中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第11章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第11章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式.表示主講與謂講之間的關(guān)系。英講有曲種講態(tài):主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者。對(duì)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查，多集中在被動(dòng)講態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)及時(shí)態(tài)，以及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的判斷、動(dòng)詞'過(guò)去分詞的正確拼寫(xiě)方面。在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，.要注意揣摩句子的含義，掌握動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的不規(guī)則變化。內(nèi)容導(dǎo)視知識(shí)點(diǎn)1被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成知識(shí)點(diǎn)2被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法知識(shí)點(diǎn)3主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn)4主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義知識(shí)點(diǎn)5不能使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況知識(shí)詳單知識(shí)點(diǎn)1被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型句型構(gòu)成例句肯定句主語(yǔ)+be十過(guò)去分詞(十by. )English is spoken everywhere.到處有人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。否定句主語(yǔ)+be+not+過(guò)去分詞(+by.)English isn't spoken by people here.這里的人不說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。一般疑問(wèn)句Be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞(+by. .)?-Was Tom asked to e early?湯姆被要求早點(diǎn)來(lái)嗎?-Yes，he was.是的，他被要求了。/No, he wasn't.不，他沒(méi)有。特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞(+by.)?Why was this bridge destroyed by the government?政府為什么要拆毀這座橋?2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主語(yǔ)+ am/is/are十過(guò)去分詞+其他History is made by the people·歷史是人們創(chuàng)造的。These books are designed for children.這些書(shū)是為孩子們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的。一般過(guò)去時(shí)主語(yǔ)+was/were+過(guò)去分詞+其他The letter was written in English·這封信是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的。The cars were made in Shanghai.這些車(chē)是上海生產(chǎn)的。一般將來(lái)時(shí)主語(yǔ)+will be+過(guò)去分詞+其他Your job will be kept open for your return.你的工作將保留到你回來(lái)。When will the work be finished?這項(xiàng)工作什么時(shí)候完成?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主語(yǔ)+am/is/am+being+過(guò)去分詞+其他A new railway is being built.一條新鐵路正在修建。Because my car is being repaired , I have to go to work by taxi.因?yàn)槲业能?chē)正在修理，所以l我不得不坐出租車(chē)去上班。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主語(yǔ)+was/were+being+過(guò)去分詞+其他The hall was being built last year. I'm not sure if it is pleted.這個(gè)個(gè)大廳去年正在修建，我不清楚選擇完成了沒(méi)有。The road was being widened when I passed by the village.當(dāng)我經(jīng)過(guò)那個(gè)村莊時(shí)，道路正在加寬?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主語(yǔ)+have/has been+過(guò)去分詞+其他He has been sent to work in Shanghai.他已經(jīng)被派往上海工作了。Has the sports meeting been put off until next Friday?運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)已經(jīng)推遲到下周五了嗎?過(guò)去完成時(shí)主語(yǔ)+had been+過(guò)去分詞+其他The room had been broken into before we came.我們來(lái)之前已經(jīng)有人強(qiáng)行進(jìn)過(guò)這間屋。A new hotel had been built when I got there.我到那兒時(shí)，一座新旅館已經(jīng)建好了。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞+其他Her temperature should be taken twice a day.她的體溫應(yīng)該一天量?jī)纱巍?，If heated，water can be turned into vapour.如果受熱，水會(huì)變成蒸氣。知識(shí)點(diǎn)2被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法用法例句不知道或者不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者How is this word pronounced?這個(gè)單詞怎么發(fā)音?The book was published in xx.這本書(shū)是xx年出版的。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者School will be opened in our village.我們村將開(kāi)辦一所新的希望學(xué)校當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是泛指時(shí)He is suspected of robbing the bank.有人懷疑他搶劫銀行。表示委婉或禮貌，避免提及動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者I have been told many times not to make noises·有人多次告訴我不要吵鬧。句法修飾的需要The lecture will be made by Joe, who is a young musician from Italy.喬要做這個(gè)報(bào)告他是意大利的一位年輕的音樂(lè)家。有些動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣上常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)He was born in this city.他出生在這個(gè)城市。It is reported that he is a professor from New Zealand. 據(jù)報(bào)道，他是來(lái)自新西蘭的一位教授。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)說(shuō)明例句含有單個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，即“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞十賓語(yǔ)”:把主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，并依據(jù)上表(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式)把謂語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)形式;如果需要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，則需加上“by.+主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)(人稱(chēng)代詞用賓格)”。The famous professor gave two lectures in English·(那位著名的教授用英語(yǔ)作了兩次報(bào)告。)Two lectures were given (by the famous professor)in English·They often ask some question after class。(他們經(jīng)常在課后問(wèn)一些問(wèn)題。)Some questions are often asked(by them)after class.含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，即“主語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)”:當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)是名詞或代詞時(shí)，可把間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)中的任意一個(gè)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，而另一個(gè)保持不動(dòng)。但是，當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前應(yīng)加上介詞to或for。The doctor gave me some good advice on the pronunciation·(老師給我提了一些關(guān)于發(fā)音方面的好建議。)1 was given some good advice on the pronunciation.Some good advice was given to me on the pronunciation.含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，即“主語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”:把主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)保持不動(dòng)(成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)主補(bǔ))。