（通用版）2019高考英語二輪復習 第三板塊 語法填空與短文改錯 NO.1 先研考題 專題一 語法填空講義

專題一語法填空做考題·明考情A(2018·全國卷)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years _61_ (long) than non­runners. You don't have to run fast or for long _62_ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of _63_ (die) early by running.While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it _64_ (be) more effective at lengthening life _65_ walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _66_ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_ (cause)The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise . it's probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _68_ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it's always _69_ (energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give _70_ a try.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了跑步給我們的健康帶來的益處，號召我們嘗試一下跑步這種運動方式。61longer考查副詞的比較級。由空格后的“than”可知應用比較級，故填long的比較級longer。62to see考查非謂語動詞。此句意為“你不必跑得很快，也不必跑很長時間就見到效果”，不定式短語“to see the benefit”作目的狀語。63dying考查非謂語動詞。reduce one's risk of . “降低某人的風險”，此處介詞of后接動詞時要用其動名詞形式。64is考查動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)上下文語境可知這里應用一般現(xiàn)在時；又因為主語it是第三人稱單數(shù)形式，故謂語動詞用is。65than考查連詞。根據(jù)句中的比較級“more effective”并結(jié)合語境可知，這里是把running與walking, cycling or swimming進行比較，故填than。66that/which考查定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，所填詞引導定語從句，修飾先行詞“a study”，且在從句中作主語，故填關系代詞that/which。67causes考查名詞復數(shù)。cause表示“原因，起因”時是可數(shù)名詞，且前面有all修飾，故填cause的復數(shù)形式。68strengthen考查派生詞。此處to為不定式符號，在句中作目的狀語，故填strength的動詞形式strengthen。69energetic考查派生詞。連系動詞is后應接形容詞作表語，故填energy的形容詞形式energetic。70running/it考查名詞或代詞。此處號召我們嘗試一下跑步這種運動，因此可以填名詞running，也可以用it指代。give sth. a try“嘗試一下某事”。B(2018·全國卷)Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country _61_ (grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water _65_ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _67_ (globe) fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government _68_ (start) a soil­testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission (排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while _70_ (feed) its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。中國近年來根據(jù)人們的膳食變化調(diào)整農(nóng)作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)，為全球生態(tài)環(huán)境保護做出了貢獻。61has grown考查動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。由時間狀語“Since 2011”可知，主句時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時；主語“the country”是第三人稱單數(shù)，故謂語動詞用has grown。62the考查冠詞。over the past 25 years“在過去的25年里”。63actually考查派生詞。此處表示“對肉的需求實際上是這種變化的背后原因”。修飾謂語動詞is應用副詞形式actually。64to improve考查非謂語動詞。此處表示“政府鼓勵農(nóng)民種植玉米而不是水稻來改善水質(zhì)”，故用不定式作目的狀語。65than考查連詞。由句中的比較級less可知，此處將玉米和水稻的用水量進行比較，故填than。66pollution考查派生詞。decrease“降低，減少”，后接名詞作賓語，故填pollution。67global考查派生詞。修飾名詞短語“fertilizer consumption”應用形容詞，故填global。68started考查動詞時態(tài)。由時間狀語“between 2005”可知事情發(fā)生在過去，應用一般過去時，故填started。69that/which考查定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，所填詞引導定語從句，修飾指物的“a soil­testing program”，且在從句中作主語，故填that/which。70feeding考查非謂語動詞。此處表示“中國在養(yǎng)活中國人民的同時又保護了環(huán)境”。主語China與feed之間是邏輯上的主謂關系，所以用“連詞現(xiàn)在分詞”形式作狀語。全國卷3年考情分析考查點卷別·文體年份有提示詞無提示詞派生詞謂語動詞非謂語動詞比較等級名詞的數(shù)代詞的格冠詞介詞代詞并列連詞從屬關聯(lián)詞其他語境填詞2018年全國卷(說明文)21211/1/2/全國卷(說明文)322/1/2/全國卷(記敘文)2121/111/1/2017年全國卷(說明文)12211/11/1/全國卷(說明文)321/1/111/全國卷(記敘文)222/1/11/1/2016年全國卷(記敘文)212/1111/1/全國卷(說明文)22111/11/1全國卷(說明文)222/1/12/3年統(tǒng)計1915164627721101分析全國卷近三年的考點分布可以看出，語法填空考點設置有如下特點：一、有提示詞類：設置67個小題高頻考點謂語動詞12題?？疾闀r態(tài)、語態(tài)及主謂一致，其中涉及語態(tài)方面的不超過1題，答案最多三個單詞。