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1、畢業(yè)設計（論文）畢業(yè)設計（論文） 題目：題目： 中英文化中禮貌語的對比研究 A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese And English Culture 學生姓名：學生姓名： 蔡美玲蔡美玲 學學 號：號： 0807060128 專業(yè)班級：專業(yè)班級： B08 英語（國際商務）英語（國際商務）1 班班 指導教師：指導教師： 唐紅梅唐紅梅 學學 院：院： 外國語學院外國語學院 2012 年年 4 月月 A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture 中英文化中禮貌

2、語的對比研究 摘要 語言禮貌是一種普遍的社會現(xiàn)象，廣泛地存在于人類社會生活之中。它協(xié)調著人 們的社會關系和交際活動 ,是維系人際和諧的工具 ,避免交際沖突的手段。隨著中 國加入WTO，中國與西方國家在政治，經(jīng)濟，文化方面的聯(lián)系變得越來越緊密， 社交越來越頻繁，禮貌用語也顯得越來越重要。在此過程中，言語交際成功與否,在 很大程度上取決于能否選用恰當?shù)亩Y貌表現(xiàn)形式。本課題將通過對中英文化中禮貌 語的對比研究，闡明中西禮貌用語的共性和差異性，以及在不同文化背景下，中英 不同的禮貌原則和各自的側重點。通過對此課題的研究，使人們在社交過程中，根 據(jù)不同的場合，正確的使用合適的禮貌語， 避免不同文化下不同

3、禮貌用語帶來的 各種沖突。同時，能使英語學習者更加透徹的了解西方文化，掌握交際語言。最 后，若用于英語教學中，將提高學生的綜合素質，以及跨文化交際能力。 關鍵詞：禮貌用語; 禮貌原則; 文化; 差異對比 A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture A CONSTRUCTIVE STUDY OF POLITENESS IN CHINESE AND ENGLISH CULTURE ABSTRACT Language Courtesy is a kind of common social phenomenon,

4、which widely occurs in the human society of life, coordinating the peoples social relationships and communication activity, maintaining interpersonal harmony, and avoiding the communication conflicts. As China entering the WTO and the forming of the globalized market, the relationship between China

5、and the western countries has become closer, with more frequent activities in politics, economy and culture. So language courtesy is taking a more important role in our social life. In this process, the successful cross-cultural communication, to a great extent, depends on the selection of the appro

6、priate politeness. This paper expounds the common features and different courtesy between Chinese and the western through a constructive study of politeness in Chinese and English culture. On the other hand, the paper expounds different politeness principle and the emphasis of the respective in diff

7、erent cultural background. Therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the different culture courtesy and different culture according to the different occasions in the social process. At the same time, the paper ca

8、n make the reader understand and master the western culture and the right way of communication. Finally, if the politeness principles are used in the English teaching and Learning, it will improve the students comprehensive quality, and the ability of cross-cultural communication. Key words: polite

9、language; politeness principle; culture; A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture Contents 1. Introduction.1 2. Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English1 2.1 Politeness Principles of English1 2.1.1 Brown and Levinsons “face” theory.1 2.1.2 Grice Cooperative

10、Principle.2 2.1.3 Leechs Politeness Principle.2 2.2 Politeness Principles of Chinese.3 3. A Comparison between Chinese and English Politeness5 3.1 Terms of Address.5 3.2 Humility Language and Formal Language. 5 3.3 Terms of Privacy .6 3.4 Terms of Greeting6 3.5 Terms of Thanks.7 3.6 Terms of Goodbye

11、.8 3.7 Terms of Invitation.8 3.8 Differences Politeness of Cooking Culture. 8 3.8.1. The Politeness of Atmosphere on Table.8 3.8.2 The Politeness of Customary Actions on Table.9 4. Reasons for the different its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations

12、; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech acts so as to attain the aim of communication.”1 Both English and Chinese language has much different restriction in the pragmatic, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. British linguists, Leech lis

13、ted the six politeness principles according to the English culture characteristic, while Gu YueGuo analysed Chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness principles in his work Politeness, Pragmatics and Culture. Comparing the politeness principles of Gu YueGuo and Leech we can fin

14、d that there are many politeness norms of differences. It is an effective way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the communication smoothly by analyzing and comparing these differences scientifically. 2. Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English Politeness is the common phenom

