福州大學(xué)中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)教程復(fù)習(xí)題及答案.doc

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I. Chinese Cultural Terms : 1. 綠茶green tea 2. 紅茶black tea 3. 烏龍茶oolong tea 4. 黑茶dark tea 5. 花茶scented tea 6. 茉莉花茶 jasmine tea 7. 八大菜系eight major schools of cuisine /8 Regional Chinese Cuisines 8. 茶道tea ceremony 9. 茶具 tea set 10. 紫砂壺 boccaro teapot 11. 北京烤鴨Beijing roast duck 12. 清蒸魚steamed fish 13. 狗不理包子Goubili steamed buns 14. 佛跳墻Buddha Jumping the Wall 15. 《論語(yǔ)》 The Analects 16. 《詩(shī)經(jīng)》The Book of Songs 17. 《道德經(jīng)》 Classic of the Way and Virtue 18. 道家 Daoism 19. 漢字 Chinese character 20. 象形文字pictograph 21. 甲骨文 oracle-bone inscription/ oracle-bone script 22. 篆文 seal character/ seal script 23. 文房四寶 four treasures of study 24. 絲綢之路 the Silk Road 25. 海上絲綢之路 the Maritime silk road 26. 一帶一路倡議The Belt and Road Initiative 27. 西域 the Western regions 28. 敦煌石窟 the Dunhuang Grottoes 29. 春秋時(shí)期 the Spring and Autumn Period 30. 方塊象形文字 the square-shaped pictographic character 31. 顏(真卿）體 the Yan style 32. 民間藝術(shù) folk arts 33. 年畫 New Year pictures 34. 剪紙paper cutting /papercuts 35. 皮影戲 shadow play 36. 蘇繡 Suhou Embroidery 37. 造紙術(shù) paper making 38. 印刷術(shù) printing 39. 佛經(jīng) Buddhist scripture 40. 行書 running script /semi-cursive script 41. 草書 cursive script 42. 楷書 regular script/standard script 43. 隸書 official script/ clerical script 44. 硯the ink slab/ the ink stone; 墨ink stick 45. 六藝：禮樂射御書數(shù) “six arts” : ritual,music,archery, carriage driving , calligraphy , and mathematics 46. 毛筆 the writing brush 47. 宣紙 xuan paper/ rice paper 48. 中國(guó)書法Chinese calligraphy 49. 簡(jiǎn)體字： simplified characters 50. 繁體字 complex characters/ traditional characters 51. 中國(guó)結(jié) Chinese knots 52. 佛教 Buddhism 53. 國(guó)徽 national emblem 54. 國(guó)旗 national flag 55. 國(guó)歌 national anthem II. Multiple choices （每題三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選一個(gè)最佳答案） 1)Which of the following is irrelevant to the pictographic symbols of Chinese characters? （下列哪項(xiàng)與漢字的象形符號(hào)無(wú)關(guān)？）___A l Aspiration. 吸 l Imagination.想象 l Creativity.創(chuàng)造力 l Allusion.典故 2) Which of the following statements is true of the name of Fudan University（關(guān)于復(fù)旦大學(xué)的名稱，下列哪個(gè)陳述是正確的？）___D l The characters both stand for "the sun rising on the horizon".這些字符都代表著“太陽(yáng)在地平線上升起” l The name is taken from a Chinese classical poem.這個(gè)名字取自中國(guó)古典詩(shī)歌 l The name encourages the students to get up early in the morning.這個(gè)名字鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生早上早起 l The characters are intended to tell the students to make progress day by day.這些字旨在讓學(xué)生們一天天地進(jìn)步 3) Which of the following languages mostly consists of language pictures（下列語(yǔ)言中哪一種主要由語(yǔ)言圖片組成？）? B___ l Mandarin Chinese. 普通話 l Hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.古埃及的象形文字 l Oracle-bone inscription. 甲骨文 l Seal characters.