3.5
1763
4198
980
5.0
731
303
1260
3.0
3135
9375
918
4.5
841
785
1179
2.5
5773
21999
873
有上表看出PH高時溶解度小，PH低時溶解度大；溶解度隨PH變化的變化較小。這樣，當石灰石灰漿液的PH低時，溶液中存在較多的又由于石灰石顆粒表面形成一層
4 確定煙氣除塵脫硫工藝并進行物料衡算
鍋爐煙氣除塵脫硫工藝與脫硫方法有關。
干法脫硫：先除塵后脫硫；
濕法脫硫：多種方法。視實際情況而定。
可行的途徑有：1）利用現(xiàn)有除塵設備，設計脫硫裝置；
2取消原除塵設備，設計除塵脫硫新系統(tǒng)。
本例題擬采用先有除塵設施，后加脫硫裝置的工藝。
其流程為：鍋爐煙氣—除塵設施—脫硫設施—煙囪排放
物料衡算：煙氣排放達到SO2≤1200mg/m3，煙塵≤250 mg/m3（GB13271—91中規(guī)定二類區(qū)二級標準）。需指明：2000年1月以后新鍋爐，SO2≤900mg/m3，煙塵≤200 mg/m3
據(jù)此得：除塵量：（6534-250）×2.74×104×10-6=172（Kg/h）
脫硫量：（4082-1200）×2.74×104×10-6=79（Kg/h）
計算結果示于下圖（標態(tài)）
回收SO279Kg/h
回收煙塵172Kg/h
C煙塵=6534mg/m3
排放
C煙塵不變
CSO2=1200mg/m3
脫硫
C煙塵=250mg/m3
CSO2不變
除塵
CSO2=4082mg/m3
鍋爐
煙氣
5 除塵器脫硫裝置的選擇設計
5.1 除塵器
選用立式麻石水膜除塵器，結構圖見書P227，圖9-19所示，規(guī)格和性能見表9-11。水膜除塵器內煙氣上升速度在3.5-5m/s之間為宜，取5m/s，于是：
由
又 （4—6）
所以：
其中：Q’——筒內實際處理量（操作溫度80℃，m3/h）；
Q——標況下的煙氣量，m3/h。
由表9-11選用MCLS—1.6型麻石水膜除塵氣，各項參數(shù)見表9-11所示，此時煙氣進口速度為： （4—7）
由表9-11查得該條件下除塵器的阻力為1245Pa。
脫硫裝置
選用內裝80mm陶瓷拉西環(huán)（層砌），吸收液為石灰石漿液，逆流接觸。
由物料平衡及所選吸收裝置類型知：
（4—8）
（根據(jù)P211，式9.70）
CaCO3的理論需要量：
（4—9）
實際用量：
為減少結垢，可在循環(huán)槽內加入已二酸，其加入量為2Kg/t（石灰石）
又
據(jù)前知石灰石吸收二氧化硫的氣速宜在1.6-2.5m/s范圍，液氣比在0.8-8.2 l/m3之間，當取氣速2.4m/s，液氣比1.4 l/m3時，體積總傳質系數(shù)KAGa為1.085×10-3Kmol/(m3·h·Pa)，傳質阻力受氣膜阻力控制。吸收塔內溫度為30℃，因而：所以塔徑：
圓整為D=2.2m，（圓整時直徑1m以上間隔為200mm）
填料塔的橫截面積：
任一截面上氣體質量流率：
根據(jù)式9.75，填料層高度H：
（4—10）
5.2 煙囪高度的計算
（1）煙囪高度的確定
由設計任務書上可得所有鍋爐的總的耗煤量為41t/h,
然后根據(jù)鍋爐大氣污染排放標準中的規(guī)定則可確定煙囪的高度為:80m
表4.1 鍋爐煙囪的高度
鍋爐總額定出力/（t/h）
<1
1～2
2～6
6～10
10～25
26～35
煙囪最低高度/m
20
25
30
35
40
45
（2）煙囪抬升高度計算
式中：——煙氣的熱釋放率，；
——大氣壓力，；
?。撸邔嶋H排煙量，；
——煙囪出口處的煙氣溫度， ；
——環(huán)境大氣溫度，，?。?
