（通用版）2019高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三板塊 語法填空與短文改錯(cuò) NO.2 再研考點(diǎn) 第一層級(jí) 第一講 名詞和冠詞講義

第一層級(jí)|抓牢“詞法”?；痉值谝恢v名詞和冠詞在高考中，語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)重點(diǎn)考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞、名詞與其他詞類的詞性轉(zhuǎn)化等。在語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中，解答有關(guān)名詞的題目時(shí)，一要根據(jù)在句中所作的成分確定是否使用名詞。名詞在句中常用作主語、賓語、表語或定語等。二要根據(jù)名詞前的數(shù)詞、量詞、冠詞等修飾語的情況以及主謂一致原則來確定名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。(一)考點(diǎn)練悟(用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)It was late at night. Two 1._ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2._ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3._ (thief) usually bring 4._ (knife) with them，” she thought in 5._ (silent). After two 6._ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7._ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8._ (money) or some 9._ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10._ (experience)答案：1.Germans2.dollars3.thieves4.knives5.silence6.minutes'7.Frenchmen8.money9.jewels/jewelry10.experience(二)快捷技法思考趨向解題規(guī)則1.填名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)若提示詞是名詞，分析句子成分后發(fā)現(xiàn)詞性不需要改變，此時(shí)應(yīng)考慮填名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。1.不定冠詞a, an后用名詞單數(shù)形式。(如題10)2.有數(shù)詞或these, those, several, many, all, both等詞修飾時(shí)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。(如題1,2,3,7,9)3.名詞前有one of 時(shí)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.如果空格處作主語，且謂語動(dòng)詞是單數(shù)形式，則空格處應(yīng)填名詞單數(shù)形式；若謂語動(dòng)詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，則空格處應(yīng)填名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。5.不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。(如題8)2.填名詞的所有格提示詞為名詞時(shí)，如果作定語表示“的”，則一般考查名詞的所有格。(如題6)1.單數(shù)名詞和不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞通常在詞尾加's。2.以s或es結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)，形式為s'或es'。3.復(fù)合名詞中，一般在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾加's，如her brother­in­law's character。3.派生為名詞作句子的主語、賓語(包括介詞的賓語)時(shí)，一般設(shè)空處填名詞。(如題5)(三)重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化1可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化：(1)一般情況下在詞尾直接加­s(2)以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾加­es(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，將y變?yōu)閕，再加­es(4)以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾直接加­s(5)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，無生命的常在詞尾加­s，如pianos, photos；有生命的在詞尾加­es，如potatoes, heroes等(6)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，多數(shù)變f或fe為v，再加­es。如knifeknives，leafleaves (如題3,4)；少數(shù)直接加­s，如roofroofs, gulfgulfs2可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化：(1)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, means (手段), works (工廠), series (系列)等(2)復(fù)數(shù)形式有特殊變化的名詞：criterion標(biāo)準(zhǔn)criteria mouse老鼠micephenomenon現(xiàn)象phenomena foot腳；英尺feetmedium傳播媒介media child孩子children(一)考點(diǎn)練悟下文中共有6處錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有一處。請(qǐng)找出并改正。Recently, a famous basketball player has caused public angry by writing on the Great Wall. In fact, this happens in many place of interest. I have some suggestion to solve this problem. First, make more poster to inform the public of the damage of graffiti (涂鴉). Besides, punishments, such as a fine, are necessary to tourists with such bad behavior. Also, I think it's helpful to put up some boards along the tourist attraction where tourists are permitted to leave messages.I'm sure with our effort, more and more people will become concerned about protecting cultural relics.答案：第一句：angryanger第二句：placeplaces第三句：suggestionsuggestions第四句：posterposters第六句：attractionattractions第七句：effortefforts(二)快捷技法思考趨向解題規(guī)則1.名詞的數(shù)與格的錯(cuò)用根據(jù)名詞前的修飾成分或者名詞本身，判定名詞的數(shù)與格是否正確。1.