篆書 4) The symbol for “swimming” is closest to（“游泳”的符號(hào)最接近的是） ___.C l oracle-bone inscription甲骨文 l Mandarin Chinese普通話 l seal characters 篆書 l none of the above沒有選項(xiàng) 5)The symbol for “athletics” contains the ingredients of （“運(yùn)動(dòng)”的符號(hào)包含了）___.A l dancing and running跳舞、跑步 l running and swinging 跑步和擺動(dòng) l dancing and swinging 跳舞和擺動(dòng) l triathlon and football鐵人三項(xiàng)和足球 6)All the following are the titles of Confucius except（以下孔子的頭銜除了） ___.B l an educator一個(gè)教育家 l A biologist 一個(gè)生物學(xué)家 l A scholar 有識(shí)之士 l A philosopher一個(gè)哲學(xué)家 7)The expression “filial piety” most probably means being （“孝”的意思很可能是指）___.D l Loyal to the state忠于國(guó)家 l Obedient to sister(s) 聽姐姐的話 l Responsible for the family 對(duì)家庭負(fù)責(zé) l Dutiful to parents孝順父母 8)Which of following can best describe Confucius’ view on the relationship between man and nature （下面哪一個(gè)最能說明孔子對(duì)人與自然關(guān)系的看法？） ___.D l Brothers兄弟 l Husband and wife 夫婦 l Doctor and patient 醫(yī)生和病人 l Mother and son母子 9)Through burial and ancestral worship rituals,people can learn that （通過喪葬和祭祖儀式，人們可以了解到。）___.B l Nature is lifeless so it will never die自然是沒有生命的，所以它永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)死。 l Individual’s life can be everlasting by joining nature 人的一生可以通過自然的延續(xù)而持久。 l They should be grateful to their parents for giving them lives他們應(yīng)該感謝父母給了他們生命。 l Individual’s lifespan is short,so they should enjoy life as much as possible每個(gè)人的壽命都很短，所以他們應(yīng)該盡可能地享受生活。 10)Which of following is the most important part of Confucius’ curriculum? （下列哪一項(xiàng)是孔子課程最重要的部分？） ___.C l Music音樂 l calligraphy 書法 l virtue 美德 l Mathematics數(shù)學(xué) 11)Zi Lu ,Ran You and Gongxi Chi’s aspirations represent ___,while Zeng Dian’s reflects （子路，你和公西遲的愿望代表了___，而曾點(diǎn)的反映了）___.D l Personal ambition;selfishness個(gè)人的野心;自私 l Lofty ideals;meaningless pursuit 遠(yuǎn)大的志向；毫無(wú)意義的追求 l Personal struggle;generous contribution 個(gè)人奮斗;慷慨的奉獻(xiàn) l Individual contribution to society; harmony個(gè)人對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn);和諧 12)Which of the following can cover all the connotations of the art of writing （下列哪一項(xiàng)可以涵蓋書寫藝術(shù)的所有內(nèi)涵？） ___.D l calligraphy美術(shù)字（體）;書法，筆跡 l penmanship 書寫藝術(shù)，書法，書寫技巧 l handwriting 書法，手書 l None of the above以上都不是 13)How was Chinese calligraphy displayed by Lin Huaimin （林懷民是如何展現(xiàn)中國(guó)書法的）___.A l By dance通過舞蹈 l By script 通過劇本 l By music 通過音樂 l By brush用刷子 14)What can we infer from the example of Zhang Xu （我們可以從張旭的例子中推斷出什么？）___.D l He did nothing but practice his running-cursive script all day他整天只練習(xí)行書。 l He learnt calligraphy by copying other calligraphers of his time 他模仿他那個(gè)時(shí)代的書法家學(xué)習(xí)書法。 l He often watched sword dance to learn from it for his calligraphy 他經(jīng)常看劍舞學(xué)習(xí)書法。 l He made fast progress when he discovered the genuine beauty of calligraphy當(dāng)他發(fā)現(xiàn)書法真正的美時(shí)，他進(jìn)步很快。 15)How is the “energy”of”one-stroke character”achieved （“能量”的一筆書是如何寫出來的？） ___.C l By pressing the brush harder通過用力按壓筆刷 l By writing the character with only one stroke 只寫一個(gè)筆畫 l by writing the strokes at one go寫那些筆畫的時(shí)候一氣呵成 l By connecting the strokes in the interior通過連接內(nèi)部的筆畫 16)Which of following words can best summarize the characteristic of “ink pig” （下面哪個(gè)詞最能概括“墨豬”的特點(diǎn)？）