The UnitedKingdom 英國(guó)國(guó)家概況

The United Kingdom1. 英國(guó)的全稱(chēng)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. 大不列顛島的組成England, Scotland & Wales3. 什么叫“英聯(lián)邦”The Commonwealth of Nations, usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, most of which are former British colonies, or dependencies of these colonies (the exceptions being the United Kingdom itself and Mozambique).4. 倫敦的地位London is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and headquarters of the vast majority of Britains big companies. It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.5. 有哪些國(guó)家入侵過(guò)英國(guó)？英格蘭：Invasion by RomansIn 43 AD, Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.Invasion by Anglo-SaxonsAs the Roman armies and Roman protection were withdrawn from Britain, and Britain was again divided into small kingdoms, and again it came under threat from Germanic peoples: the Angles, and the Saxon.The Anglo-Saxons succeeded in invading Britain, and either absorb the Celtic people, or pushed them to the western and northern edges of Britain.Invasion by VikingsFrom the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the Vikings, threatened Britain shores.Invasion by NormansIn 1066, England was invaded by the Normans under William of Normandy, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings.The Battle of Hastings defeated an English army under King Harold, marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invading.蘇格蘭：Scotland was not conquered by the Romans, though they did try to, and for a while occupied as far as the edge of the northern highland zone.Nor was most of Scotland conquered by the Anglo-Saxons.British Celts occupied the area around what is now Glasgow.Around the 6th century AD, people from Northern Ireland invaded the south-west. They were called the Scots, and it is they that gave the modern country of Scotland its name.The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts, were left the highland zone.6. 1689年通過(guò)權(quán)利法案，議會(huì)得到權(quán)力7. 蘇格蘭首府Edinburgh，最大的城市Glasgow8. 威爾士首府Cardiff，民族英雄Llywelyn ap Gruffudd和Owain Glyndwr9. 北愛(ài)爾蘭貧窮的原因：Economic Problems Political ProblemsConflicts between Protestants and Roman CatholicsConflicts between Unionists /Royalists and nationalists/Republicans10. 北愛(ài)爾蘭的首府Belfast11. The Giants Causeway 被列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)，英國(guó)第七大奇跡12. Sinn Fein PartySinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”. It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.13. IRAThe Irish Republican Army (IRA) was an Irish republican revolutionary military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers. Its aim is to overthrow the British rule in Ireland and unify Northern Ireland with the Southern one, forming an independent Republic of Ireland.14. 愛(ài)爾蘭宗教沖突Conflicts between Protestants and CatholicsThe majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited the British Isles before the Roman Invasion, thus they were ethnically distinct from the majority of British people.In addition, most Irish people were Catholics, while most British people became Protestants.In the 17th century, the English government, trying to increase its control of Ireland, encourages people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to Northern Ireland.These people saw themselves different from the rest of the Irish people, and thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state.The Protestants, being the majority, controlled the local democratically-elected parliament, and used that power to support their own economic and social dominance in the province.The Catholics found it hard to get jobs, or to benefit from social programs. Schools and sporting events were segregated.15. 英國(guó)皇室起源The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of “the divine right of kings”. It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.16. “君權(quán)神授”The sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.17. 大憲章Magana CartaA charter of liberty and political rights is signed by the King John. Magana Carta placed some limits on the kings ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britains key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.18. 英國(guó)的政體（君主立憲制+代議民主制）女王 議會(huì) 內(nèi)閣l The Queen is the official Head of State. Britain has a constitutional monarchy where the Queen only rules symbolically.l Parliament represents the people.l Government runs the country and is also elected by the people ; The leader of the Government is the Prime Minister.19. 英國(guó)憲法的構(gòu)成20. 議會(huì)的職能21. 