2015年高考英語二輪專題復習 第1-2講 英語句子成分學案

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1、 第一講：英語句子成分 一， 什么是句子？ 句子是由詞按照一定的語法結(jié)構組成的，是能表達一個完整概念的語言單位．句子的第一個字母必須大寫，結(jié)尾要有．？ ！ （1）I am a teacher. （2）Are you a student? （3）How beautiful the girl is ! 二，句子包括哪些成分？ 現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和

2、補語（complement）。 三 英語各種成分的基本含義及用法 （一）、主語 主語是全句談論的中心話題。我們在說一句話的時候，首先要明確我們講的是“哪個人”？或者是一件“什么事”？或者是一件“什么物體”，等。這些代表“哪個人”、“什么事”、“什么物體”等的部分就是句子的主語。? 主語是指句子的某個部分，它可能是一個詞，也可能是一個詞組，還有可能是一個從句，甚至一句話中會有幾個并列的主語等等。所以，英語中很多詞類(或詞組、從句)都可以做主語。另外，英語中還有一種特殊的主語形式叫“形式主語”，例如：It .... that ...句式等。 ?1. Peter is a well-k

3、nown pianist. （名詞作主語） ?2. Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school. ( 數(shù)詞詞組作主語) ?3. He likes reading storybooks. (代詞作主語) ?4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. （不定式短語作主語） ?5. What we shall do next is not yet decided. （從句作主語） ?6. It took us two hours to travel

4、around the city by subway. (It 是形式主語, to travel...部分是真正的主語) 操練1： 請指出下列句中的主語。 1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is a bird flying in the sky. 3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ?（二）、謂語 ? 在明確了主語后，我們再來說謂語。謂語是用來回答、說明、解釋主

5、語“做什么”、“是什么”、“怎么樣”等的部分。英語句子中，除少數(shù)情況外，謂語必須是動詞。而且，除了倒裝等特殊情況外，謂語的位置相對來說是固定的，它總是位于主語的后面。? 1. His parents are teachers. （系動詞和表語一起作謂語） 2. We study hard. （行為動詞作謂語） 3. We have finished reading the book. （助動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語） 4. He can speak English. （情態(tài)動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語） 操練2： 請選出下列句中的謂語。 1. I don't like th

6、e picture on the wall. 2. Do you usually go to school by bus? 3. What I want to tell you is this.????? ?（三）、賓語 ①從語法角度說，及物動詞后面要接賓語 (介詞后也有賓語) 。從意義上來說，賓語是動作的對象、目標。賓語是對謂語動詞的進一步說明和解釋。 1. We often help him. （代詞作賓語） 2. He likes to play basketball. （不定式作賓語） 3. We enjoy listening to the music. （

7、動名詞短語作賓語） 4. She said? that she felt sick.? （從句做賓語） 操練3： 請?zhí)舫鱿铝芯渲械馁e語。 1. My brother hasn't done his homework. 2. People all over the world speak English. 3. How many new words did you learn last class? ?②分析句子： The sun gives us light and warmth. （us為間接賓語，light and warmth為直接賓語） ?1、間接賓語多指人，直接

8、賓語多指物?？梢詭蓚€賓語的動詞有：bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。 2、如果強調(diào)直接賓語，可把直接賓語放在間接賓語的前面，但間接賓語前須加介詞 “to”或“for”。接to的動詞有：give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show, tell, write等。 Give your mother the letter. ＝Give the letter to your mother. 直接賓語 間接賓語 （接for的動詞有：buy, find, c

9、ook, draw, get, sing等。） Can you find me my bag? ＝Can you find my bag for me? 直接賓語 間接賓語 (這正是：人前物后看清楚，換位要加for或to。) 操練4： 請劃出下列句中的直接賓語和間接賓語。 1. Please tell us a story. 2. My father bought a new computer for me last week. 3. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term. （四）、賓語補

10、足語? 現(xiàn)在一般認為，賓語補足語是對賓語進行進一步的補充說明。賓語補足語主要與英語及物動詞有關。這個問題分兩點來說明。 1、 英語中有些及物動詞，不但會涉及到一個對象(賓語)，還會使賓語產(chǎn)生一種結(jié)果。動詞引發(fā)賓語的結(jié)果就是賓語補足語。 例如： ① We call him Little Tom. (稱呼的對象是him, 稱呼的結(jié)果是Little Tom. Little Tom 就是賓語補足語。) ② ?I find smoking bad for health. (find 的對象是smoking,? 結(jié)論是bad for health.) 2、英語中表示看、聽之類的動詞，不僅看到一