非謂語動詞12題。考查不定式、動名詞與分詞，每種最多設1題。派生詞13題?？疾榉绞接袆釉~派生為名詞、名詞派生為形容詞或動詞、形容詞派生為副詞等。每種最多設1題。名詞01題。主要考查可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)，也可能會考查名詞的所有格。形容詞和副詞類01題。主要考查形容詞和副詞詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換，以及其比較級或最高級。低頻考點代詞：01題。一般給出人稱代詞的主格，要求考生填其賓格、名詞性或形容詞性物主代詞、反身代詞等。二、無提示詞類：設置34個小題高頻考點介詞01題。重點考查常見介詞的基本用法或固定搭配中的介詞，一般不涉及短語介詞。冠詞01題。重點考查冠詞的特指、泛指用法或固定搭配中的冠詞，一般不涉及零冠詞。從屬關聯(lián)詞02題。側(cè)重于定語從句的引導詞。此外，名詞性從句、狀語從句也偶有涉及。低頻考點并列連詞01題。并列句的關聯(lián)詞也偶有涉及。其他01題。包括助動詞(如強調(diào)謂語動詞的do, does, did；構(gòu)成部分倒裝的do, does, did；構(gòu)成一般疑問句的do, does, did)，構(gòu)成強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的it或that，連接性副詞(before, ago, however, anyway .)等。知考點·通技法 一、“有提示詞類”解題攻略(一)高頻考點之一：提示詞為動詞1考查謂語動詞解題攻略若句中無謂語動詞，或者雖然已有謂語動詞，但需填的動詞與之是并列關系時，所給動詞就是謂語動詞；此時，應先考慮時態(tài)，考生可以根據(jù)句中的時間狀語或語篇提示確定時態(tài)，然后考慮語態(tài)，最后需考慮主謂一致和語氣問題，來確定謂語動詞的數(shù)。典例1(2018·全國卷)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it _64_ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.分析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，前半句是由while引導的讓步狀語從句，后半句是主句，主句中含有一個賓語從句，即it .or swimming作says的賓語。又因此處是對客觀情況的描述，應用一般現(xiàn)在時，再根據(jù)主謂一致原則可知，應填is。典例2(2018·全國卷)Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country _61_ (grow) more corn than rice.分析：分析句子成分可知，空格所在的句子中缺少謂語動詞。根據(jù)時間狀語Since 2011可知，謂語動詞需用現(xiàn)在完成時，根據(jù)句意可知應用主動語態(tài)，再根據(jù)主謂一致原則可知填has grown。典例3(2018·全國卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government _68_ (start) a soil­testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.分析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，when the government _68_ (start) a soil­testing program為關系副詞when引導的定語從句，先行詞為2005。通過分析定語從句可知從句中缺少謂語動詞，再根據(jù)時間狀語between 2005可知應填一般過去時，根據(jù)句意可知需用主動語態(tài)，故填started。2考查非謂語動詞解題攻略若句中已有謂語動詞，空處又不在句中作并列謂語時，所要填的通常是非謂語動詞，此時需進一步確定是非謂語動詞的哪種形式。一般來說，作主語、賓語、表語、定語通常用動名詞形式；此外，doing表示主動、正在進行；done表示被動、完成；to do表示尚未發(fā)生的動作。典例4(2018·全國卷)You don't have to run fast or for long _62_ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of _63_ (die) early by running.分析：第一句中已有謂語動詞don't have to run，故空格處應為非謂語動詞。根據(jù)句意可知應填不定式to see，作目的狀語。第二句中已有謂語動詞reduce，故空格處應為非謂語動詞。又因空格前有介詞of，結(jié)合句意可知，應填dying，作介詞of的賓語。典例5(2018·全國卷)Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_ (improve) water quality.分析：句中已有謂語動詞encourages，故空格處應為非謂語動詞。根據(jù)句意可知應填不定式to improve，作目的狀語。典例6(2018·全國卷)China's approach to protecting its environment while _70_ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.分析：分析句子成分可知，句中已有謂語動詞offers，再根據(jù)空格前有從屬連詞while可知，“while _70_ (feed) its citizens”為時間狀語從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)，所填的詞與其邏輯主語China之間為主動關系，故應填現(xiàn)在分詞feeding。典例7(2016·全國卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter _66_(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.分析：when引導的從句中已經(jīng)有謂語動詞was，且從句中無其他連詞，故空處應填非謂語動詞。reporter與permit之間是被動關系，故用過去分詞表被動。過去分詞短語permitted to .作后置定語，修飾reporter。故填permitted。3考查派生詞解題攻略有時所給提示詞雖然是動詞，但是空格處既不是考查謂語動詞也不是考查非謂語動詞，而是要求填所給詞的派生詞。此時要結(jié)合空格處前后的修飾詞來確定所給提示詞應派生為哪種詞性。一般考查動詞派生為名詞，有時還需考慮動詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~甚至副詞。典例8(2018·全國卷)This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.分析：分析句子成分可知空格前面有謂語動詞has decreased，其后缺少賓語，故填名詞pollution。典例9(2017·全國卷) This development was only possible with the _69_ (introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts.分析：由前面的定冠詞the可知，其后應接名詞，故填introduction。技法匯總“一定三思”解“動詞”(二)高頻考點之二：提示詞為名詞解題攻略所給提示詞為名詞時，通?？疾榭蓴?shù)名詞的單數(shù)變復數(shù)，或名詞派生為形容詞、動詞等。