中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第16章 句子結(jié)構(gòu)

中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第16章 句子結(jié)構(gòu) 英語(yǔ)句子根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句。其中，復(fù)合句又分為多種從句結(jié)構(gòu)，句式最為復(fù)雜。關(guān)于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的題目是中考的考查重點(diǎn)。其考查的范圈廣、涵蓋的題型多。并列連同、賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞皆為高頻專點(diǎn)。在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，要引起足夠的重視，多做針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練，掌握句型分析技巧。內(nèi)容導(dǎo)視知識(shí)點(diǎn)1簡(jiǎn)單句知識(shí)點(diǎn)2 并列句知識(shí)點(diǎn)3復(fù)合句知識(shí)詳單知識(shí)點(diǎn)1簡(jiǎn)單句由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))所組成的句子是簡(jiǎn)單句。句型例句主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)They are always very busy.他們總是很忙。She has bee a US citizen.她已成為一名美國(guó)公民?！局R(shí)拓展】be和bee是常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞，后面接表語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)通常由名詞或形容詞等來(lái)充當(dāng)。此外，連系動(dòng)詞還有appear(顯得), seem(好像), turn(變得+顏色), taste(嘗起來(lái))，feel(感覺(jué))，smell (嗅起來(lái))，fall(變+asleep/ill) , keep(保持),go(變+表不好的形容詞), get(變得+溫度形容詞), grow(變+young /old),sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái))，look(看起來(lái))等主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞The plane disappeared in the sky.飛機(jī)消失在天空中。【知識(shí)拓展】常見(jiàn)的不及物動(dòng)詞有:e(來(lái)),go(去), happen/take place發(fā)生，arrive(到達(dá)), die(死亡), rise(升起，提起), laugh(笑), stay(停留), swim游泳，walk(走), work(工作)等主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)He likes swimming and fishing.他喜歡游泳和釣魚。He told his story as a reporter.他講述了作為記者的經(jīng)歷。主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ) +直接賓語(yǔ)His mother bought him a set of novels.他母親給他買了一套小說(shuō)。He gave me a lot of help in the past.在過(guò)去他給T我很多幫助。主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)She often keeps the room clean and tidy.她經(jīng)常保持房間干凈和整潔。He soon made himself understood.他很快把自己的意思講明白了。I易錯(cuò)替示!簡(jiǎn)單句是由一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的句子。需要注意的是，主語(yǔ)可以是并列的，而且謂語(yǔ)也可以【易錯(cuò)警示】簡(jiǎn)單句是由一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的句子。需要注意的是，主語(yǔ)可以是并列的，而且謂語(yǔ)也可以是并列的。例如:My brother and I went to the same school.(畫線部分是并列主語(yǔ))我和我哥哥上的是同一所學(xué)校。He closed the book and went to bed.(畫線部分是并列謂語(yǔ))他合上書，上床睡覺(jué)?！厩蓪W(xué)助記】雙賓語(yǔ):間接賓語(yǔ)往往指人，直接賓語(yǔ)往往指物?！凹拔飫?dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)”?？筛某伞凹拔飫?dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+介詞+間接賓語(yǔ)”的形式。例如:give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. ;buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb·其中的介詞，有的需要使用to，而有的需要使用for，可以結(jié)合順口溜來(lái)記憶。 用介詞to的動(dòng)詞:帶來(lái)帶去讓人看( bring, take, show)，傳遞借閱應(yīng)歸還(pass , lend, read, return)，歸功提供留給送(owe, offer , leave, give, send)，教你書寫得付錢(teach, write, pay) 。使用介詞for的動(dòng)詞:勻出節(jié)省去拿來(lái)(spare , save , fetch)，找搞制作又購(gòu)買(find, get, make, buy)，歌唱演奏加烹調(diào)(sing, play, cook)，挑選用for要記牢(choose, pick, select) ?！局R(shí)拓展】復(fù)合賓語(yǔ):可以接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ))的動(dòng)詞常用的有appoint任命，指定;believe相信;catch抓住;call叫;elect選舉，選擇;feel感覺(jué)，認(rèn)為;find發(fā)現(xiàn);hear聽(tīng)見(jiàn)，聽(tīng)說(shuō);keep保持;leave留下，使處于某種狀態(tài);make使得;name命名，取名;notice注意到;prove證明;see看見(jiàn);warn譽(yù)告，提醒; watch觀察; 等等。知識(shí)點(diǎn)2 并列句類型說(shuō)明例句表示并列關(guān)系and(和)，both. and(和，兩個(gè)都)，not only. but also.(不但而且), neither. . .nor(既不也不)This article is well written and you'd better read it.這篇文章寫得很好，你最好看看。Not only is he himself interested in puter but also his son is beginning to show an interest in it.不僅他自己對(duì)電腦感興趣，而且他的兒子也開始表現(xiàn)出對(duì)電腦的興趣。表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but(但是)，yet(然而，可是)，nevertheless(然而，既然如此，依然)，while(然而)，however(但是)He tried hard but he was unsuccessful.他盡了力，但是沒(méi)有成功。She had failed many times，nevertheless she was confident that she would succeed in the end.她盡管失敗T好幾次，然而她對(duì)最后的成功充滿信心。