（5年高考3年模擬A版）浙江省2020年高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 專(zhuān)題四 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞課件.ppt

專(zhuān)題四謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,高考英語(yǔ)（浙江專(zhuān)用）,考點(diǎn)一動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致 一、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) (一)一般體 一般體中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)分別表示現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或?qū)?lái)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài);過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所謂一般體,表示既不“進(jìn)行”,又不“完成”。,考點(diǎn)清單,He is always ready to help others. 他總是樂(lè)于助人。(現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)) When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park. 我小時(shí)候常去那個(gè)公園玩。(過(guò)去的習(xí)慣) 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成 1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用動(dòng)詞的原形表示,如果主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),則一般在動(dòng)詞原形后加 -s或 -es,其變化規(guī)則如下表所示:,2)be動(dòng)詞的變化:am,is,are。 3)have的變化:has,have。 (2)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 1)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 We have meals three times a day. 我們一日吃三餐。(現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣) 2)表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)。 We always care for each other and help each other. 我們總是互相關(guān)心、互相幫助。 3)表示客觀真理。 The sun rises from the east.太陽(yáng)從東邊升起。,4)某些動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要做的事情,這種用法常常用于火車(chē)時(shí)刻、飛機(jī)時(shí)刻、電影開(kāi)演、作息安排等。 We must hurry up.The first class begins at 8 oclock. 我們必須快點(diǎn)。第一節(jié)課將在8點(diǎn)開(kāi)始。 5)在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the West Lake. 如果明天天氣好,我們就去西湖。 2.一般過(guò)去時(shí) (1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成,1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式表示,其規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化方法如下表所示:,2)was用于第一、三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),were用于其他人稱(chēng)。 3)注意以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,直接加 -ed。如:playplayed。 (2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 一般過(guò)去時(shí)除了可以表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)外,還有以下用法: 1)want,hope,think,intend等動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)往往表示“過(guò)去原”之意。 I thought he was an honest man. 我原以為他是個(gè)老實(shí)人。 He didnt intend to hurt you.他沒(méi)打算傷害你。,2)wonder的一般過(guò)去時(shí)有時(shí)也可表示現(xiàn)在的行為,但語(yǔ)氣要比用一般現(xiàn) 在時(shí)更加委婉、客氣。 I wondered if you could do me a favour. 我不知道你能否幫我一個(gè)忙。 3)“used to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再發(fā)生了)。 We used to spend our vacation in the mountains. 我們以前常常在山里度假。(暗示現(xiàn)在不再在山里度假了) 3.一般將來(lái)時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)是比較復(fù)雜的時(shí)態(tài),有多種表達(dá)形式。,(二)進(jìn)行體 1.進(jìn)行體的構(gòu)成 (1)考綱對(duì)進(jìn)行體所要求掌握的時(shí)態(tài)包括:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。它們的形式分別為: 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):am/is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí):will/shall+be+現(xiàn)在分詞,(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成形式:,2.進(jìn)行體的用法 (1)進(jìn)行體表示某一時(shí)刻或階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),具有暫時(shí)性和未完成性的特點(diǎn)。 I dont really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary ar-rives. 我并不真的在這里上班,我只是來(lái)幫忙,直到新秘書(shū)來(lái)了(我就走)。(暫時(shí)性) (2)表示某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事,雖然當(dāng)時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行,常與these days,this week等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 We are making model planes these days. 這些天我們?cè)谧鲲w機(jī)模型。(此時(shí)此刻不一定在做),(3)表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,往往含有贊賞、厭惡、遺憾等情緒,常與always,continually,constantly,forever,all the time等連用。 He is always thinking of others first.他總是先想到他人。 He is always making the same mistake. 他總是犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。 (4)有些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體可以表示將來(lái)。(見(jiàn)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法) (5)有些動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),常見(jiàn)的有: 1)感覺(jué)類(lèi):look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等。 The soup tastes good.(不可說(shuō):The soup is tasting good.) 這湯嘗起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。,Your hands feel cold.(不可說(shuō):Your hands are feeling cold.) 你的手摸起來(lái)很涼。 2)情感類(lèi):like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore等。 I love my dad and mum.(不可說(shuō):I am loving my dad and mum.)我愛(ài)爸爸媽媽。 