We call him Li Hua.(我們叫他李華。)He is called Li Hua.They painted the room white.(他們把房間粉刷成白色。)The room was Painted white.【易錯(cuò)警示】感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形作賓補(bǔ)，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，需要在動(dòng)詞原形前加上省略的不定式符號(hào)to，即“be seen/heard/found/observed/noticed/made to do sth?！?。例如:They saw her enter the meeting room just now.(剛才他們看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)入了會(huì)議室。)She was seen to enter the meeting room just now·含有動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(作謂語(yǔ))的主動(dòng)句:謂語(yǔ)為及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句方可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。They take good care of these children.(他們把這些孩子照顧得非常好。)These children are taken good care of.We should make full use of the good chance.(我們應(yīng)該充分利用這次好機(jī)會(huì)。)The good chance should be made full use of.【易錯(cuò)警示】動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，把它們看作一個(gè)整體變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，其后的介詞和副詞不可丟掉。知識(shí)點(diǎn)4主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義情況例句說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征的動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，如:lock，open，read，sell，teach，wash，write等.:;.The cloth washes well. 這種布料很容易洗.A freshly baked cake doesnt cut easilv.剛烤好的蛋糕不容易切。表示感官的連系動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，如:smell，feel，taste，look，sound等This piece of music sounds good.這段音樂(lè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。Mooncakes taste delicious.月餅嘗起來(lái)很美味。某些動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，如:need，want，require，worth等The bike needs repairing. 這輛自行車(chē)需要修理。Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了?！局R(shí)拓展】·常見(jiàn)的被動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)意義的詞組:be seated坐著，就座; be hidden躲藏;be lost迷路;be drunk喝醉;be dressed穿著知識(shí)點(diǎn)5不能使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況情況例句不及物動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)A fire broke out last night.昨晚發(fā)生了火災(zāi)。某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)也不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)This coat doesnt fit me.這件外套不適合我。The hall can contain two hundred people。這個(gè)大廳可以容納200人。反身代詞或相互代詞作賓語(yǔ)的句子不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)We have helped each other for over two years.我們相互幫助有兩年多了。賓語(yǔ)是不定式或動(dòng)名詞的句子不可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Most people want to have their own house，.許多人想要有自己的房子。當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成一個(gè)不可分割的整體時(shí)，即固定短語(yǔ)，句子不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)It took him a long time to make up his mind.他用了很久才下定決心。Whos going to take his place after he leaves?他走了誰(shuí)來(lái)頂替他?【知識(shí)拓展】這樣的短語(yǔ)常用的有:do ones best盡力，盡最大努力; make a face做鬼臉; lose heart失去信心，喪失勇氣 -.考點(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1考查及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1.(北京中考)A new hospital _ in my town next year. A .builds B. built C. is built D. will be built 【解析】選D。主語(yǔ)hospital與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞build之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，next year說(shuō)明要用一般將來(lái) 時(shí)。故選D。2.(矜南中考)The Spring Festival_ in January or February. A .celebrate B. was celebrated C. celebrated D. celebrated 【解析】選D。主語(yǔ)The Spring Festival與celebrate之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，春節(jié)在一月或二月過(guò) 是常態(tài)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。3.(安順中考)一Wow! You have a ticket to the Expo! 一It_ by my uncle·He 15 working in Shanghai·A. has bought B. had bought C·is bought D·was bought【解析】it與buy之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，票已經(jīng)買(mǎi)過(guò)了應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故選D。4.(巴中中考)English_ widely all over the world.A. speaks B. is spoken C. are spoken 【解析】選B。English是單數(shù)形式，且句子為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用is spoken。考點(diǎn)2 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)5.(滬州中考)The dictionary may _ for three weeks.A.keep B. be kept C. borrow D. be borrowed 【解析】選B for three weeks 表示一段時(shí)間，要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，排除C、D；dictionary與keep之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，may 是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，系動(dòng)詞要用be。故選擇B6、(咸寧中考)-Food safety is very important.-So some rules _ to stop people from polluting food.A. must make B. must be made C. must made D. be made【解析】選B、rules和make.之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu).排除A、C；D項(xiàng)be動(dòng)詞原形有誤，應(yīng)該為are，排除D； must是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.后面的系動(dòng)詞耍用be，B項(xiàng)正確。7·(衡陽(yáng)中考)Teenagers _ allowed to drive.A. Shouldnt be B. should be not C. not should be【解析】選A。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定形式為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。故選A?？键c(diǎn)3 考查及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)8.(鄂州中考)The meeting _ because of the smog in Northern China last week.A. put out B. was put out C. put off D. was put off【解析】選D。由句意可知，會(huì)議被推遲了，要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。排除A、C; Put out意為“撲滅，熄滅，與句意不符，故選D。9.(哈爾濱中考)On June 11th，xx，Shenzhou-10 carrying three astronauts _ into space from the space center in Jiuquan. All the Chinese people are proud of its successful launch.A·sent up B. are sent up C. was sent up【解析】選c。由on June llth，xx可知該句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，排除B項(xiàng);主語(yǔ)Shenzhou-10與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故選C。