2015年高中英語 Unit15 定語從句語法考點(diǎn)超級(jí)歸納素材

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1、Unit15 定語從句語法考點(diǎn)超級(jí)歸納 在復(fù)合句中作定語的句子叫作定語從句（Attributive Clause）。引導(dǎo)定語從句的有關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等，關(guān)系副詞when, where, why等。定語從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞、代詞等之后，這個(gè)名詞或代詞被稱作先行詞。定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。 考點(diǎn)一：關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞代替前面的先行詞，并且在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，可以作主語、賓語、定語等。常見的關(guān)系代詞有：who, that, which。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示： 格 先行詞 主格 賓格 所有格

2、人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — 關(guān)系代詞的用法見下表： 關(guān)系代詞 用法說明 例句 who, whom和 whose who代替人，是主格，在定語從句中作主語；whom代替人，是賓格，在定語從句作賓語，在非正式英語?？墒÷?；whose一般代替人，有時(shí)亦可代替物，是所有格，在定語從句作定語 An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑師是設(shè)計(jì)房屋的人。 I will never forget the te

3、acher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記在高一時(shí)教我們化學(xué)的那位老師。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by e-mail first. 想應(yīng)聘這個(gè)職位的任何人都必須先通過電子郵件向我們發(fā)送簡歷。 Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們在學(xué)校圖書館里遇到的那位先

4、生你認(rèn)識(shí)嗎？This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 這是我爸爸10年前教的學(xué)生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我見到的那個(gè)女孩名叫瑪麗。（在非正式英語中，主格who代替了賓格whom，亦可省略） Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. 不愛運(yùn)動(dòng)或者飲食熱量偏高的孩子很快就發(fā)胖。Look out! Don’t get too close to the h

5、ouse whose roof is under repair. 當(dāng)心！不要靠近那個(gè)屋頂在維修的房子。 which which代替物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)還可省略 I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜歡有不幸結(jié)局的小說。（which可以換成that） Tom works for a factory which makes watches.湯姆在一個(gè)制表廠工作。（which可以換成that） that that既可指人又可指物，在當(dāng)代英語中大多指物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)還可省略 Is sh

6、e the girl that sells newspapers?她是賣報(bào)紙的那個(gè)女孩嗎？（that可以換成who） Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了？（that可以換成which） Is this the book that you want to buy?這是你要買的那本書嗎？（that可以換成which，在定語從句作賓語，還可以省略。） 注：關(guān)系代詞who, which與that的區(qū)別 類別 用法說明 例句 關(guān)系代詞who與that的區(qū)別 1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作主語時(shí)，多用主格who

7、； 2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作介詞的賓語時(shí)，用賓格whom，不用that； 3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞泛指人時(shí)，多用that； 4. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在who開頭的疑問句時(shí)，應(yīng)用that。 He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, one等時(shí)，多用who） I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 我遇見艾麗斯，她告訴我她在學(xué)漢語。（在非限制性定語從句中，用who） The man to whom our headmaste

8、r talked just now is our English teacher. 剛才我們校長同他談話的那個(gè)人是我們的英語老師。（介詞與關(guān)系代詞緊密相連時(shí)，只能用賓格whom，不可用主格who） He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是個(gè)從不怕失敗的人。（that用來泛指人） Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英語同湯姆交談的那個(gè)女孩是誰？（避免重復(fù)使用who，以免造成誤解或語義含混不清） 關(guān)系代詞which與that的區(qū)別 1. 當(dāng)先行詞為all, m

9、uch, little以及不定代詞anything, something, everything等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞多用that； 2. 當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般都用that； 3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在which開頭的疑問句中時(shí)，應(yīng)用that； 4. 在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞一般只用which； 5. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在who和which開頭的疑問句中時(shí)，應(yīng)用that。 All that glitters is not gold. 閃閃發(fā)光物，未必盡黃金。 She t

10、old me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。 Exercise is something that can help to make you look good, feel good and be healthy. 運(yùn)動(dòng)能讓你氣色好，感覺好，身體好。 This is the best novel that I have ever read. 這是我讀過的最好的一部小說。 He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一應(yīng)邀參加舞會(huì)的人。 Beijin