3)心態(tài)類(lèi):wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,agree,know,remember,forget等。 I dont believe my eyes.(不可說(shuō):I am not believing my eyes.) 我不相信我的眼睛。 4)存在狀態(tài)類(lèi):appear,lie(位于),remain,belong,have等。 Those books belong to Mr.Li.(不可說(shuō):Those books are belonging to Mr.Li.)那些書(shū)是李先生的。,(三)完成體 1.完成體的構(gòu)成 (1)考綱對(duì)完成體所要求掌握的時(shí)態(tài)包括:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)。形式分別為: 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):have/has+過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去完成時(shí):had+過(guò)去分詞 將來(lái)完成時(shí):will/shall have+過(guò)去分詞 (2)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成方法同過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成方法,詳見(jiàn)一般過(guò)去時(shí)部分“規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化方法”。 (3)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成詳見(jiàn)“附錄二”。,2.完成體的用法 (1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還將持續(xù)下去)。表示從過(guò)去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)有:lately,recently,in the last/past few days/years(在過(guò)去的幾天/年里),since then,up to now,so far(至今)等。 In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.在過(guò)去的幾年里,我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。 He has written 8 books so far. 到目前為止,他已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了8本書(shū)。 2)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響,注意這時(shí)說(shuō)話者說(shuō)話的重心在過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響上。,He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.) 他已經(jīng)關(guān)掉燈了。 The concert has started.(=The concert is on now.) 音樂(lè)會(huì)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。 I have already seen the film.(=I know the film now.) 我已經(jīng)看過(guò)那部電影了。 3)在“最高級(jí)+名詞”或“It/This is+the first/second.time”之后的定語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 This is the first time(that)I have e here.這是我第一次來(lái)這里。 This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.這是我喝過(guò)的最好的茶了。,4)瞬間動(dòng)詞又叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、終止性動(dòng)詞。瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于完成時(shí)態(tài),但不可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ);若要接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),需要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定式可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。 ()He has e to Beijing since last year. ()He has lived in Beijing since last year. ()He has joined the army for 3 years. ()He has served in the army for 3 years. ()He joined the army 3 years ago. ()He has been a soldier for 3 years.,()It is 3 years since he joined the army. ()He has joined the army. 常見(jiàn)的瞬間動(dòng)詞(詞組)有:e,go,get to/reach/arrive at/in,leave,buy,sell,open,close,get up,join/take part in,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,be-e/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hear from,marry,break,lose,jump 等。 部分非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(詞組)和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(詞組)的轉(zhuǎn)換: 買(mǎi)buyhave借borrowkeep 結(jié)婚get marriedbe married 認(rèn)識(shí)get to knowknow 離開(kāi)leavebe away回來(lái)e backbe back,生病fall illbe ill死亡diebe dead 關(guān)閉turn offbe off打開(kāi)turn onbe on 動(dòng)身leave forbe off to變成beebe 返回returnbe back開(kāi)始beginbe on 睡覺(jué)go to bedsleep穿put onwear 來(lái)/去e/gobe in/away參加joinbe a member of 感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold 入睡go to sleepbe asleep 到達(dá)get to/arrive in/reachbe in (2)過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1)一件事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去,而另外一件事情先于它發(fā)生(即表“過(guò)去的過(guò) 去”),那么發(fā)生在前的動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。,She had learned some English before she came to the institute. 她在來(lái)這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)前已學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)了。 He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. 他說(shuō)他在國(guó)外待了3年了。 2)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去的另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:by/until/before/by the end of+表過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間。 By then he had learned English for 3 years. 到那時(shí),他已學(xué)了3年英語(yǔ)了。 Until then he had known nothing about it yet. 到那時(shí)為止,他對(duì)此仍一無(wú)所知。,3)表示愿望、打算的詞,如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,suppose 等,其過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。 I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿) I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at that moment. 我本打算幫你的,但當(dāng)時(shí)我太忙了。 I had thought you would e the next day. 