典例10(2018·全國卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_ (cause)分析：分析句子成分可知，from all _67_ (cause)為介詞短語作后置定語，空處位于介詞之后作賓語，又因空格前面有all，所以填其復數(shù)形式causes。典例11(2018·全國卷)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _68_ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.分析：分析句子成分可知，空格前面有謂語動詞do，再根據(jù)句意可知，此處應填動詞形式，與空前的不定式符號to構(gòu)成不定式短語，在句中作目的狀語。故填strengthen。典例12(2017·全國卷)The Central London Railway was one of the most _70_ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.分析：根據(jù)語境并結(jié)合空前的the most可知，空處表達最高級意義。故填successful。(三)高頻考點之三：提示詞為形容詞或副詞解題攻略當提示詞為形容詞或副詞時，需考慮是否是考查比較級或形容詞和副詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換。當提示詞為形容詞時，還要考慮是否需要轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞形式。典例13(2018·全國卷)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years _61_ (long) than non­runners.分析：根據(jù)空格后面的than可知，此處考查比較級形式，故填longer。典例14(2018·全國卷)A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.分析：分析句子成分可知，空處在句中作狀語，修飾謂語動詞is應用副詞。故填actually。(四)低頻考點：提示詞為代詞解題攻略所給提示詞是代詞時，一般考查人稱代詞變?yōu)槲镏鞔~。有時需考慮人稱代詞單數(shù)變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)、主格變?yōu)橘e格、人稱代詞變?yōu)榉瓷泶~等。典例15(2018·全國卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find _68_ (they) alive.分析：因空處作動詞find的賓語，故應填人稱代詞的賓格形式，即them。典例16(2016·全國卷)On my recent visit, I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by _68_ (it) mother.分析：mother是名詞，所填詞作定語修飾mother，故填其形容詞性物主代詞its。二、“無提示詞類”解題攻略(一)高頻考點之一：填介詞解題攻略當名詞或代詞在句中不作主語、表語或動詞的賓語時，其前面一般是填介詞。對介詞的考查通常側(cè)重于固定搭配中的介詞及常見介詞的習慣用法。典例1(2018·全國卷)My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching _67_ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.分析：search for是固定搭配，表示“尋找”，此處指“我”在尋找“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。故填for。典例2(2017·全國卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _62_ work.分析：travel to and from work表示“上下班”，故填from。 (二)高頻考點之二：填冠詞解題攻略當空格后有名詞而且兩者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含義，或者空格處修飾序數(shù)詞、最高級、表示特指意義的比較級等形式時，那么空格處一般是填冠詞。有時還考查冠詞在一些固定搭配中的用法。典例3(2018·全國卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.分析：句意：玉米產(chǎn)量在過去25年里增長了近125%，而大米只增長了7%。特指在過去的25年里。故填定冠詞the。典例4(2018·全國卷)Unexpectedly, I'm face­to­face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _62_ top of her lungs.分析：固定短語at the top of“在的頂部”，此處表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。故填the。(三)高頻考點之三：填從屬關聯(lián)詞解題攻略當空格前后為兩個句子，且其中一個句子在另一句中充當某一句子成分時，空格處應填從屬關聯(lián)詞。一般情況下，考查的是定語從句的關聯(lián)詞，有時也考查名詞性從句或狀語從句的關聯(lián)詞。典例5(2018·全國卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _66_ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.分析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞a study，并在定語從句中作主語，故填that/which。典例6(2016·全國卷)Over time, _45_ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.分析：根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處引導時間狀語從句，表示“隨著”或“當時候”，故填as/when。(四)低頻考點：填并列連詞解題攻略當空格前后是同一層次并具有相同句法功能的詞、短語或句子時，空格處一般是填并列連詞。典例7(2018·全國卷)Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve water quality. Corn uses less water _65_ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.分析：根據(jù)比較級less可知，此處將玉米和水稻用水量進行比較，需填連詞，故填than。