___.B l vigorous有力的 l cumbersome 笨重的 l heavy 重的，沉重的 l Dense密集的，稠密的 17)The three most valuable calligraphic works in the three-treasure study include works by all the following calligraphers except ___.D l Wang xizhi l Wang xianzhi l Wang xun l Zhang xu 18)What can we learn about wang xizhi’s calligraphic works according to the passage（根據(jù)這篇文章，我們可以從王羲之的書法作品中學(xué)到什么？） ___.D l His handwriting looks like a dragon他的筆跡像一條龍。 l His hand writing is heavy but vigorous 他的筆跡重而有力。 l Preface to the lanting pavilion collection is his first work 《蘭亭集》的序言是他的第一部作品。 l The original of preface to the lanting pavilion collection is missing《蘭亭集序》的真跡已經(jīng)不見了 19)How did the criterion of “being hidden”in yan style occur （顏體的“隱”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是怎么出現(xiàn)的） ___.C l It dawned upon yan zhenqing accidentally顏真卿偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的 l Yan zhenqing learnt it from former masters 顏真卿從它原先的主人那里學(xué)到的 l Yan zhenqing got the idea from zhang xu 顏真卿是從張旭那里得到的想法 l It was passed down from yan’s ancestors它是顏真卿的祖宗傳下來的 III. Translation 英譯漢 ， 漢譯英（英漢互譯都要掌握） 重要提示：請(qǐng)各位同學(xué)務(wù)必復(fù)習(xí)這些段落的英譯漢，以及漢語(yǔ)段落回譯成英文。 翻譯復(fù)習(xí) 1. Unit 1, Page 7 , para. 18 Before Confucius,only the nobility had the right to education.He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education.According to historical records,Confucius taught for many years and trained 3000 disciples.A total of 72 of them excelled in the ”six arts”,i.e.（也就是）,ritual（禮）,music（樂）,archery（射）,driving（御）,calligraphy（書）,and mathematics（數(shù)）.A great educator,Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”. 在孔子之前，受教育的權(quán)利為貴族階層所壟斷?？鬃釉谥袊?guó)歷史上首開私人講學(xué)之風(fēng)氣。他長(zhǎng)期從事教育工作。據(jù)史書記載，他有弟子三千，其中通六藝的有七十二人。孔子是偉大的教育家，被后人尊稱為“至圣先師”。  2. Unit2 , page 18.para.11 Laozi said,”The greatest virtue is like water”.He compared his philosophy of ”non-contention” to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle.He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing”.To Laozi,humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places.Driven by desire,humans like whatever thy think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior.Yet water always flows downward.As the source of life water nourishes all living things on Earth. 老子說“上善若水”---水具有最高的善。老子以水比喻他的“不爭(zhēng)”哲學(xué)思想，與惡意爭(zhēng)斗的叢林法則相區(qū)別。老子說, “水善萬(wàn)物而不爭(zhēng)。”在老子看來，人往高處走，水往低處流。人情受欲望驅(qū)動(dòng)，好高而惡下，而水卻永遠(yuǎn)往下流淌。水是生命之源，可以滋潤(rùn)萬(wàn)物，給大地帶來生命。 3. Unit 5, page43,para. 1 Protection of the eco-environment is capturing wider international attention today.Eco-ethics and eco-philosophy have arisen in the face of the increasingly serious ecological crisis facing the whole world.Scholars in the field point out that human damage to the natural environment has accelerated to such an extent as to threaten the very existence of human beings themselves. 今天，全世界都普遍關(guān)注生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)問題，面對(duì)日益嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)危機(jī)，國(guó)際上出現(xiàn)了生態(tài)倫理學(xué)和生態(tài)哲學(xué)。學(xué)者們強(qiáng)調(diào)指出，人類對(duì)自然環(huán)境破壞已經(jīng)達(dá)到從根本上威脅人類自身生存的地步。 