15、enon existing in social and group which is the symbol of human civilization and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. People should comply with the politeness principles in order to avoid the failures that cause by different politeness 2.1 Politeness Principles of English 2.1.1 Brown and Le

16、vinsons “face” theory Politeness, in the interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another persons face. 2 Early in the 1950s, E Goffman, the United States Scholar, had put forward the “Face Behavior Theory” from sociology. Then in 1978, Brown and Levinson had furth

17、er put forward the “Mature Face Theory” which tried to take face as a common language phenomenon to research on the basis of Goffman in their work of Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. The Mature Face Theory of Brown and Levinson is the first time to discuss the face problems of pol

18、iteness systematically from anthropology and A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture 第 2 頁 共 15 頁 philosophy. They thought that face is ,for every social member ,wanted to gain for the public self-image of them. In the process of interaction, people hope each other can main

19、tain each others face. Along with the face threat increasing, people use the higher politeness strategies to maintain their face. The face threat level depends on the difference of social distance and social power between the communications. Brown and Levinson divided the face into positive face and

20、 negative face. Then politeness is also divided into the positive manner and negative manner. 3 2.1.2 Grice Cooperative Principle Grice, an American linguist, has put forward the Cooperative Principle in peoples conversation. He thought that, “in all the communication, the speaker and listener shoul

21、d follow some principles which make the process of communication develop toward the tacit understanding and cooperation. There are four maxims to embody the Cooperative Principle: (1) Quantity Maxim: the information you offer should accord with the conversation, just the right amount (2). Quality ma

22、xim: what you said should be reasonable and true. (3). Relevant maxim: what you said should be related to the content of the front (4). Manner maxim: the word you said should be terse, clear, and systematical. 4 But some people do not comply with this social principle; even some of them violate thos

23、e in social communication. In other words, the Cooperative Principle cant completely contain the kinds of conversation. According to this, the English linguist Leech thought the root of people violating the Cooperative Principle is that they want to comply with another principles Politeness Principl

24、e. From the Pragmatics and Interpersonal Rhetoric, Leech summed up and classified the Politeness Principle during the social communication. Leech pointed that: the Cooperative Principle guides what we should say, so as to meet the expectations. However, the politeness principle can be maintained the

25、 friendship. So the Cooperation Principles and politeness principles can make a supplement each other which restrict peoples conversation behaviors. 2.1.3 Leechs Politeness Principle English scholar Leech, in his principles of pragmatics, put forward his politeness principle on the basis of Gricean

26、framework. He believed that,”besides Cooperative Principle, Politeness Principle guides and constrains rational peoples conversation as well. It is closely A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture 第 3 頁 共 15 頁 connected with Cooperative Principle. Yet on the other hand, it s

27、olves the problem why people prefer to use indirect speech in conversation, which cooperative principle can not explain”. Leechs Politeness Principle is elaborated into six maxims. (1). Maxim of tact: minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other (2). Maxim of generosity: minimize benefit to you

28、rself, maximize cost to yourself. (3). Maxim of approbation: minimize dispraise to other, maximize praise to other (4). Maxim of modesty: minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self, (5). Maxim of agreement: minimize disagreement between self and other; maximize agreement between self and ot

29、her. (6). Maxim of sympathy: minimize antipathy between self and other, maximize sympathy between self and other. 5 This is the main content of Leechs politeness principles. The above criteria have the different emphasis. For example, the maxim of tact and the maxim of generosity, maxim of approbati

30、on and maxim of modesty, which is the same, have two different aspects. The maxim of tact is referring to how to treat others which is applied to causative Verbal Behavior “request”. But the maxim of generosity is referring to how to treat self which is applied to commitment Verbal Behavior “promise

31、 to help”. Analogously, Approbation maxim is referring to how to treat others while Modesty maxim is referring to how to treat self. The Agreement maxim points out that it is not suitable to express directly the diversity viewpoint with other person. The last maxim, sympathy, stresses out that we sh

32、ould express common mood with others when people are in bad mood. 2.2 Politeness Principles of Chinese Like the English speaking countries, the ancient Chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁義非禮不成”, “人有禮則安。無禮則危。故曰：禮者不 可不學也” 6 “鸚鵡能言，不離飛鳥；猩猩能言，不離禽獸。今人而無禮，不亦禽獸之 心乎. 夫惟禽獸無禮.” 6. The