——系數(shù)．
當且＜35K時
（3）煙囪的有效高度
式中：——煙囪抬升高度，；
——煙囪幾何高度，。
(4) 煙囪高度較核
＿＿污染物在y,z方向上的標準差，；
——煙氣出口處的平均風速，，取4；
＿＿源強，；
＿＿地面最大濃度，；
當時：
（根據(jù)＜環(huán)境空氣質量標準＞各項污染物濃度限值），符合標準．
555.3 煙囪直徑的計算
(1)煙囪出口內徑可按下式計算：
d=0.0188(Q/w)1/2(m) （4—11）
式中 Q-----通過煙囪的總煙氣量，m3/h；
w-----按表三選取的煙囪出口煙氣流速，m/s。
表4—6 煙囪出口煙氣流速/（m/s）
通風方式
運行情況
全負荷時
最小負荷時
機械通風
10～20
4～5
自然通風
6～10
2.5～3
選定w=4m/s D=0.0188(9750/4)1/2=0.93(m)
圓整取 d=1.0m。
煙囪底部直徑
d1=d2+2·i·H(m) （4—12）
式中 d2-----煙囪出口直徑，m;
H-----煙囪高度，m;
i-----煙囪錐度(通常取i=0.02～0.03)。
取 i=0.02,H=30m. d1=0.93+2×0.02×30=2.13(m)
(2) 煙囪的抽力
SY=0.0342H[1/(1.273+tk)-1/（273+tp)）·B(Pa) （4—13）
式中 H----煙囪高度，m；
tk----外界空氣溫度，℃；
tp----煙囪內煙氣平均溫度，℃；
B----當?shù)卮髿鈮海琍a。
SY=0.0342×216.7×[1/(273-10)-1/（273+160)]×97.86×103
=1082(Pa) （4—14）
5.4 系統(tǒng)阻力的計算
(1)摩擦壓力損失
對于圓管 ΔpL=λL/d·ρυ2/2(Pa) (4—15)
式中 L----管道長度,m；
d----管道直徑,m；
ρ---煙氣密度，㎏/m3；
υ---管中氣流平均速率，m/s；
λ---摩擦阻力系數(shù)，是氣體雷諾數(shù)Re和管道相對粗糙度K/d的函數(shù)?？梢圆槭謨缘玫?實際中對金屬管道λ值可取0.02，對磚砌或混凝土管道λ值可取0.04)。
a.對于Φ500圓管 L=9.5m
ρ=ρn·273/273+160
=1.34×273/443=0.84(㎏/ m3)
ΔpL=0.02×450/0.3×0.84×9.852/2
=1732.5(Pa)
b.對于磚砌拱形煙道?(參見附圖)
A=2×π/4D2=B2+π/2(B/2)2 D=300mm 故B=350mm
則R=A/X
式中，A為面積，X為周長。
(2) 局部壓力損失
ΔP=e·ρυ2/2(Pa) （4—16）
式中 e-----異形管件的局部阻力系數(shù)，可在有關手冊中查到，或通過實驗獲得；
υ-----與e想對應的斷面平均氣流速度，m/s；
ρ-----煙氣密度，㎏/m3；
圖中一為漸縮管。
α≦45℃時，e=0.1
取α=45℃，υ=9.85m/s
ΔP=e·ρυ2/2
=0.1×0.84×9.852/2=4.1(Pa)
l1=0.05×tan67.5=0.12(m)
圖中為30℃Z行彎頭
h=2.985-2.39=0.595=0.6(m)
h/D=0.6/0.3=2,取e′=0.157
e= eRee′
由手冊查得eRe=1.0
e=1.0×0.157=0.157
ΔP=e·ρυ2/2=0.157×0.84×9.852/2=6.4(Pa)
圖中為漸擴管
A1/A2=0.35×1/3.14×0.29852/4=5.0
查《大氣污染控制工程》附表十一，并取α=300
取e=0.19
ΔP=e·ρυ2/2=0.19×0.84×9.852/2=7.7(Pa)
l3=(1-0.2985)/2×tan150=1.3(m)
圖中a為漸擴管
α≦450時，e=0.1
取α=300，υ=9.85 m/s
ΔP=e·ρυ2/2=0.1×0.84×9.852/2=4.1(Pa)
L=0.93(m)
副圖中b、c均為900彎頭
D=300，取R=D，則e=0.23
則ΔP=e·ρυ2/2=0.23×0.84×9.852/2=9.4(Pa)
兩個彎頭ΔP′=2ΔP=2×9.4=18.8(Pa)
系統(tǒng)總阻力(其中鍋爐出口前阻力為800Pa,設除塵器阻力為1200Pa)為
∑Δh=25.8+84.1+4.1+6.4+7.7+4.1+18.8+800+1200=2151(Pa)
5.5 風機及電動機選擇及計算
(1) 標準狀態(tài)下風機風量的計算
Qy=1.1Q·（273+tp）/273×101.325/B(m3/h) （4—17）
式中 1.1-----風量備用系數(shù)；
Q------標準狀態(tài)下風機前風量，m3/h；
tp ----風機前溫度，℃，若管道不太長，可以近似取鍋爐排煙溫度；
B-----當?shù)卮髿鈮毫Pa。
Qy=1.1×9750×（273+160）/273×101.325/97.86
=17613(m3/h)
(2) 風機風量計算
Hy=1.2(∑Δh- Sy)(273+tp)/(273+ty)×101.325/B×1.293/ρy(Pa)（4—19）
式中 1.2-----風壓備用系數(shù)；
∑Δh---系統(tǒng)總阻力，Pa；
Sy----煙囪抽力，Pa；
tp-----風機前煙氣溫度，℃；
ty----風機性能表中給出的實驗用氣體溫度，℃
ρy----標準狀態(tài)下煙氣密度，(γ=1.34㎏/ m3)。
Hy=1.2(2151-150)(273+160)/(273+250)101.325/97.86×1.293/1.34