11、g, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, hosted the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中華人民共和國的首都，主辦了2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)。 Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英語同湯姆交談的那個(gè)女孩是誰？（避免重復(fù)使用who，以免造成誤解或語義含混不清） Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一個(gè)是推薦給外賓的賓館？（這里使用t

12、hat是為了避免重復(fù)which） 考點(diǎn)二：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個(gè)：when, where, why，在定語從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語。其用法不妨記住一個(gè)口訣： the time when the place where the reason why 關(guān)系副詞 用法說明 例句 when 關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時(shí)間，when在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語 In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的7月和8月是常下雨的月份。（when先行詞是

13、months） Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?你還記得我們第一次去頤和園的那一天嗎？（when先行詞是day，當(dāng)代英語里when可以用that替代，這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞） I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.自從我離開東京的那一年我就一直沒見到過她。（when先行詞是year，同樣when可以用that代替） Great changes have taken place in that school

14、. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped.這個(gè)學(xué)校已經(jīng)發(fā)生巨變，不再是20年前那個(gè)樣子了，那時(shí)教學(xué)設(shè)備簡陋。 where 關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點(diǎn)，where在定語從句作地點(diǎn)狀語 During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春節(jié)期間，我回到了生我養(yǎng)我的家鄉(xiāng)。（where的先行詞是town） This is the place where Li Bai once

15、 lived.這是李白曾經(jīng)生活過的地方。（where先行詞是place）（此句不可將where改為that，因?yàn)閠hat不能作為表示地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞。試比較：This is the place that Li Bai once visited.這是李白曾經(jīng)游覽過的地方。that的先行詞同樣是place，但這個(gè)that是關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作賓語，可省略，還可用which替換） Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet wherelife has developed gradually.斯

16、蒂芬.霍金認(rèn)為地球不可能是唯一有生命的星球。 why 關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因，why在定語從句作原因狀語 The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打電話給你的原因是想問問你是否收到了我的電子郵件。（why先行詞是reason，當(dāng)代英語里why可以用that替代，這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示原因的關(guān)系副詞，還可以將why省略） This is the reason why he came late to school. 這就是他為什么上學(xué)遲到的原因。（w

17、hy先行詞是reason，why可用that替代，還可以省略） 注意：如果上面的句子將the reason省略，那么這個(gè)句子就變成了（This is why he came late to school. ）表語從句，句子意思絲毫未變。 小貼士： 一句多譯：他出生的那天是元旦。 ① The day on which he was born was New Year’s Day. ② The day which he was born on was New Year’s Day. ③ The day that he was born on was New Year’s Day.

18、 ④ The day he was born on was New Year’s Day. ⑤ The day when he was born was New Year’s Day. ⑥ The day that he was born was New Year’s Day. ⑦ The day he was born was New Year’s Day. 注意： 1）關(guān)系副詞when, where, why有時(shí)可以省略。例如：She will never forget the day (when) her mother died. 她永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了她母親去世的那一天。This i

19、s the factory (where) I worked three years ago. 這是我三年前工作過的工廠。The reason (why) he came late was that he got up late. 他來得晚的原因是起床晚了。 2）在非正式文體中，that也可以作關(guān)系副詞，替代關(guān)系副詞when, where或why。例如：I haven’t seen her since the year that I left Tokyo. 自從我離開東京的那一年我就一直沒見到過她。 小貼士： 一句多譯：這就是他為什么上學(xué)遲到的原因。 ① This is the rea

20、son why he came late to school. ② This is the reason that he came late to school. ③ This is the reason he came late to school. ④ This is why he came late to school. 考點(diǎn)三：“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞 用法說明 例句 “介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時(shí)，就出現(xiàn)了“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞通常用which和whom，不能用that。“介詞＋wh

21、ich”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾指物的先行詞，“介詞＋whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾指人的先行詞。 The English play in whichmy students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. 我的學(xué)生在元旦晚會(huì)上表演的英語劇很成功。 But some occasions on which people clap change from one country to another. 但是在有些場合，不同國家的人們鼓掌的方式有所不同。（“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”在從句中作狀語） Your speech was heard

22、 by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. 五位評委聽了你的演講，他們都認(rèn)為你的演講是今年最好的演講。 Of course there will be plenty of other new jobs, some of which we probably can’t even guess. 當(dāng)然還有大量的其他的新型工作，有些甚至是我們想不到的。 She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps.