4. Unit 6 Page 55, Para.2 Some pictographic symbols of Chinese characters express people’s keen observation and experience of the world.This is why some European poets have found Chinese characters inspiring to their imagination. Ezra Pound,for example,was well known for his admiration of Chinese characters,from which he was able to draw creativity.When he saw the character “旦”in the dictionary,he was reminded of the morning sun. 漢字中的象形符號(hào)包含了中國(guó)人對(duì)世界敏銳的觀察和豐富的體驗(yàn)。這也是一些西方的詩(shī)人發(fā)現(xiàn)漢字能激發(fā)他們的想象力的原因。比如，美國(guó)詩(shī)人龐德以推崇漢字而著名，漢字的象形符號(hào)激蕩起他的創(chuàng)造力。他在字典中看到漢字“旦” 時(shí)，他即聯(lián)想到早晨的太陽(yáng)。 5. Unit 7 page 62 ,para .3 The Silk Road functioned not only as a trade route,but also as a bridge that linked the ancient civilizations of China,India,the Mesopotamian plains,Egypt,and Greece.It also helped to promote the exchange of science and technology between east and west.The Silk Road served as the main channel for ancient China to open up to the outside world, as well as for fresh impulses from other cultures to enter the country,which contributed a significant share to the shaping of Chinese culture. 絲綢之路不僅是一條古代通商的道路，它更是連接古代中華文明，印度文明，埃及文明，希臘文明和美索不達(dá)米亞文明的紐帶。它也為東西方的科學(xué)技術(shù)交流起到了促進(jìn)作用。絲綢之路是古老的中國(guó)走向世界，接受世界其他地方文明營(yíng)養(yǎng)的主要通道。中國(guó)文化性格的塑造與絲綢之路息息相關(guān)。 6. Unit 8 page71 , para .1&2 Para1 The Analects begins with the Confucian edict（教誨）:”Is it not a pleasure to meet friends from afar?” ”Afar” implies different ways of life and philosophies,Confucius’ attitude shows that the Chinese have always highly respected friends from a long way off and aspired to learn from them.At the same time,there existed the wish to present a good image to outsiders.There is another useful quotation from The Analects:”Magistrate（地方行政官）Zigao of the Ye County asked about governance.Confucius replied,’Good governance makes one’s neighbors happy and attracts people from faraway places to come and learn from you.’” 《論語(yǔ)》一開頭就記載這孔子的教導(dǎo)：“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來，不亦樂乎？”“遠(yuǎn)方” 提示著生活方式和思想觀念的差異?？鬃拥膽B(tài)度也表明了中國(guó)人向來把來自遠(yuǎn)方的人當(dāng)作可尊敬的朋友來看待，并樂于向他們學(xué)習(xí)。同時(shí)，中國(guó)人也希望在域外人面前展示好的形象?！墩撜Z(yǔ)》中還有一段記載： “地方官子告問孔子如何治理國(guó)家時(shí)， 孔子答曰：‘近者悅，遠(yuǎn)者來’”。 Para2 The prosperous Tang Dynasty best exemplified the open and inclusive spirit of Chinese culture as advocated by Confucius.Instead of denial or confrontation, the Tang,from the reign of Emperor Taizong onwards, tolerated and absorbed elements from all cultures that it came into contact with,leading to prosperity in all aspects of social life. 由唐太宗開啟的大唐盛世，正體現(xiàn)了孔子所表述的這種中國(guó)文化精神。大唐盛世在文化上顯示了開放和包容的姿勢(shì)。 沒有拒絕和沖突，唐代包容吸納了所接觸的外來文化的眾多元素，促使社會(huì)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域呈現(xiàn)繁榮景象。 7. Unit9 page82, para .4 Compared with these explorers,Zheng He’s voyages took place much earlier and on a much larger scale. On each of the seven voyages to the Western Seas,his fleet consisted of more than 100 ships, with 62 large and medium-sized ships forming the main body.Crews and other personnel added up to more than 20000. Columbus’ fleet had only three ships and an 88-member crew.Obviously,Zheng He’s fleets were unparalleled during his time in terms of size,navigation technology,organization and amenities（便利設(shè)施）,in order to be capable of making those successful long trips. 