我原以為你第二天會(huì)來(lái)。 4)用于某些固定句型中: Hardly/Scarcely/Barely.when.和No sooner.than.句型中,when和than從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí),且用倒裝,表示“剛剛 就”。,Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down. 我剛到家,大雨就傾盆而下。 Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre. 我們才剛剛開(kāi)動(dòng),汽車(chē)的輪胎就癟了。 It was/had been+一段時(shí)間+since 從句中,since 從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我們有10年沒(méi)這么高興過(guò)了。 That/It/This was the first/second.time+that 從句中,that 從句的謂語(yǔ)要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。,It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake. 那是他第三次犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤了。 That was the first time that I had passed the exam. 那是我第一次考試及格。 (3)將來(lái)完成時(shí) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間某一動(dòng)作將會(huì)完成,常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“by+將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間”。 By this time of next year,all of you will have bee college students. 到明年的這個(gè)時(shí)候,你們大家就都成為大學(xué)生了。 (四)完成進(jìn)行體 1.考綱對(duì)完成進(jìn)行體所要求掌握的時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),其形式為: have/has+been+doing。,2.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的組合,因此,它既具備現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特征,又具備現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特征,如:它具備進(jìn)行體的“未完性、暫時(shí)性、感情色彩”的特點(diǎn)。 He has been learning English for 6 years. 他學(xué)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)六年了。(從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)到現(xiàn)在還在學(xué)) It has been raining for 3 days. 已經(jīng)下了三天雨了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話者“抱怨”的感情色彩) (五)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng) 1.主將從現(xiàn) 所謂“主將從現(xiàn)”,即主句表將來(lái)(不一定為一般將來(lái)時(shí),祈使句、“情,態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形”也可表將來(lái)),從句(包括時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)(不一定是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可在這類(lèi)從句中表示將來(lái))。 Whatever you say,I will not change my mind. 無(wú)論你說(shuō)什么,我都不會(huì)改變主意。 If she is still waiting,tell her to go home. 如果她還在等,就讓她回家。 I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work. 我干完了工作就和你一起去。,2.含賓語(yǔ)從句的句子的時(shí)態(tài)一致問(wèn)題 賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)常受主句謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的制約,如果主句謂語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)可以不受影響。 He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他說(shuō)他父親現(xiàn)在是/過(guò)去是/將會(huì)成為老師。 如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般需用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài),即一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)等。 I was sure he was in bed.我確信他在床上睡覺(jué)。(be in bed與was sure同時(shí)發(fā)生) He thought he was working for the people.他認(rèn)為他正在為人民工作。(表示thought發(fā)生時(shí)work正在進(jìn)行),I wondered if she had got well.我想知道她是否痊愈了。(get well先于wondered發(fā)生) He wanted to know what she had been doing.他想知道她一直在做什么。(do從過(guò)去發(fā)生,直至wanted且在wanted時(shí)還在進(jìn)行) I hoped Id find a job soon.我希望我不久就會(huì)找到工作。(find在hoped之后發(fā)生) I thought shed be going by bus.我以為她會(huì)乘公交車(chē)去。(go在thought之后發(fā)生) 注意: (1)當(dāng)主句為過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句有明確的表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可不必用過(guò)去完成時(shí)而用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。,I knew he was born in 1991.我知道他生于1991年。 (2)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)永恒的真理時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不必變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí),而繼續(xù)采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。 This proved that the earth is round.這證明地球是圓的。 3.含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子中的時(shí)態(tài)一致問(wèn)題 (1)在“would/should/ought to/could/might/neednt/would like to.+have done sth.,but.”句型中,but后面的分句表示的不是虛擬語(yǔ)氣而是陳述事實(shí),所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor. 他本應(yīng)該到場(chǎng),但他那里來(lái)了一個(gè)不速之客。,(2)在“But for the fact+that從句”中,that從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要根據(jù)后 面句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間而定。 But for the fact that he is busy now,he would be here. 要不是他現(xiàn)在很忙,他就在這里了。 But for the fact that you were ill,I would have had you print the papers.要不是你生病了,我就讓你去打印這些文件了。 (3)It is time+that從句,that從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或should+動(dòng)詞原形。 It is time that we went to bed. 我們?cè)撍X(jué)了。,(六)易混時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別 1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別,2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別,3.