33、re is the stander that “夫禮者自卑而尊人” in the early work 6 Recently, the study of politeness principle had made great improvement in China. Professor Hu Wenzhong and professor He Ziran make an important discussion in intercultural communication politeness principle. Then Gu Yueguo pointed out four polite

34、ness traits in communication according to the culture background of Chinas history and daily A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture 第 4 頁 共 15 頁 communication of chinese people. That is respectfulness, modesty, attitude warmth and refindment. At the same time, Gu Yueguo pu

35、t forward five politeness principles on the basis of Leechs. (1) The self-denigration maxim. Gu thought that the most trait of Chinese politeness is “Fu Li Zhe, Zi Bei Er Zun Ren”。The maxim points out that we must “Bian” and “Qian” when we do something for ourselves. On the other hand, we should “Ta

36、i” and “Zun” when something is related to the listener. (2) The address maxim. This maxim points out the traditions that “Hhang Xia You Yi, Gui Jian You Feng, Zhang Yao You Xu” which embodies the social relations in the interpersonal communication when people address each other. (3) The tact maxim.

37、In the Chinese culture, “Bin Bin You Li” is considered the politeness and cultivated. The basic content is “genteelism chose, bawdry forbidden, multi- purpose tactful, less with the truth“, avoiding mention the unpleasant or embarrassing things. (4) The agreement maxim. This criterion refers to cari

38、ng each others identity and status in society, respecting each others “face” which makes each other harmony in many aspects. When we must criticize others or publish the different opinion, we can take the strategy that “Xian Li Hou Bin, Xian Bao Hou Bian” (5)The generosity maxim, Minimize cost to ot

39、hers, maximizes benefit to other in the behavior of motivation. Maximize the benefit that you gain from others, minimizing the cost you pay in the words. 7 From the above, there are many similar Politeness Principle and different emphases between Chinese and English. The different emphasis reflects

40、precisely the different culture background. The Chinese culture attaches importance to “the self-denigration maxim” and “the address maxim”, for the “self-denigration maxim” plays an important role in the Chinese culture. The address maxim also reflects the politeness habit in Chinese culture. In ot

41、her words, the address maxim is the typical characteristics of Chinese culture. In the Chinese culture, the address maxim is the important characteristics while in English culture it is not enough to become the politeness principle during to the “tact maxim”. In English culture, the “tact maxim” is

42、the common principle when people take the indicative Verbal Behavior, such as “instruct, commands, warning, suggest, advice”. A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture 第 5 頁 共 15 頁 3. A Comparison between Chinese and English Politeness Brown and Levinson thought different cul

43、ture have the different politeness principles.8 In their view, “the face is something that is emotionally invested, and that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction” 8 This different is influenced by the society, culture, religion and geography chronic

44、ally. Chinese and English choose the different strategy which embodies their different National culture feature to express the different politeness principle. So people will choose the proper politeness principle in cross-cultural communication. 3.1 Terms of Address In the modern Chinese, people pay

45、 great attention to the others status or career. This is the symbol of Vertical social relations, which shows a power orientation. While in English country, people are affected by the social relation and personal standard. So they show equal cultural orientation in the terms of address. 9 For exampl

46、e, in the Chinese culture, the subordinate cant call the name of the supervisor, students may not call a teachers name directly, and the children do not call the parents name, which is showing the politeness and upbringing. While in English culture, the address shows equal cultural orientation which

47、 makes each other closer. In the English country, generally speaking, no matter how old the others are and how high the others social status and level is, people would like to call their name. This is the symbol of equal social relation. Another difference is about the form of addressing. Chinese of

48、ten use “title + surname” to address other rather than call them surnames. Such as “張經(jīng)理”. But in English speaking country, people can not be tolerated with the addressing of Chinese such as “李老師”“李師傅” in addition to several traditional called in west. That is Doctor, doctor, judges and professor. 3.