與這些人類航海史的創(chuàng)舉相比，鄭和下西洋，時(shí)間上比他們?cè)?，?guī)模上也比他們大得多，鄭和每次下西洋，船隊(duì)都由一二百艘船組成，其中以62艘大中型寶船組成船隊(duì)主體。船上船員及其他人員總共兩萬(wàn)人以上。而后來哥倫布的船隊(duì)只有3艘船，乘員只有88名。鄭和遠(yuǎn)航的規(guī)模之大，技術(shù)之先進(jìn)，組織之嚴(yán)密，設(shè)施之便利都是同時(shí)代其他遠(yuǎn)航活動(dòng)無(wú)法比擬的。 8. Unit 15 page129,para.1 Today,anyone who knows a little bit about Chinese culture usually knows about Chinese calligraphy.This unique art is related to writing, but speaks of much more than simple,even attractive, penmanship. Actually, although we use “calligraphy” to refer to this art of writing,this English word is unable to cover all its connotations. 今天，對(duì)中國(guó)文化少有了解的人，都或多或少地知道中國(guó)書法這種獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)。書法藝術(shù)與寫字有關(guān)，但不等于說，將字寫得好看一些，就是書法藝術(shù)了。事實(shí)上，盡管我們使用英語(yǔ)calligraphy 一詞來指書法藝術(shù)，但calligraphy 一詞還是無(wú)法涵蓋書法藝術(shù)的內(nèi)涵。 9. Unit 19 page171 ,para.2 ; Cloisonne is a traditional art widely known in and outside China.It is a kind of superb local expertise from Beijing,which combines the skills of bronze art,porcelain,carving,and other types of folk arts.It is deemed valuable in the eyes of collectors, as well as providing refined ornaments for daily use. 景泰藍(lán)是馳名中外的傳統(tǒng)工藝，集青銅藝術(shù)，瓷器和雕刻諸種工藝制作技巧于一身，是一門道地的北京絕活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品，又是人們居家使用的精美物品。 page .172, para .7 Spring Festival(or Chinese New Year)is the most important traditional festival in China.People celebrate it with lanterns and streamers,no matter where they live, in the countryside or in the city.New Year pictures are an indispensable part of this celebration for each and every household.People put up New Year Pictures in their homes to enhance the lively festive atmosphere. 春節(jié)是中國(guó)最重要的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，一到春節(jié)，無(wú)論城市農(nóng)村，人們都要張燈結(jié)彩慶賀，張貼年畫，是家家戶戶春節(jié)必不可少的節(jié)目。人們用年畫將家里布置得熱熱鬧鬧，增添過年的氣氛。 page .172, para .8 Most New Year pictures feature designs symbolizing good fortune,auspiciousness（吉利）and festivity.A popular New Year picture entitled Surplus in Successive Years depicts a cute plump baby holding a big carp（鯉魚）in his arms and a bouquet of lotus flowers in his hand.”Fish”and”surplus”in Chinese have the same pronunciation (yu).Through the homophony（同音異義）of the two words, people express their wishes for affluent（富裕的） lives. 年畫在內(nèi)容上多表現(xiàn)為祝福，吉祥和喜慶之意。如一幅廣為流傳的年畫《連年有魚》，畫一個(gè)可愛的胖娃娃，，懷里抱著一條大鯉魚，手里拿著一束蓮花?！棒~” 和 “余”在漢字中讀音相同，通過諧音，以表示生活富足，年年有余。 10. Unit22 page207,para.2 It is widely acknowledged that from Ming and Qing dynasties onwards,there are eight major schools of cuisine based on regional cooking.they came from Shandong,Sichuan,Guangdong,Fujian,Jiangsu, Zhejiang,Hunan,and Anhui provinces.In addition to these traditional cuisines,the culinary industry in China has undergone great changes,as almost every place has its own local specialties,and the different cuisines gather in big cities such as Beijing. 說起中國(guó)飲食，明清以來，公認(rèn)的有八大菜系，這它們分別是：魯菜,川菜，粵菜，閩菜，蘇菜，浙菜，湘菜，和徽菜。