過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別,比較下面的說(shuō)法: 題組訓(xùn)練用所給動(dòng)詞的正確時(shí)態(tài)填空 The supermarket keeps(keep)some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.,Her study shows Americansmade(make)61 billion visits to restau- rants last year. Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching(teach)a class at that time. The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody has seen(see)them since. Hi,lets go skating. Sorry,Im busy right now.I am filling(fill)in an application form for a new job. Heburied(bury)himself in mathematics and began developing a mathematical theory that would later bee calculus(微積分).,ical fitness programs has increased(increase)sharply. The men said theyhad heard(hear)a tiger growling(低聲吼叫)somewhere nearby,but they didnt know from which direction the noise had e. They made up their mind that they would buy(buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs. Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression that she had seen(see)most of the guests before. Close the door of fear behind you,and you will see(see)the door of faith open before you.,During the last three decades,the number of people participating in phys-,The three of us traveled(travel)around Europe for about a month last summer. At that time yesterday, he was working(work)in his office. This time next Friday, we will be studying(study)in school together. 二、主謂一致 主謂一致即在句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致。一般可根據(jù)三個(gè)原則來(lái)確定:語(yǔ)法一致原則(主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù))、意義一致原則(形單意復(fù)的名詞或形復(fù)意單的名詞,要根據(jù)其意義來(lái)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù))、就近一致原則(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離它最近的主語(yǔ))。,(一)語(yǔ)法一致 1.主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The results of the research are to be published soon. 研究結(jié)果不久將被發(fā)表。 His suggestion has been accepted.他的建議被接受了。 2.many a(許多)+單數(shù)名詞/more than one(不止一個(gè))+單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Many a student es into the classroom.很多學(xué)生進(jìn)了教室。 More than one student wants to join the army.不止一個(gè)學(xué)生想?yún)④姟?3.復(fù)合不定代詞anyone,somebody,everything,nothing等作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 用單數(shù)。,If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me. 如果有人看到Lisa,讓她給我打個(gè)電話。 (二)意義一致 1.形式為單數(shù)但意義為復(fù)數(shù)的police,cattle等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The police have not made any arrests. 警方未逮捕任何人。 2.表示一類(lèi)人的the poor/rich/dead/injured/wounded等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The rich are to help the poor.富人應(yīng)該幫助窮人。 3.表示某國(guó)人的總稱(chēng)的the Chinese,the British,the Irish等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。,The Chinese are hard-working.中國(guó)人民是勤勞的。 4.以-s結(jié)尾但意義為單數(shù)的news,maths,physics,politics等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 The news is exciting.這則消息激動(dòng)人心。 5.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞sheep,deer,means等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與實(shí)際意義一致。 3 sheep are eating grass there.3只羊正在那里吃草。 A sheep is lying there.一只羊正躺在那里。 Not every means is useful.不是每種方法都好使。 6.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),通常看作整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 用單數(shù)。,Twenty years is a long time in ones life. 二十年在人的一生中是很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間。 20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money. 兩萬(wàn)美元不是一筆小數(shù)目。 (三)就近一致 either.or., neither.nor.,not only.but also.,whether.or.在句子中連接并列主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候或者在there be句型中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要和就近的主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致。 Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都沒(méi)錯(cuò)。 There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table. 桌上有一杯茶和一些蘋(píng)果。,Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday. 不僅是學(xué)生,老師也盼望假期。 (四)主謂一致的幾個(gè)難點(diǎn) 1.并列主語(yǔ)的主謂一致 (1)兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示兩個(gè)不同的概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 Steam and ice are different forms of water. 蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。 (2)兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示同一人、同一物或同一個(gè)概念,或表示不可分的整體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。,Trial and error is the source of our knowledge. 反復(fù)嘗試是我們獲得知識(shí)的源泉。 (3)被every,each,many a,no等限定的名詞由and連接作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 Each boy and each girl has an apple. 