23、她收集了600張郵票，其中60％是德國郵票。（“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”在從句中作定語） 注： 1）“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的確定：介詞的確定遵循兩個(gè)原則：一是根據(jù)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞與先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配，二是根據(jù)介詞與先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配。例如：It was a prison from which no one escaped. 那是一個(gè)任何人也逃不了的監(jiān)獄。The other two areas in which the two varieties differ are spelling and pronunciation. 兩種英語中另外兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域的區(qū)別是拼寫和發(fā)音。 注： 2）“介詞＋whic

24、h”有時(shí)可與相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞互換。例如：Is this the school in which (=where) you studied ten years ago? 這就是你10年前學(xué)習(xí)過的學(xué)校嗎？I’ll never forget the day on which (=when) I first met her. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我第一次遇見她的那一天。The reason for which (=why) she was absent was that she missed the train. 她遲到的原因是沒有趕上火車。 3）介詞后置時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。例如：This is the b

25、ook (which) I’m most interested in. 這就是我非常感興趣的那本書。 4）關(guān)系代詞which有時(shí)作定語。例如： We arrived at noon, by which time the demonstration was over. 我們是中午到的，這時(shí)示威游行已結(jié)束。 Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. 湯姆在大學(xué)呆了四年，在此期間他學(xué)了法語。 I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I

26、should apologize. 我把他的名字叫錯(cuò)了，對此錯(cuò)誤我應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)狼浮? 5）way（方式）為先行詞時(shí)，并且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語，則定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用in which, that或者省略。例如：I don’t like the way (in which / that) you talked to me. 我不喜歡你和我講話的方式。 6）time（次數(shù)）為先行詞時(shí)，定語從句用that引導(dǎo)，或?qū)hat省略。例如：It was the first time (that) Helen had understood such a complex word – a word for somet

27、hing she couldn’t touch. 海倫第一次理解了這樣一個(gè)復(fù)雜的單詞——一個(gè)她不能觸摸不到的代表某物的單詞。 小貼士： 一句多譯：剛才我們校長同他談話的那個(gè)人是我們的英語老師。 ① The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. ② The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. ③ The man who our headmaster talked to just now is

28、 our English teacher. ④ The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. ⑤ The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第⑤句簡潔、自然，所以口語中較常用。 考點(diǎn)四：關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句 as是個(gè)比較特殊的關(guān)系代詞，一是用在某些句型搭配里；二是獨(dú)立于主句之外。 用法說明 例句 在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中，as引導(dǎo)

29、定語從句 You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少書就拿多少。（第一個(gè)as是副詞，修飾many的；第二個(gè)as才是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞books，在定語從句中作賓語） I have got such a computer as yours.我有一臺(tái)你這樣的電腦。（as是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞computer，在定語從句中作表語，因?yàn)閥ours后省略了is ） I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.我從未見過像桂林那樣美麗的地方。（as是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞place，在定語從句中作表

30、語，因?yàn)镚uilin后省略了is ） 獨(dú)立于主句之外，as引導(dǎo)定語從句 As we know, the earth turns around the sun.正如我們所 知，地球圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。 As is known to us, （As we know和 As is known to us均為定語從句，as分別作賓語和主語，替代后面的主句。） Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. 你知道，臺(tái)灣是中國不可分割的一部分。（關(guān)系代詞as指代整個(gè)主句，在定語從句中作賓語。）

31、 As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.像往常一樣，我們已經(jīng)制定了生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。 注： as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別： 1）as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可置于主句前，而which不可置于主句前。試比較： As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically. 你知道，如果你反復(fù)做同樣的事，你就會(huì)自動(dòng)地去做了。 And our porters carry yo