除了這些傳統(tǒng)菜系，當(dāng)今中國(guó)，美食地圖發(fā)生了很大的變化，幾乎全國(guó)各地都有自己的拿手菜，在北京這樣的大城市匯聚了各種地方名菜。 11. Unit23 page215,para.1 Tea is a wonderful beverage originally produced in China about 4000 years ago.During the Tang Dynasty,Japanese monks introduced tea seeds to Japan,and by combining tea with Zen Buddhism,created the world-famous Japanese tea ceremony.In the 17th century,the Dutch took to Europe the Chinese habit of tea drinking,which then became a tradition of the Europeans.In England in particular,people developed the custom of afternoon tea.Prior to the 19th century,all the tea in the world was grown in China,and even the English word “tea” was a transliteration（音譯）of the pronunciation of “tea” in the Fujian dialect of China.Tea is an important contribution of the Chinese people to the world. 茶，這一美妙的飲品原產(chǎn)地在中國(guó)。 四千多年前，中國(guó)人就開始有飲茶的習(xí)慣。唐代時(shí)，日本的僧人從中國(guó)引入茶種，與同時(shí)引入的禪宗思想相結(jié)合，形成了聞名世界的日本茶道。17 世紀(jì)時(shí)荷蘭人將中國(guó)人飲茶的習(xí)慣帶到歐洲，進(jìn)而形成了歐洲人喝茶的傳統(tǒng)。尤其在英國(guó)，下午茶的習(xí)俗由此而生。 在19世紀(jì)之前，世界各地飲用的茶葉都來自中國(guó)。英文中茶葉譯為tea,就是根據(jù)中文的音譯（福建方言“茶”的讀音）。茶，是中國(guó)人對(duì)世界的重要貢獻(xiàn)。 IV. Short Answer questions 1. How did the ancient Silk Road influence Chinese culture?/ What is the significance of the ancient Silk Road? The Silk Road functioned not only as a trade route,but also as a bridge that linked the ancient civilizations of China,India,the Mesopotamian plains,Egypt,and Greece.It also helped to promote the exchange of science and technology between east and west.The Silk Road served as the main channel for ancient China to open up to the outside world, as well as for fresh impulses from other cultures to enter the country,which contributed a significant share to the shaping of Chinese culture. 絲綢之路不僅是一條古代通商的道路，它更是連接古代中華文明，印度文明，埃及文明，希臘文明和美索不達(dá)米亞文明的紐帶。它也為東西方的科學(xué)技術(shù)交流起到了促進(jìn)作用。絲綢之路是古老的中國(guó)走向世界，接受世界其他地方文明營(yíng)養(yǎng)的主要通道。中國(guó)文化性格的塑造與絲綢之路息息相關(guān)。 2. What does filial “piety” mean according to Confucius（孔子認(rèn)為孝是什么意思？）? Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty” as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying,“The greatest love for people is the love of one’s parents.” 孔子把“孝與兄弟的責(zé)任”視為仁的本質(zhì)。中庸援引孔子的話：“人最偉大的愛是父母的愛?！? How do you understand it（你是怎么理解的？）? I think filial piety is the basis of being a man, and parents are the most important people in the world. Our life is given by our parents, and we should always be grateful to our parents. 我認(rèn)為孝順是成為人的基礎(chǔ)，父母是世界上最重要的人。我們的生命是由父母給予的，我們應(yīng)該永遠(yuǎn)感激我們的父母。  3. What is emphasized in the Confucian philosophy of “l(fā)ife”? Please illustrate it with an example（儒家“生命”哲學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)什么？請(qǐng)舉例說明。）. In the Confucian philosophy of “l(fā)ife”, love for and kindness toward all living things are emphasized. 在儒家的“生命”哲學(xué)中，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)一切生命的熱愛和善待。 4. What is the attitude of the Tang Dynasty toward other cultures（唐代對(duì)其他文化的態(tài)度如何？）? Tang Dynasty tolerated and absorbed elements from all foreign cultures. 唐代對(duì)外來文化寬容和吸收。 5.Why are Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas considered to be the greatest ones compared with the European explorers of his time （為什么鄭和的西洋之旅被認(rèn)為是與他那個(gè)時(shí)代的歐洲探險(xiǎn)家相比最偉大的？）