課堂應用體驗 A(2018·綿陽診斷)For Nigel Portman, a love of travelling began with what's called a “gap year”. In common with many other British teenagers, he chose _1_ (take) a year out before settling down to study for his degree.After doing various _2_ (job) to raise some money, he left home to gain some experience of life in different cultures, visiting America and Asia.The more adventurous the young person, the _3_ (great) the challenge they are likely to set _4_ (them) for the gap year, and for some, like Nigel, it can result in a thirst for adventure.Now that his university course _5_ (come) to an end, Nigel is just about to leave on a three­year trip that will take him right around the world.What's more, he plans to make the whole journey _6_ (use) only means of transport which are powered by natural energy.In other words, he will be relying _7_ (main) on bicycles and his own legs; and when there's an ocean to cross, he won't be taking a shortcut (捷徑) _8_ flying aboard he'll be joining the crew of a sailing ship, instead.As well as doing some mountain climbing along _9_ way, Nigel hopes to pass on to the people he meets the environmental message _10_ lies behind the whole idea.語篇解讀：本文主要講述了一個大學生利用“間隔年”去旅行，以實際行動倡議環(huán)保的故事。1to take考查非謂語動詞。choose to do sth.為固定搭配，意為“選擇做某事”，故用不定式作賓語。2jobs考查名詞復數(shù)。job是可數(shù)名詞，且根據(jù)其前的定語various可知，此處應用復數(shù)形式，表示“各種工作”。3greater考查形容詞比較級。根據(jù)固定句型the more ., the more .“越，就越”可知，此處用形容詞比較級。4themselves考查代詞。喜歡冒險的年輕人很可能給他們自己設置更大的間隔年挑戰(zhàn)。此處與they呼應，故用反身代詞作賓語。5has come考查動詞時態(tài)。now that是連詞，引導狀語從句，意為“既然”，由此可知事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生，應用完成時，且與語境中的is呼應，故用現(xiàn)在完成時。6using考查非謂語動詞。動詞use和主語he之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系，故此處用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語。7mainly考查副詞。此處修飾謂語will be relying on，應用副詞形式，故填mainly。8by/through考查介詞。根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示“以方式/方法”，與上文中的“only means of transport”呼應，故用介詞by/through。9the考查冠詞。along the way為固定搭配，意為“在過程中”，故用定冠詞。10that/which考查定語從句。此處用that/which引導定語從句，且在從句中作主語，修飾先行詞the environmental message。B(2018·沈陽質(zhì)檢)China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new _1_ (invent)” high­speed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.China's new­generation high­speed train, the Fuxing Hao, is now one of the _2_ (fast) trains in the world, which can travel at a speed of 350 km/h. Besides high­speed rail, China _3_ (improve) people's lives in many other innovative ways over the last decade.Bike sharing, for example, is not new itself. But China has made _4_ much more convenient and popular both in China _5_ overseas. The leading Chinese bike­sharing companies Mobike and Ofo are now operating in foreign countries such as Singapore and Britain.And back in China, when riding a shared bike, you can stop _6_ (buy) and eat whatever you want _7_ (simple) with a tap on your phone. You could easily pay with your smartphone by _8_ (scan) the seller's QR code. Cashless payment has grown into a _9_ (choose) for Chinese people even a pancake seller is using Alipay.As for Alipay, it was designed to serve the online shopping at first, _10_ is now the most ways to make purchases in China. You can buy anything you need without leaving your homes. 語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文，介紹了中國的“新四大發(fā)明”。1inventions考查名詞。前面有four great new修飾，故用該詞對應的名詞的復數(shù)形式，故填inventions。2fastest考查形容詞的最高級。根據(jù)后面的比較范圍in the world可知，這里應用最高級形式。3has improved考查動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。over the last decade表示“在過去十年”，常和現(xiàn)在完成時連用；又因為主語是China，故用has improved。4it考查代詞。這里it指代前面的Bike sharing，充當動詞made的賓語。5and考查連詞。both . and .為固定搭配，表示“兩者都”。6to buy考查非謂語動詞。stop to do sth.表示“停下來去做另一件事”，這里表示停下共享單車去買東西吃，故用不定式充當賓語。stop doing sth.表示“停止做某事”。7simply考查副詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處修飾with介詞短語，故用所給詞的副詞形式。8scanning考查非謂語動詞。空處作介詞by的賓語，故用動名詞形式。9choice考查名詞。冠詞a后面應用所給動詞的名詞形式。10which考查定語從句。空處引導非限制性定語從句，且在從句中作主語，修飾先行詞online shopping，故填which。13