32、ur luggage, which means that you can simply enjoy the experience. 有搬運(yùn)工為你搬運(yùn)行李，這意味著你能盡情地享受旅行。 2）as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)有“正如”之意，而which沒有此意。 3）as在從句中作主語時(shí)，謂語中一般有系動(dòng)詞be。否則用關(guān)系代詞which。試比較： It was raining heavily last night, which prevented me from going to the party. 昨夜雨下得很大，使得我無法參加晚會(huì)。 Smoking is harmful to one’s

33、health, as is known to us all. 正如我們大家所知道的，吸煙有害健康。 考點(diǎn)五：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 類別 用法說明 例句 限制性定語從句 限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切，若缺少，句意則不完整，中間不用逗號(hào)隔開 The school where I studied only two years was three kilometres away. 我僅僅在那里讀了兩年的學(xué)校有三公里遠(yuǎn)。 We are just human beings who have the same feelings. 我們只是具有同樣感情的人。 The w

34、ater which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink.被工廠污染的水不宜飲用。（如果缺少定語從句，句子的主要意思會(huì)受到影響） 非限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句先行詞關(guān)系不太密切，若缺少，句意仍相對完整，中間一般用逗號(hào)隔開 Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.水是一種清澈的液體，在我們的日常生活中應(yīng)用非常廣泛。（如果缺少定語從句，句子的主要意思不會(huì)受到影響） The school year is divided i

35、nto two semesters, the first of whichis September through December. 一個(gè)學(xué)年分為兩個(gè)學(xué)期，第一個(gè)學(xué)期是從9月到12月。 In China and Japan there are mid-autumn festivals, when people admire the moon and give gifts of mooncakes. 中國和日本都有中秋節(jié)，這時(shí)，人們會(huì)賞月，并互贈(zèng)月餅。 As a child, Jack studied in a village school, which is named after hi

36、s grandfather. 小時(shí)候，杰克上的是鄉(xiāng)村學(xué)校，這個(gè)學(xué)校是以他祖父命名的。 小貼士： 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句在意義上有所區(qū)別。例如： His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now.他的一個(gè)十九歲的哥哥現(xiàn)在部隊(duì)服役。（表明他不止一個(gè)哥哥） His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now.他的哥哥，今年十九歲，現(xiàn)在部隊(duì)服役。（表明他只有一個(gè)哥哥） 注： 1）關(guān)系代詞that不能引導(dǎo)非限制

37、性定語從句。 2）在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)不能省略。例如：She was eager to see her mother, whom she hadn’t seen for two years. 她急于見到她的母親，她有兩年沒見到母親了。 3）定語從句的位置 定語從句一般置于先行詞之后。有時(shí)，定語從句與先行詞之間插入其他成分。例如： There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. 樓上有一個(gè)女孩，大喊大叫。很明顯，她瘋了。 It is a language without wor

38、ds that consists of gestures, facial expressions and body movements that greatly add to – and sometimes even replace – spoken language. 這是一種沒有詞語，由手勢、面部表情和身體動(dòng)作組成的語言，它極大地豐富了——有時(shí)甚至取代了——口頭語言。 4）that引導(dǎo)的定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別 在定語從句中，that作主語或賓語；在同位語從句中，that不作任何成分。試比較： There are no signs that Charles was a rich m

39、an. 沒有跡象表明查爾斯是個(gè)有錢人。（同位語從句） They find signs that make them believe other humans before them have traveled to the Earth’s centre. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些跡象，這使他們相信，在他們之前已經(jīng)有其他人到地心旅行過。（定語從句） 5）定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別 去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的It is / was和that / who后，句子成分仍然完整；去掉定語從句中的It is / was和that / who后，句子成分殘缺不全。試比較： It was at this time yesterday that we pulled up at a mountainside store. 昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我們在山腰上的商店旁停了車。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型） It was the best way that we could teach the young. 這是我們教年輕人的最佳方式。（定語從句）