? Because compared with those explorers,Zheng He’s voyages took place much earlier and on a much larger scale.And Zheng He’s ships were also constructed with advanced technology and craft. 因?yàn)榕c那些探險(xiǎn)家們相比，鄭和的航行時(shí)間更早，規(guī)模更大，鄭和的船只也是用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和工藝建造的。  6. What’ s the meaning of “ren” (仁）(benevolence) according to Confucius（根據(jù)孔子，“仁”是什么意思?）? Confucius interpreted ren as “l(fā)ove of people”, which begins with the “l(fā)ove for one’s parents”. 孔子把仁解釋為“對(duì)人民的愛”，從“愛父母”開始。 7.What are important factors when making and drinking tea（沏茶和喝茶的重要因素是什么？）? The Chinese attach great importance to the water,tea leaves,tea set and fire,when making and drinking tea. 中國(guó)人在沏茶和喝茶的時(shí)候非常重視水、茶葉、茶具和火候。 8. Why was Tang Capital Chang’an considered to be the largest and the most prosperous international city in the world at the time（為什么唐代長(zhǎng)安被認(rèn)為是當(dāng)時(shí)世界上最大、最繁榮的國(guó)際城市？）? The Tang capital Chang’an could be said to be the largest metropolis in the world at the time because of its enormous size, large population and large number of foreign visitors. 唐代長(zhǎng)安城規(guī)模巨大，人口眾多，外來游人眾多，可以說是當(dāng)時(shí)世界上最大的大都會(huì)。  9. How do you understand “ the great virtue is like water” (你是怎么理解上善若水的) . “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing”.To Laozi,humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places.Driven by desire,humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior.Yet water always flows downward.As the source of life water nourishes all living things on Earth. “水善萬(wàn)物而不爭(zhēng)?！痹诶献涌磥?，人往高處走，水往低處流。人情受欲望驅(qū)動(dòng)，好高而惡下，而水卻永遠(yuǎn)往下流淌。水是生命之源，可以滋潤(rùn)萬(wàn)物，給大地帶來生命。 10. What qualities do Chinese calligraphy and dance share（中國(guó)書法和舞蹈有什么共同點(diǎn)？）? Both Chinese calligraphy and dance involve movements which are swift, smooth and elegant,slow,gentle and enchanting. 中國(guó)書畫和舞蹈都是動(dòng)作迅速、流暢、優(yōu)雅、緩慢、柔和、迷人。  11. According to Confucius ,what qualities are “persons of virtue” supposed to have（根據(jù)孔子的說法，“品德人”應(yīng)該具備什么素質(zhì)？）? “persons of virtue” should have sound character and uplifted minds.Such persons should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals,great virtue,love of people, and the “six arts” as the general principles of education.Of these,virtue was the most important. “品德人”要有健全的人格和清醒的頭腦，這樣的人才能承擔(dān)起重要的社會(huì)責(zé)任，為社會(huì)做出貢獻(xiàn)。他認(rèn)為崇高的理想，偉大的美德，對(duì)人民的熱愛，和“六藝”作為教育的基本原則。其中，美德是最重要的。 12. What are the purposes of Zheng He’s missions to the Western Seas（鄭和下西洋的任務(wù)是什么？）? When Emperor Yongle sent Zheng He on the missions to the Western Seas, he expected to show off the prosperity of the Ming Empire as well as to put his ideals into practice, of making friends with and spreading peace to other countries near and far. 永樂皇帝派鄭和下西洋，一方面是為了在世人面前顯示大明帝國(guó)的強(qiáng)盛，另一方面也是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)和順萬(wàn)邦，與遠(yuǎn)近各國(guó)相安無(wú)事，以共享太平之福的外交理想。  13. What does the ancient silk road refer to（古絲綢之路指的是什么？）? The Silk Road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia,