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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN
13865:2003
Surfaces for sports areas — Determination of angled ball behaviour — Tennis
The European Standard EN 13865:2003 has the status of a
British Standard
ICS 97.220.1
2、0
BS EN 13865:2003
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of
EN 13865:2003. EN 13865:2003 is one of a series of standards being produced by CEN/TC 217. On p
3、ublication of the entire series of European Standards, the
BS 7044 series will be withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
PRI/57, Surfaces for sports areas, which has the responsibility to:
— aid enquirers to understand the text;
— present to
4、 the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
— monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can
5、 be obtained on request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index〞, or by using the “Search〞
6、 facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal o
7、bligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 7 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.
This British Standard, was
8、 published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on
19 December 2003
? BSI 19 December 2003
ISBN 0 580 43135 5
Amd. No.
Date
Comments
Amendments issued since publication
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPéENNE
EUROP?ISCHE
9、NORM
EN 13865
December 2003
ICS
English version
Surfaces for sports areas - Determination of angled ball behaviour - Tennis
Sols sportifs - Détermination du comportement du rebond angulaire d'une balle - Tennis
Sportb?den - Bestimmung des winkligen Ballverhalt
10、ens - Tennis
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 November 2003.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists
11、and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the respons
12、ibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembo
13、urg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M I Té EUR O P éEN DE NOR M A L I S A TI ON EUR O P ? I S C H ES KOM I TEE F ü R NOR M UNG
14、
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
? 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No. EN 13865:2003 E
Contents page
1 Scope .........................................
15、.....................................................................................................................4
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................4
3 Principle ......
16、....................................................................................................................................................4
4 Apparatus .......................................................................................................................................
17、................4
5 Test pieces......................................................................................................................................................5
6 Conditioning and test temperature ...........................................................................
18、...................................5
6.1 Laboratory tests .............................................................................................................................................5
6.2 On-site tests ...............................................................................
19、....................................................................5
7 Preparation of tennis balls ............................................................................................................................5
7.1 Conditioning .....................................................
20、..............................................................................................5
7.2 Pre-compression............................................................................................................................................5
8 Procedure ...........................
21、............................................................................................................................5
9 Calculation and expression of results .........................................................................................................6
10 Test report ......
22、................................................................................................................................................7
Foreword
This document (EN 13865:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 217 “Surfaces for sports areas〞, the secret
23、ariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2004.
According to the C
24、EN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portu
25、gal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the behaviour of a tennis ball striking a sports surface at an angle.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates
26、by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Sta
27、ndard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 12229, Surfaces for sports areas — Procedure for the preparation of synthetic turf and textile test pieces. International Tennis
28、 Federation (ITF) Rules of Tennis.
3 Principle
A ball is projected at an angle onto a sports surface and its velocity, angle and rebound are assessed.
4 Apparatus
4.1 Ball projector, providing a means of projecting a ball at a specified angle and velocity onto the surface without imp
29、arting spin greater than 3 rev/s.
NOTE Suitable ball projection machines are available commercially. The release characteristics of the ball from the machine should be checked specifically (e.g. by stroboscopic photography) to ensure that spin in excess of 3 rev/s does not occur.
4.2 Ball tr
30、ack monitor, providing a means of monitoring the track of the ball before and after impact such that its velocity can be measured to an accuracy of ± 0,01 m/s and its angle of impact and rebound to ± 0,1°. The uncertainty in the precision of the measuring technique shall be no greater than 2 %.
N
31、OTE The track of the ball can be monitored photographically or by timing its passage between light-sensitive receivers. In the latter case, the angle can be deduced from the vertical and horizontal components of velocity.
4.3 Pressurized tennis balls
4.3.1 Balls in accordance with 4.3.2 are
32、used in tests to demonstrate the conformity of a sports surface to a specification for the surface.
Balls in accordance with 4.3.3 are used to demonstrate the performance of a particular type of ball on a given surface, e.g. a particular brand of ball to be used in a tournament.
4.3.2 At least
33、 three test tennis balls, taken from a pressurized ball canister, each covered with cloth weft comprising (33 ± 6) % denier (6,67 dtex) polyamide and (67 ± 3) % wool, and which, when tested in accordance with procedures detailed in the ITF Rules of Tennis, exhibit the following properties:
? bal
34、l mass: (57,6 ± 0,3) g;
? ring gauge diameter: minimum 67,072 mm, maximum 67,865 mm;
? forward deformation: (6,413 ± 0,317) mm;
? rebound (mean of five tests): (1,41 ± 0,01) m.