11、個人(賓語)，還會看到他在做什么事。賓語所做的事也是賓語補足語。例如： I saw a bird in a cage. (看到小鳥在籠子里，“在籠子里”是賓語補足語。) We heard her singing a song. (聽到她在唱歌，“在唱歌”是賓語補足語。) ?（這一類帶賓語補足語動詞有：see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe 等。） 操練5： 請找出下列句中的賓語補足語。 1. We call her Lily sometimes. 2. I saw Jerry get on the bus. 當堂檢測 (一).

12、指出下列句子中主語的中心詞 ① The student with a book is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞 ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A.

13、don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at t

14、he library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework (三) 挑出下列句中的賓語 ① My mother is doing housework. ②I like playing football with you. ③ You must pay

15、 good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? (四) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history nex

16、t term. ④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? (五) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. ④ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the

17、playground just now? 第一講答案 操練1： 請指出下列句中的主語。 1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is a bird flying in the sky. 3. The useful dictionary was given by my mo

18、ther last year. 操練2： 請選出下列句中的謂語。 1. I don't like the picture on the wall. 2. Do you usually go to school by bus? 3. What I want to tell you is this.????? 操練3： 請?zhí)舫鱿铝芯渲械馁e語。 1.My mother is doing housework. 2.I like playing football with you. 3. How many new words did you learn last class? 操練4

19、： 請劃出下列句中的直接賓語和間接賓語。 1. Please tell us a story. 2. My father bought a new computer for me last week. 3. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term. 操練5： 請找出下列句中的賓語補足語。 1. We call her Lily sometimes. 2. I saw Jerry get on the bus. 當堂檢測 (一). 指出下列句子中主語的中心詞 ① The student

20、 with a book is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞 B A C A C (三) 挑出下列句中的賓語 ① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② P

21、eople all over the world speak English. ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? (四) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me

22、 last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? (五) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ I saw Mr Wang get on the b

23、us. ④ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 第二講：英語句子成分 （五）、表語 ? 英語有一類動詞叫系動詞。系動詞是側(cè)重于表示人或事物狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)的動詞，它沒有明顯的外觀的動作形式，例如：be (am/is/are)(是), get(變得), sound(聽起來), look, seem(看起來), feel(感到)等等。與系動詞連用的部分叫“系表結(jié)構”，“表”就是“表語”的意思。注意：系表結(jié)構合起來共同組成謂語，來說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)等。例如： ?I am a teacher. (

24、系動詞am + 表語 a teacher) ?They are on the playground now. (系動詞are + 表語 on the playground.) ?It sounds interesting. (sound為系動詞，interesting為表語) 操練6：請劃出下列句中的表語。 1.The leaves have turned yellow. 2. She was the first to learn about it. 3. The old man is feeling better now. 4. The kids are really

25、 interested in joining the chess club.? （六）、定語 ? 定語是修飾名詞或代詞，說明人或事物的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量等的詞。請記?。憾ㄕZ最關鍵的一點是，定語是用來修飾、限定人和事物(即名詞)特點的成分。動詞不可能有定語，形容詞也沒有。一般情況下，定語可以是一個詞，也可能是幾個詞或一個詞組，也可能是一個從句(定語從句)。例如：? The black bike is mine. (單個的詞作定語) The office is ten minutes’ walk from here. (詞組作定語) This is a book which te

26、lls about rocket technology. ?(從句作定語) ? 英語中定語的位置可以在名詞前面，也可以在名詞后面，特別是放在名詞后面的定語，與中文習慣不同，同學們要注意分辨清楚。 He works in a shoe factory. This is my book, not your book. Is there anything important in today’s newspaper?? The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach. 操練7：請劃出下列句中的定語。 1.