49、2 Humility Language and Formal Language The self-denigration is the polite phenomenon of richest Chinese culture characteristics. 10 When Chinese gain the praise or congratulations from others, they usually take the expression like “Nali、Nali”, “Guo Jiang Le”, “Can Kui、Cang Kui”, “Cha Yuan Le” to sh

50、ow their A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture 第 6 頁 共 15 頁 modesty. But if we communicate with the westerners in the Chinese habits, the result of communication would fail. For westerns, its offensive to deny others praise. However, the Chinese people think the westerns

51、are too confident, not enough modest to show the politeness. For example: Chinese A: 你的飯菜太香了。 Chinese B: 獻丑了。 British A: You are very beautiful. British B: Thank you Chinese B: 過獎了。 From the above we can make a conclusion that the compliment of Chinese and British has the same common. But Chinese ex

52、press their politeness through modesty and lower themselves. While British just take the expression of “Thank you”. On the other hand, there are more distinguishing in honorific of Chinese and English language. For example, the Chinese “請教”, “高見”, “貴姓”, “拜讀”, “鄙人”, “拙作”, “愚見”, “駕到”, “貴干”, “寒舍” are d

53、ifficult to find the corresponding expression in English. But there are many words to show the respect and politeness in English, such as “will”, “would”, “can”, “could”. 3.3 Terms of Privacy There exits the Value difference in Personal privacy between English and Chinese culture. Chinese interperso

54、nal relationship highlights the sociality, which emphasizes on social group for personal constraint and emphasizes the collective action, people cannot feel the privacy. While the westerns emphasize the individualism and personal interests, they try to get rid of social bondage for not to exposure t

55、heir own privacy to the public. So the “Wage income”, “age” and “marital status” is the privacy of westerns. In Chinese culture, Chinese people will take the expression “how much is your salary”, “how old are you” to show their care and enthusiasm. But the same topic will become the threat in Englis

56、h privacy. 3.4 Terms of Greeting The difference of communication reflects the nations cultural characteristics. In most cases, they are highly conventional behavior and comply with the standardized routine. 11 Saying “hello” is the conversation activities between friend and acquaintance. The aim is

57、to make each other closer through the less information. For example, firstly, the Chinese say “hello” A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture 第 7 頁 共 15 頁 will use the “您好”, “干啥去”, “吃了沒”. If we use the same language to say “hello” with westerns, they will feel sick. They wi

58、ll think this is impolite to pry about others privacy. So when we talk with the westerns, we should talk about the weather, hobbies or events. Secondly, Chinese would like to praise others that “你發(fā)福了”, as if people find some good event. But in Britain, it is impolite to take the words “You are getti

59、ng fat”. Thirdly, the Chinese people see the guests out always say “慢慢走”. On the other hand, Chinese people often take some discourse of concern. Such as “天氣冷，多穿些衣服”. All is unreadable in the western. 3.5 Terms of Thanks In the aspect of thanks, people in the English speaking countries will say “tha

60、nk you” more general than Chinese. They often say “thank you”, no exception between family members or lovers. While in China, Chinese people do not take the expression of “thank you” frequently like the westerns. In China, Chinese people always use less the politeness “thank you” among the acquainta

61、nce, friends, relative, husband and wife, sister and brother, because it is considered for an unfamiliar or for a stranger. But for the western, they think they should show their politeness between those people in any case. In addition, both Chinese and English language has clear differences in expr

62、essing “thank you”. Chinese people take the expression of “給您添麻煩了”, “讓您破費了”, “讓您受累了” to express their politeness. While people of English just say “Thank you very much”, “Thanks a lot”. All is enough to express their gratitude. On the other hand, Chinese and British have a different answer when they

63、 had heard politeness “Thank you”. For example: Visitor: Thank you for your excellent service and introduction. Guide (Chinese): Why do you say so? This is what I should do. Guide (British): You are welcome. From the above we can make a conclusion that: the Chinese visitor and British visitors answe

64、r is consistent in semantics and Pragmatics which is the “maxim of tact” of Leech. And the different is influenced by the different culture. The Chinese visitor is not refusing the guide appreciation, but nothing at all. This indicates that Chinese people are more modest for the response of “Thank y

65、ou”. Because Chinese peoples expression is affected with the A Constructive Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture 第 8 頁 共 15 頁 Chinese traditional culture: consciousness of “moral”. While in English, the answer of British visitor is not relating to moral obligation. This is the differences between Chinese and British when they convey thanks. 3.6 Terms of Goodbye In the aspect of saying goodbye, the Chine