可數(shù)名詞前由不定冠詞a或an修飾，一般用單數(shù)形式，由數(shù)詞、量詞修飾一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2.不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.有些詞既可用作可數(shù)名詞也可用作不可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)注意具體語境。4.表示“的”意義時(shí)應(yīng)用所有格形式。2.名詞與形容詞、名詞與動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)用結(jié)合語境分析句子成分，由所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞峙袛嘣~性的正誤。1.名詞一般在句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語。2.作表語時(shí)，與主語構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系一般用名詞，形容詞一般是對(duì)主語的描述。3.在冠詞、所有格或介詞后一般用名詞。冠詞是語法填空題的常考點(diǎn)，經(jīng)常考查不定冠詞a，an和定冠詞the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠詞類題目時(shí)，首先需要明確設(shè)空處是表示特指還是泛指，如果是前者用the，后者則需要再判斷用a還是an。短文改錯(cuò)中的冠詞類題目，除了判斷是表示特指還是泛指外，還需要注意單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前必須有冠詞。同時(shí)對(duì)常見的固定搭配中的冠詞也要熟練掌握。(一)考點(diǎn)練悟(用冠詞填空)When I walked down 1._ Third Avenue, as 2._ rule, I used to look into the windows of 3._ old shop that sold old and beautiful things. Since I often took my walk after the closing time, I cupped my hands against 4._ windows to get 5._ small look at the treasures inside.Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for 6._ long time, but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface. I even thought they were 7._ most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people, too. I knew their value, and it hurt me when others missed it. I was raised by my grandmother and given 8._ deep sense of the value of experience. Taught to behave well, my sister and I respected other people, regardless of their age or color. My grandmother was loved by all 9._ people around her. She was known to be 10._ wise and kind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years.Old people should be treated as fine gold. They may be gradually tarnished (失去光澤) by age, but they can be polished with respect. You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.答案：1.the2.a3.an4.the5.a6.a7.the8.a9.the10.a(二)快捷技法思考趨向如何確定填冠詞如果空格后有名詞(短語)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含義，或者有序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)、表示特指意義的比較級(jí)等形式，那么空格處一般是填冠詞。解題規(guī)則如何確定填什么冠詞1不定冠詞a/an的?？键c(diǎn)(1)表示泛指，相當(dāng)于“a certain”。(如題3,6,10)(2)表示類指，指某類中的“任何一個(gè)”。(3)表示量指，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。(4)表示“每”，相當(dāng)于per，用于價(jià)格、速度、頻率等表達(dá)中。(5)考查固定搭配中的不定冠詞。(如題2,6)(6)和具有某些特征、狀態(tài)或情感的抽象名詞連用表示具體的概念。(如題5,8)2定冠詞the的?？键c(diǎn)(1)特指某人或某物。(如題4,9)(2)用于最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞前或由only, very, same等修飾的名詞前。(如題1,7)(3)和形容詞、過去分詞連用，表示一類人或事物。(4)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年代”。(5)定冠詞常用在一些固定搭配中。(一)考點(diǎn)練悟下文中共有8處錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。請(qǐng)找出并改正。Zhou Yan is the Senior Three student. Last week, he went to see doctor because his arms and fingers hurt. The doctor told him a fact that he had an “mobile phone disease”. Zhou sent messages to his friends with his mobile phone all time, even in bed. Zhou started to do badly in all a exams because he spent so much time on his mobile phone. He didn't stop using a mobile phone until his arms hurt. Yang Ling, who is a expert from a health center, said students should try to use their mobile phones less, especially at school. 答案：第一句：thea第二句：doctor前加a第三句：athe; ana第四句：all后加the第五句：athe第六句：athe第七句：第一個(gè)aan(二)快捷技法思考趨向1決定冠詞對(duì)與錯(cuò)的關(guān)鍵在于它和后面的名詞在意思上是否構(gòu)成了一種正確的搭配關(guān)系，這種搭配在句中是否合情、合理、合“法”，這應(yīng)該是思維的第一步。那么，是泛指還是特指就成為驗(yàn)證正確與否的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2如果在句中出現(xiàn)含有名詞的短語或固定搭配時(shí)，一定要警惕冠詞的多余或缺失。在固定搭配中，有的用不定冠詞a/an，有的用定冠詞the，而有的則不帶任何冠詞，如：in a hurry, as a result; on the contrary, in (the) charge of; at first, in fact等等，這些都需要我們平時(shí)加強(qiáng)記憶和積累。解題規(guī)則1冠詞的錯(cuò)用(1)a和an的錯(cuò)用。元音音素前用an，輔音音素前用a。(2)不定冠詞和定冠詞的錯(cuò)用。表示特指時(shí)用定冠詞the；表示泛指時(shí)用不定冠詞a(n)。