每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都有一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。 Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film. 許多老師和學(xué)生都看過(guò)這部電影。 (4)一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞被幾個(gè)用and連接的并列形容詞修飾時(shí),可以指一件事或幾件事,這種名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),要根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。,English and American literature are appealing to her. 英國(guó)文學(xué)和美國(guó)文學(xué)都對(duì)她有吸引力。 Simple and plain living is a fine quality. 簡(jiǎn)樸生活是一種優(yōu)良的品質(zhì)。 2.單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),后跟with,along with,together with,as well as,rather than,but,except等加其他名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。 Dr.Smith,together with his wife,is to arrive on the evening flight.史密斯博士及其夫人將乘夜班飛機(jī)抵達(dá)。 Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.只有一個(gè)老師和三個(gè)學(xué)生在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里。,3.某些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致 (1)集體名詞family,class,crew,team,group,public,audience,crowd,govern-ment,mittee等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)所指的意義而定。當(dāng)把集體名詞作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)看待時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式;如果指其中各個(gè)成員時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls. 這個(gè)班由25個(gè)男生和20個(gè)女生組成。 The class are doing experiments. 全班學(xué)生正在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。 (2)由兩部分構(gòu)成的表示物體的名詞,如trousers,pants,jeans,passes,glasses,shoes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但如果這類(lèi)名詞前,用了a pair of或two/three.pairs of來(lái)修飾,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)往往取決于 pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。 These trousers need cleaning.這些褲子需要洗了。 This pair of trousers is mine.這條褲子是我的。 4.數(shù)詞與量詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致 (1)分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于它們所表示的意義。試比較: Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只干了60%的活。 About 20 percent of the students are absent today. 今天大約有20%的學(xué)生缺席。 (2)“a number of(許多)”和“a variety of(各種各樣的)”修飾名詞作主 語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但是“the number of(的數(shù)目)”和,“the variety of(的種類(lèi))”修飾名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。試比較: A number of students are from the south.許多學(xué)生來(lái)自南方。 The number of students from the north is small. 來(lái)自北方的學(xué)生人數(shù)很少。 題組訓(xùn)練用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 The tourism of Hangzhouhas seen(see)a rapid growth over the last decade. Either you or one of your studentsis(be)to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.,Thereis(be)also a lovely cafe and restaurants.,考點(diǎn)二動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) 一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 英語(yǔ)中的及物動(dòng)詞一般都有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種形式。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和句子的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣的不同而變化。幾種常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式見(jiàn)下表:,2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主要有以下幾種情況: (1)不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或沒(méi)有必要指明誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 The window hasnt been cleaned for weeks. 窗戶有好幾周沒(méi)擦了。 (2)需要強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者或事件本身。 These heroes are respected by everybody in the country. 這些英雄人物受到全國(guó)人民的尊敬。 The Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in 1921.中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是1921年在上海成立的。 A new teaching building is being built in our school. 我們學(xué)校正在建一幢新教學(xué)大樓。,3.注意動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 That old man was often laughed at.那位老人常被人嘲笑。 The plan will be given up.這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃就要被放棄了。 Bad habits have been done away with. 壞習(xí)慣已經(jīng)被改掉了。 (在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中,切不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞) He must be prevented from going.必須阻止他去。 The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃應(yīng)該盡早執(zhí)行。 (謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)是:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞),4.“get+過(guò)去分詞”可以表示被動(dòng),此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語(yǔ)化。 The patient got treated once a week. 那位病人一周治療一次。 He fell off the car and got killed. 他從汽車(chē)上掉下來(lái),摔死了。 二、主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 1.