表示因果關(guān)系for(解釋性補(bǔ)充原因)，so(因果承接關(guān)系)，therefore(比so更正式)，hence(較正式，多用于說(shuō)理的文章中)It must be snowing, for it's so bright outside.肯定下雪了。外面這么亮。It was already rather late,，so we decided to go home.天已經(jīng)很晚了，所以我們決定回家。表示選擇關(guān)系or(或者), either. or(或者或者)，not.二but(不是而是)Either you must improve your work or we shall dismiss you·要么你好好干，要么我們就辭退你。We can go there by bus or by train.我們可以乘汽車或者火車去那里。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句構(gòu)成的句子叫做復(fù)合句。主句是復(fù)合句的主干部分，從句用于修飾主句或主句的某個(gè)成分。根據(jù)在復(fù)合句中所起的作用，從句可分為六類:主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句。1.主語(yǔ)從句定義 在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句常位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，有時(shí)為了保持句子平衡，會(huì)使用it作為形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)從句放在后面。引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句:That he will e to the meeting has excited every one of us.他要來(lái)參加會(huì)議使我們每個(gè)人都十分激動(dòng)。if/whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句:Whether the work can be pleted on time is doubtful.不知道工作能否按時(shí)完成。Wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句:Whoever will be in charge of the project hasn't been decided yet.誰(shuí)來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工程還沒(méi)有決定?！局R(shí)拓展】主語(yǔ)從句的常見(jiàn)句型: It+be+名詞+主語(yǔ)從句例如:It is mon knowledge that the earth is round.地球是圓的，這是常識(shí)。(2)lt + be+形容詞+主語(yǔ)從句例如:It is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow.可能明天會(huì)有暴風(fēng)雨。h + be+過(guò)去分詢+主語(yǔ)從句例如:it is said that they have already succeeded.據(jù)說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)成功了。2.賓語(yǔ)從句定義在句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句常位于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句:He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.他說(shuō)他想待在家。( that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，不充當(dāng)句子成分，可省略)if/whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句:I want to know if ( whether) he lives there.我想知道他是否住在那里。(if/whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，不充當(dāng)句子成分，不可省略)wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句:He asked whose handwriting was the best.他問(wèn)誰(shuí)的書法最好。(wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，不可省略)時(shí)態(tài)如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不受主句影響，可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。例如:I don't think he will be back in a few days.我認(rèn)為他幾天內(nèi)不會(huì)回來(lái)。(從句為一般將來(lái)時(shí))I hear he came back a few days ago.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)幾天前他就回來(lái)了。(從句為一般過(guò)去時(shí))如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句只能用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí))。例如:He told me that he was preparing for the sports meeting.他告訴我他正在為運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)做準(zhǔn)備。(從句為過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí))如果賓語(yǔ)從句所陳述的是客觀真理，其時(shí)態(tài)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如:our teacher said that January is the first month of the year·我們的老師說(shuō)一月是一年的第一個(gè)月。(客觀事實(shí))語(yǔ)序賓語(yǔ)從句必須是陳述語(yǔ)序，即按照“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”的順序，尤其要注意whether, if和wh-疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序。He asked what I did yesterday afternoon.他問(wèn)我昨天下午做什么。Do you know why winter is colder than summer?你知道為什么冬天必夏天冷嗎？【知識(shí)拓展】I think， I believe 等后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，如果否定的是后面的從句，一般要將主句的動(dòng)詞改為否定形式，而從句仍用肯定形式，在英語(yǔ)中稱此現(xiàn)象為否定前移。例如:I dont think you like sports.我認(rèn)為你不喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)。.【巧學(xué)助記】賓語(yǔ)從句的用法歌訣:賓語(yǔ)從句三注意，時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)序、引導(dǎo)詞。主句要是過(guò)去時(shí)，主從時(shí)態(tài)要一致，賓從表達(dá)是真理，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代過(guò)去。一般問(wèn)句表是否，if或whether來(lái)引導(dǎo)。特殊問(wèn)句作賓從，疑問(wèn)詞就能行。還有一點(diǎn)要說(shuō)明，陳述語(yǔ)序要記清。3.表語(yǔ)從句定義在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)的從句叫表語(yǔ)從句。