4.3.3 When required, at least four commercially available tennis balls, taken from a pressurized bal
35、l canister, and which conform to the ITF Rules of Tennis.
4.3.4 Additional balls of either type (see 4.3.2 or 4.3.3), if necessary, for trial runs (see 8.2).
5 Test pieces
Test pieces of synthetic turf and textile sports surfaces shall be prepared in accordance with EN 12229.
Test pi
36、eces of sports surfaces shall have a minimum length 1 000 mm and minimum width 1 000 mm, and shall be tested in combination with the supporting layers to be used in service and using the method of attachment recommended in the manufacturer's instructions.
Loose laid test pieces shall be tested wh
37、ile anchored at the edges.
NOTE Experience has shown that it is extremely difficult to produce laboratory samples of mineral surfaces that have the same characteristics as actual facilities. Wherever possible, mineral surfaces should be tested in situ.
6 Conditioning and test temperature
38、
6.1 Laboratory tests
Condition test pieces containing materials which are sensitive to humidity for a minimum of 88 h at relative humidity
(50 ± 5) % at the specified test temperature.
Condition all other test pieces for a minimum of 3 h at the specified test temperature.
Unless stated
39、 otherwise in the product specification, the test temperature shall be (23 ± 2) °C.
6.2 On-site tests
Tests on site shall be conducted at ambient temperature and humidity.
7 Preparation of tennis balls
7.1 Conditioning
The balls shall be removed from their container at least 1 h p
40、rior to the test in order to ensure that they reach equilibrium with the prevailing ambient conditions.
7.2 Pre-compression
The balls shall be subjected to a pre-compression procedure, as described in detail in the ITF method, prior to being used in tests.
8 Procedure
8.1 Carry out a
41、ll tests within 7 days of opening the ball canister (see 7.1).
8.2 Adjust the ball projector (see 4.1) to deliver a ball onto the test piece at an angle of incidence of (16 ± 2)° and a velocity of (30 ± 2) m/s, if necessary employing trial runs using additional balls (see 4.3.4).
8.3 P
42、roject each ball, in turn, onto the test piece surface and, using the ball track monitor (see 4.2), monitor and record the velocity and angle before and after impact. Analyse the results and select the three balls that give the best reproducibility and repeatability.
NOTE If the balls are those
43、 specified in 4.3.2, only three balls in total might have been used.
8.4 Project each of the three selected balls, in turn, onto the test piece, and monitor and record the velocity and angle before and after impact. Record the sequence of projecting the balls.
Examine the test piece and if the
44、 sports surface is disturbed or damaged as a result of the test, move the apparatus between each test to change the point of impact.
8.5 Using the same balls, repeat the procedure described in 8.4 a further two times, projecting each of the three balls in the same sequence.
NOTE It is importan
45、t that no ball is fired more than ten times so as to avoid degradation of the ball.
8.6 If the surface has a directional pattern, such as the lay of the pile of synthetic turf, carry out five tests in one direction and four in the other direction to obtain a set of readings in directions giving m
46、aximum and minimum values of angle of rebound.
9 Calculation and expression of results
From the monitoring of the ball before and after impact, obtain the angles and resultant velocities of incidence and rebound (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 — Relationship between compone
47、nts of ball incidence and rebound.
The coefficient of restitution for each test is given by
vr sin j
e = (1)
vi sin q
where
e is the coefficient of restitution;
vi is the incidence velocity, in metres per second (m/s);
vr is the rebound velocity, in metres per second (m/s);
48、
j is the angle of rebound, in degrees (°);
q is the angle of incidence, in degrees (°).
The tennis coefficient for each test is given by
100 [1 - (v
T = i
cos q - vr
cos
j)]
(2)
(1 + e) vi sin q
where
T is the tennis coefficient;
vi is the rebound velocit
49、y, in metres per second (m/s);
vr is the vertical component of rebound velocity, in metres per second (m/s);
j is the angle of rebound, in degrees (°);
q is the angle of incidence, in degrees (°);
e is the coefficient of restitution.
For each series of nine tests calculate the mean va
50、lues of coefficient of restitution and tennis coefficient.
10 Test report
The test report shall contain the following:
a) reference to this European Standard, i.e. EN 13865:2003;
b) complete identification of the surface tested, including the manufacturer's reference and the type of
51、 supporting layers and their method of attachment;
c) direction of test;
d) test temperature;
e) mean value of coefficient of restitution and tennis coefficient;
f) individual test results and tennis coefficients, if required;
g) condition of the surface at the time of test, i.e. wet
52、or dry.
BS EN
13865:2003
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