27、What is your family name? 2. The boy in blue is Tom. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. There are five boys who will play the game. （七）、狀語 狀語用來修飾動詞，形容詞或副詞．它表示行為發(fā)生的時間，地點，目的，方式，程度． 例如：動作在什么時間發(fā)生，什么地點發(fā)生，什么條件下發(fā)生，為什么目的發(fā)生，等等。一般由副詞，介詞短語，不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語充當，也可由從句來充當． 狀語的核心是：狀語是修飾動詞的，只有動詞才有

28、狀語。 一般來說，狀語的位置比較靈活，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不一定是緊跟在動詞的前后位置。我們在翻譯的時候，要視具體情況而定。同樣，狀語可以是一個單詞，也可以是幾個單詞或詞組，也可以是一個狀語從句。 例如： ?We often help him. (often 副詞，位置在help 前面。) ?I really don't like the food. (也可以說：I don't like the food really. ) (注意狀語really 的位置。) ?He did his homework carefully at home.

29、(carefully 副詞；at home 是詞組，位置都在did 后面。) ?When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. (when從句是時間狀語，在句首；to be...是目的狀語。) 操練8：請劃出下列句中的狀語。 1. Every night he practices playing the piano. 2. We must work hard to pass the exam. 3. She loves the library because she loves books. 利用口訣綜述以上內(nèi)容：主在前、謂在中，賓

30、語、狀語后面沖。短語定語主賓后，形、代定語主賓前。 間賓直賓緊相依，直、間之間to、for連。賓補位于賓語后，地狀常在時狀前。 （八）同位語 同位語是在名詞或代詞之后,對其作進一步解釋或說明，在語法上處于同等地位。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、和從句等均可作同位語。如： We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學生’） We all are students. (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’） The news that we’re having a holiday tomorrow is true.

31、（從句作同位語） 總結(jié)： 按句子成分劃分，此句為： The students? of Class Two? are? seriously reading the book? written by Lu Xun. ?? (主語)? ? (定語)??? (謂語) (狀語)? (謂語)? (賓語)? ?????(定語) 當堂檢測 (一) 挑出下列句中的表語 ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② The leaves have turned yellow. ③ Soon They all became interest

32、ed in the subject. (二) 挑出下列句中的定語 ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name? ③ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. (三) 挑出下列句中的狀語 ① Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ② He began to learn English when he was eleven. ③With the medicine box under her arm, M

33、iss Li hurried off. ④The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. （四）指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分： 1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather . 2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily . 3. That was how they were defeated.

34、 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . 5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow . 6.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . 7.There are many film that I’d like to see.

35、 （五）單項填空 1 ___ six years since I began to study English. A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was 2 It’s very noisy outside. ___ is going on? A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 3 There must be____ near the factory. A. a

36、book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores 4 The doctor as well as the nurses ___ great concern for the patients. A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 5 Your son must be a clever boy, ___ he? A. is B. isn't C. must

37、 D. mustn't 6 The computer center, ___ last year, is very popular among students in this school. A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened 7 I ___ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home. A. mustn't B. had to C. can't D. needn'

38、t 8 This room ___ every morning. A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning 9 Glad to meet you! ___ is your full name? A. What B. Where C. How D. Who 10 He is ___ to lift the heavy box. A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough

39、 11 The days are ___ warmer and warmer in spring. A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going 12 His job is____English. A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches 13 We should get ready___ others. A. helping B. to help C. help

40、 D. help with 14 Let ____ do it again. A. I B. me C. he D. she 15 I found ___ difficult to work together with him. A. it B. its C. that D. those

41、 第二講答案 操練6：請劃出下列句中的表語。 1.The leaves have turned yellow. 2. She was the first to learn about it. 3. The old man is feeling better now. 4. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club.? 操練7：請劃出下列句中的定語。 1. What is your family name? 2. The boy in blue is Tom.

42、 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. There are five boys who will play the game. 操練8：請劃出下列句中的狀語。 1. Every night he practices playing the piano. 2. We must work hard to pass the exam. 3. She loves the library because she loves books. 當堂檢測 (一) 挑出下列句中的表語 ① The old man was feeling ver

43、y tired. ④ The leaves have turned yellow. ③ Soon They all became interested in the subject. (二) 挑出下列句中的定語 ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name? ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. (三) 挑出下列句中的狀語 ① Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ② He began to

44、 learn English when he was eleven. ③ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ④ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. （四）指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分： 1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather .（主語） 2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily .（謂語） 3. That w

45、as how they were defeated. （表語） 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . （賓語） 5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow . （賓語補足語） 6.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . （狀語） 7.There are many film that I’d like to see. （定語） （五）單項填空 1—5 A B A B B 6---10 C D C A A 11---15 A A B B A 10