=1987(Pa) （4—20）
表4-8根據(jù)Qy和Hy選定 Y5-47-136.5℃工況序號為2的引風機性能
機號傳動方式
轉速/（r/min）
工況序號
流量/(m3/h)
全壓/Pa
內效率/%
內功率/kW
所需功率/kW
6.5℃
2620
2
11930
2992
78.6
12.61
17.66
（3） 電動機功率的計算
Ne=QyHyβ/3600×1000η1η2(kW) (4—21)
式中 Qy -----風機風量，m3/h；
Hy -----風機風壓，Pa；
η1-----風機在全壓頭時的效率(一般風機為0.6，高效風機約為0.9)；
η2-----機械傳動效率，當風機與電機直聯(lián)傳動時η2=1，用聯(lián)軸器連接時η2=0.95～0.98，用V形帶傳動時η2=0.95；
β-----電動機備用系數(shù)，對引風機，β=1.3。
Ne=17603×1987×1.3/3600×1000×0.6×0.95=22(kW)
根據(jù)電動機的效率、風機的轉速、傳動方式選定Y180M-2型電動機
5.6 系統(tǒng)中煙氣溫度的變化
(1) 煙氣在管道中的溫度降
Δt1=q·F/Q·Cv (℃) （4—22）
式中 Q—標準狀態(tài)下煙氣流量，m3/h
F—管道散熱面積，m2
Cv—標準狀態(tài)下煙氣平均比熱容，一般為1.352～1.357KJ/( m3·℃);
q—管道單位面積散熱損失。
室內q=4187KJ/( m2·h)
室外q=5443KJ/( m2·h)
室內管道長：L=2.18-0.6-0.12=1.46(m)
F=πL·D=3.14×1.46×0.3=1.38(m2)
室外管道長：L=9.5-1.46=8.04(m)
F=πL·D=3.14×8.04×0.3=7.57(m2)
Δt1=q1·F1/Q·Cv+ q2·F2/Q·Cv= (q2·F2+q1·F1)/ Q·Cv
=(4187×1.38+5443×7.57)/6150×1.354
=5.64(℃)
(2)煙氣在煙囪中的溫度降
Δt2=H·A/D1/2(℃) （4—23）
式中 H—煙囪高度，m;
D—合用同一煙囪的所有鍋爐額定蒸發(fā)量之和，t/h;
A—溫降系數(shù)，可由表四查得。
表4-9 煙囪溫降系數(shù)
煙囪種類
鋼煙囪(無襯筒)
鋼煙囪(有襯筒)
磚煙囪(H<50m)壁厚小于0.5m
磚煙囪壁厚大于0.5m
A
2
0.8
0.4
0.2
Δt2=216.7×0.4/41/2=43.34(℃) （4—24）
總溫度降 Δt=Δt1+Δt2=5.64+43.34=48.98(℃)
6 總結
經(jīng)過一個星期的課程設計，本人在老師的指導下，順利完成該課程設計。通過該課程設計，收獲頗多。 比如激發(fā)了學習的積極性等。
通過該課程設計，全面系統(tǒng)的理解了脫硫系統(tǒng)構造的一般原理和基本實現(xiàn)方法。把死板的課本知識變得生動有趣，激發(fā)了學習的積極性。作系統(tǒng)的認識是模糊的，概念上的，現(xiàn)在通過自己動手做實驗，從實踐上認識了該系統(tǒng)是如何處理命令的，
首先是自己的心態(tài)問題,輕視這次課程設計,以為可以像以前一樣輕輕松松地通過,這次由于學校要接受教學評估,全校上下都在齊心協(xié)力準備這事情,而恰恰檢查的就是我們這一屆,所以就比較嚴格.
結果拿去給老師檢查的時候,也許一兩次還可以接受,但是在需要面對改正錯誤四五次的時候自己的心里不免郁悶和煩躁,同時也也存在一定的不滿,但是從這次設計也可以看出一些問題:
（1）心態(tài):應該保持認真的態(tài)度,堅持冷靜獨立的解決問題
（2）基本:認真學好基本知識,扎實自己的基本知識,使面對問題時不會遇到很多挫折,從而打擊自己的信心,結果使自己很浮躁,越來越不想搞這設計,故應該好好學習基本知識,一步一步的來,不要急功近利!
（3）樹立自己的良好形象,樂觀的面對生活,堅持自己的想法和意識,也許老師和他人對你的要求高一些就不要抱怨,因為那時是對你好,使你更好的發(fā)展,滿足老師及他們廣告的要求!
總的說來,雖然在這次設計中自己學到了很多的東西,取得一定的成績,但同時也存在一定的不足和缺陷,我想這都是這次設計的價值所在,以后的日子以后自己應該更加努力認真,以冷靜沉著的心態(tài)去辦好每一件事情!
參考文獻
[1]郝吉明，馬廣大.大氣污染控制工程.第二版.北京：高等教育出版社，2002
[2]黃學敏，張承中.大氣污染控制工程實踐教程.北京：高等教育出版社，2003
[3]劉天齊.三廢處理工程技術手冊·廢氣卷.北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，1999
[4]張殿印.除塵工程設計手冊. 北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，2003
[5]童志權.工業(yè)廢氣凈化與利用. 北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，2003
[6]周興求，葉代啟.環(huán)保設備設計手冊—大氣污染控制設備，北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，2003
[7]羅輝.環(huán)保設備設計與應用. 北京：高等教育出版社，2003
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英文資料
High-speed milling
High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.
1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining
High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.
1.1 Increase productivity
High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.
1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality
High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
1.3 Cutting reduce the heat
Because the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.
1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled parts
High-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.
1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processing
High-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of a hardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .
High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.
2 High-speed milling
High-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.
2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machining
General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:
General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:
High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magnetic bearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.
High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.
2.2 High-speed machining tool
High-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting tool
HRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.
2.3 High-speed processing technology
High-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fully play its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.
3 Die in high-speed milling processing of
Milling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,in
Mould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.
High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.
4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasure
Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.
Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..
Development trend of a numerical control technology
The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.
5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equipped
The efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.
In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.
According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes
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