注意固定搭配中冠詞的使用情況。2冠詞的缺失與多余(1)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前冠詞的缺失。一般來說，單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)有相應(yīng)的冠詞，表示泛指用a(n)，表示特指用the。(2)冠詞的多余。可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指意義時(shí)不用冠詞。除此之外，還要注意常用固定搭配中冠詞的缺失與多余。課堂應(yīng)用體驗(yàn) .語法填空(2018·武漢調(diào)研)The energy that so many outsiders feel when they are in China comes not just from the hurrying footsteps that can _1_ (see) everywhere. It also comes from a sense that it is used for something bigger.A few years ago, I interviewed Zhang Xin, a young man from a _2_ (deep) poor agricultural province in central China. His parents were wheat _3_ (farmer) and lived in a tiny one­room house next to the fields. He _4_ (graduate) from Tsinghua University and gotten a job as a software engineer at Huawei. His success, Zhang told me one day, had changed his family forever, _5_ (keep) his families away from hard labor forever. Not his parents. Not his children. That kind of life was over.Multiply that young man's story by millions, _6_ you will get a sense that this once very backward society has become _7_ forward­looking country. A smart American who lived in China for years put it this way: “China is making a great effort to become _8_ it has not yet become. It is upwardly mobile, proudly so.”Proudly so, because as Zhang understood, hard work today means a much _9_ (good) life decades from now for _10_ (he) later generations and the country.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。作者通過采訪一位出身貧苦、清華大學(xué)畢業(yè)的張先生，說明了知識(shí)能夠改變命運(yùn)、改變家庭。1be seen考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)。that引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，修飾先行詞footsteps，并且在從句中作主語；定語從句中主語與動(dòng)詞see之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；因空前為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can，故填be seen。2deeply考查副詞。空處修飾形容詞poor，要用副詞。deep作副詞講時(shí)意為“在深處，深深地”；deeply作副詞講時(shí)，意為“非?！?，根據(jù)語境可知，此處應(yīng)填deeply。3farmers考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。他的父母都是種植小麥的農(nóng)民，根據(jù)語境可知空處應(yīng)用名詞；再根據(jù)空前的His parents were可知，空處應(yīng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。4had graduated考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)and之后的gotten可知，這里要用完成時(shí)；大學(xué)畢業(yè)的動(dòng)作是在“interviewed”這個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的，所以要用過去完成時(shí)。5keeping考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。keep與主語His success之間是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故此處用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞had changed進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。6and考查連詞。此處是“祈使句and陳述句”固定句型，故空處應(yīng)填and。7a考查冠詞。此處泛指一個(gè)國(guó)家，要用不定冠詞，且forward­looking的發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭，故用不定冠詞a。8what考查名詞性從句?？仗幰龑?dǎo)表語從句，并在表語從句中作become的賓語，表示“什么”，所以要用what。9better考查形容詞的比較級(jí)。根據(jù)空前的much，并結(jié)合語境可知，此處要用比較級(jí)。10his考查代詞?？仗幾鞫ㄕZ，修飾后面的名詞later generations，所以要用形容詞性物主代詞。.短文改錯(cuò)(2018·貴陽(yáng)監(jiān)測(cè))There was a farmer who sell a pound of butter to a baker. One day the baker decided to weigh the butter to see that he was getting a pound and he was found that he was not. This angered him and he took the farmer from court. The judge asked farmer if he was using any measure. The farmer replied, “Your Honor, I am innocently. I don't have a proper measure, and I do have a scale (秤)” The judge asked, “Then how do you weigh the butter？” The farmer replied, “Your Honor, long before the baker started buying butter from me, I have been buying a pound of breads from him.Every day when the baker brings the bread, I put it on the scale and give her the same weight of butter. If anyone was to blame, it is the baker.”答案：第一句：sellsold第二句：thatif/whether; 去掉第二個(gè)was第三句：fromto第四句：asked后加the第五句：innocentlyinnocent第六句：andbut第八句：breadsbread第九句：herhim第十句：wasis8