表語(yǔ)從句位于系動(dòng)詞之后。引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句:The trouble is that I have lost his address.問(wèn)題是我把他的地址丟了。whether, as，as if/though引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句:He looked just as he had looked ten years before·他看起來(lái)與十年前一樣·because, why引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句:That's because he didn't understand me·那是因?yàn)樗焕斫馕摇? That's because二強(qiáng)調(diào)原因)That's why he got angry with me.那正是他對(duì)我生氣的原因。(That's why強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果)Wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句:The problem is who we can get to replace her.問(wèn)題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她。The question is how he did it.問(wèn)題是他是如何做此事的?！局R(shí)拓展】1.可接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, seem, sound , appear, remain等。例如:The question remains whether they will be able to help us.問(wèn)題還是他們能否幫我們。2.當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)為名詞reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)使用that，而不使用why或because。例如:One reason is that you can only speak a little English.一個(gè)原因是你只能講一點(diǎn)兒英語(yǔ)4.同位語(yǔ)從句定義在句中充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)的從句叫做同位語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句常在名詞、代詞之后，對(duì)名詞、代詞進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明，即從句是名詞、代詞的其體內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句:Is there any possibility that you could pick up at the airport？你你有可能在機(jī)場(chǎng)接接我嗎?wh類連接詞引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句(注if, which不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句):I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)?！局R(shí)拓展】常跟同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有:advice建議;doubt懷疑;fact事實(shí)，真相;fear害怕，恐懼;hope希望;idea想法，主意;information信息，情報(bào);message消息，信息news消息，新聞;notice通知; order命令;opinion看法，見(jiàn)解;possibility可能，可能性;problem問(wèn)題;promise許諾，諾言，答復(fù); request請(qǐng)求，需要;rule規(guī)則，條例;suggestion建議;thought思想; question問(wèn)題;report報(bào)告，; reply回答，; wish希望，心愿; word消息考點(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1考查并列句的用法1.(安順中考)，Study hard , you will pass the exam.A .so B or C. but D. and【解析】選D, and可用于句式“祈使句，and+主語(yǔ)+其他”中，表示順承關(guān)系，故用and,2.(北京中考)I'd like to go with you,_ I'm too busy. A. or B. and C. so D. but 【解析】選D,前句說(shuō)自己愿意去，后句又表示自己很忙，是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故用but,3.(天津中考)，It was raining heavily,_ we decided to stay at home and watch TV. A. but B. or C. because D. so 【解析】選D,前句表示雨很大，后句說(shuō)只能待在家里了.故應(yīng)該是因果關(guān)系.用.so4.(成都中考) Confucius once said, "Everything has beauty,_ not everyonesees it. A. but B. or C. and 【解析】選A。句意為:孔子，說(shuō)過(guò):“世間不缺乏美，但是并非每個(gè)人都能發(fā)現(xiàn)美?！笨涨昂鬄檗D(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故 用but.考點(diǎn)2 考查復(fù)合句的用法5.(鄂州中考)-Can you tell me_ ? -In three days.A. when will they go to the Science MuseumB. how long they have been in New YorkC. how soon they will go to see the children left at homeD. what time will they attend the meeting【解析】選C。賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述語(yǔ)序，答語(yǔ)In three days表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間段，要用how soon6.(宜昌中考)-The interviewer wants to know_ in your home. -Well，never let yesterday use up too much of today. A. how your family tradition is B. why you have family tradition C. when you have family tradition D. what family tradition you have 【解析】選D。答語(yǔ)是對(duì)家庭傳統(tǒng)的具體內(nèi)容的回答,問(wèn)句應(yīng)該是以what提問(wèn)。how是對(duì)方式提問(wèn)，why是對(duì)原因提問(wèn)，when是對(duì)時(shí)間提問(wèn)，均不符合題意。故選提問(wèn)。故選D7.(長(zhǎng)沙中考)-Excuse me, could you please tell me_ ? -Sure. It's about ten minutes' walk.A. how long it takes to go to the zooB. how far it is from here to the zooC. how far is it from here to the【解析】選B。答語(yǔ)表示距離, ，故問(wèn)句應(yīng)該是對(duì)距離的提問(wèn)，用how far引導(dǎo)，且賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)序。故選Bzoo