君主的職責(zé)l Head of the State l Head of the Armed Forces l Head of the Church of England l Her government dutiesl Meeting Prime Ministers l Visits22. 上下議院的職能The House of Lords: “Double check” new laws to make sure they are fair and will work.The House of Commons: Discussing policies and making laws.23. 英國(guó)大選 5 年舉行一次。什么情況可以提前選舉？l When the government loses a “vote of no confidence” in the House of Commons, that is, an MP puts forward a statement for the MPs to vote on saying that “This house no longer has confidence in the government”.l If the Prime Minister decides that the government is currently popular, he can call for an early election hoping to win another five years.24. Party Electoral Broadcasts (PEB)l Broadcasts made by the parties and transmitted on TV or radio.l By agreement with the broadcasters, each party is allowed a certain number period to “sell” their policies to the public.25. 英國(guó)兩大政黨及其政治主張The Conservative Party Protect the individuals right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, and so favoring economic policies which businessmen prefer, such as low taxes.The Labour Party They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the part of the role of government is to act as “redistributive agent”. Also they see the government as the right body to provide a range of public services available to all, such as health, education and public transportation.26. 英國(guó)文學(xué)之父Geoffrey Chaucer27. 英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父Daniel Defoe28. 英國(guó)最擅長(zhǎng)運(yùn)用諷刺的作家29. “后現(xiàn)代主義二戰(zhàn)之后，20世紀(jì)60年代至70年代出現(xiàn)的一種文學(xué)新流派，其主要特點(diǎn)是試圖擺脫一切傳統(tǒng)模式的束縛，否定權(quán)威，否定中心，提倡多元化。30. 綜合學(xué)校（Comprehensive School）結(jié)束了文法學(xué)校和職業(yè)學(xué)校對(duì)立的局面31. “私立學(xué)?！保↖ndependent School or Public School）Independent School are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majestys Inspector of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.32. League TablesA comparative table which ranks schools according to public examination, truancy rates, destination of school leavers, and so on.33. 進(jìn)入文法學(xué)校需要通過(guò) “the 11-plus” 考試34. “A-levels”35. 在英國(guó)可以獲得哪些學(xué)位？36. 英國(guó)的外交政策是由Prime Minister, Cabinet & the Foreign and Commonwealth Office 制定的。37. UNSCUnited Nations Security Council 聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action.Britain is one of the 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (Russia, China, the US, France and the UK).38. EUEuropean UnionFounded in 1958 with 6 member countries,France, West Germany, Italy, and BeneluxAIMS: To reduce and remove restrictions between the member countries: by the removal of internal trade barriers, by enabling the free flow of capital and a common currency, by allowing citizens of all member countries to live and work in any other member countryTo Develop Common Policies on: transport, agriculture, external trade, taxation39. NATONorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationIt is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on April 4, 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium,28 independent member countries40. 媒體的功能l Entertainmentl Providing information about political and social issuesl Weather reportsl Advertisementl Educational purposesl Forum for people to express their views or seek advicel Helping to engender a national culture41. 英國(guó)最早的全國(guó)性報(bào)紙 The Observer ，最早的日?qǐng)?bào) The Times 。42. 英國(guó)報(bào)紙的分類(lèi)  Types of the Newspapers1)  Classification based on CONTENTA)  the Quality Press (the broadsheets) ：serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance; reviews and feature articles about high cultureB)   the Popular Papers ( the tabloids or gutter press)：smaller format with color photos and catchy headlines, dealing in scandals and gossip, crimes, sports, sex (scantily clad young women, e.g. Page 3 Girl) and sensational stories2)  Classification based on DELIVERY RANGE43. 英國(guó)電視有哪5個(gè)頻道？l The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 1936l Independent Television (ITV) 1955l Sky TV 1989l British Satellite Broadcasting44. 足球的起源At first what British people kicked the head of Dane(丹麥人), in order to vent their anger out.45. 英國(guó)最有名的網(wǎng)球賽事: Wimbledon46. 板球Cricket是英國(guó)最有早統(tǒng)一規(guī)則的賽事47. 高爾夫球golf是由蘇格蘭人發(fā)明的48. 賽馬Horse Racing是真正的皇家運(yùn)動(dòng)49. 節(jié)禮日boxing day在哪一天？The celebration of Boxing Day, which takes place on December 26 - the feast of St. Stephen, is a part of the holiday season unique to Great Britain.50. 復(fù)活節(jié)Easter是為了紀(jì)念耶穌被釘在十字架上和他的復(fù)活Easter is a major celebration marking the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ.51. 女王生日慶典儀式“ Trooping the Colour”