“系動(dòng)詞look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove等+形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The steel feels cold.鋼摸起來(lái)很涼。 It has gone bad.它已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了。,2.表示開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)的動(dòng)詞,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move 等。 Work began at 7 oclock this morning. 今天早上7點(diǎn)鐘開(kāi)始工作的。 The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day. 這個(gè)商店每天下午6點(diǎn)關(guān)門(mén)。 3.表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性特征的動(dòng)詞,如read,write,cut,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,lock,dry等。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞一般不單獨(dú)使用,常有一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)。 This coat dries easily.這件外套容易干。 Nylon cleans easily.尼龍容易洗干凈。,Your article reads very well.你的文章讀起來(lái)很不錯(cuò)。 This material has worn thin.這個(gè)材料已經(jīng)磨薄了。 4.“介詞in,on,under 等+名詞”構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)表被動(dòng)意義。 表示方位或目的的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用,含被動(dòng)之意,其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式,名詞前一般不用冠詞。常見(jiàn)的有: under control 受控制under treatment 在治療中 under repair 在修理中under discussion 在討論中 under construction 在施工中 beyond belief 令人難以置信 beyond ones reach 夠不著 beyond ones control 無(wú)法控制,for sale 待售for rent 出租 in print 已出版in sight 在視野范圍內(nèi) on sale 出售on show 展出 on trial 受審out of control 控制不了 out of sight 在視野范圍外out of ones reach 夠不著 out of fashion 不流行 The rumor is beyond belief(=cant be believed). 那個(gè)謠言令人難以置信。 Today some treasures are on show(=are being shown)in the museum.今天一些珍寶正在博物館展出。,5.不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):fit,have,wish,cost,date back to,agree with,arrive at/in,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,take part in,walk into/enter,belong to等。 This key just fits the lock.這把鑰匙正好開(kāi)這把鎖。 6.be to blame(該受責(zé)備,對(duì)某件壞事應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任)與be to let(待出租)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中,用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。 Which driver is to blame for the accident? 這次事故是哪個(gè)司機(jī)的責(zé)任? This house is to let.這座房子要出租。 題組訓(xùn)練用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 Shortly after he finished the work in his lab, hewas called(call)to London to continue his research.,Researchers say that the human personalityis formed(form)during the first two years of life. After school we went to the reading room to do some reading,only to be told that we couldnt get in because it was being decorated(decorate). At the end of the meeting,it was announced that an agreementhad been reached(reach).,考點(diǎn)三情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣 一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 (一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的意義 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化,不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)表示說(shuō)話人的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度或語(yǔ)氣的詞。如: You may use my dictionary.你可以使用我的詞典。 We can be there on time tomorrow.明天我們能按時(shí)到那兒。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字嗎? Shall we begin now? 我們現(xiàn)在就開(kāi)始嗎? You must obey the school rules.你必須遵守校規(guī)。,(二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的種類(lèi)及其意義,(三)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的具體用法 1.can和could (1)can表示能力、許可、懷疑及可能(用于否定句及疑問(wèn)句)。 能力:I can speak English well.我的英語(yǔ)講得很好。 請(qǐng)求許可:Can I e in? 我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎? 懷疑:Can that be our new teacher? 那是我們的新老師嗎? 否定推測(cè):She cant be our new teacher.她不可能是我們的新老師。 (2)could既可以是can的過(guò)去式,又可以代替can,婉轉(zhuǎn)地提出請(qǐng)求、想法、建議等。 I could swim when I was only six years old. 我六歲時(shí)就會(huì)游泳了。 Could I use your puter? 我可以用你的電腦嗎?,2.may和might (1)may表示同意、請(qǐng)求許可、可能或祝愿。 同意:You may take the book home.你可以把書(shū)帶回家去。 請(qǐng)求許可:May I e in? 我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎? 可能:She may be in the classroom now.她此刻可能在教室。 祝愿:May you have a good journey!祝你旅途愉快! (2)might可以是may 的過(guò)去式,表示過(guò)去,也可代替may,談現(xiàn)在的情況,語(yǔ)氣更加委婉、客氣。 He told me he might be here on time.他說(shuō)他能按時(shí)來(lái)。 Might I borrow some money now? 現(xiàn)在我可以借點(diǎn)兒錢(qián)嗎? (3)may和might的特殊用法 1)may/might as well 不妨,Well, now youre here, you may as well make yourself useful.哎,既然你在這里,不妨做點(diǎn)事(讓你自己有用)。 Since it is fine, we might as well walk there.既然天氣好,我們不妨走到那里。 2)may well 非?？赡?His appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him.他的外表變化如此大以至于你很可能認(rèn)不出他來(lái)。 The team may well have won the football match, but I dont know because I wasnt there.那個(gè)球隊(duì)很可能贏得了足球賽,不過(guò)因?yàn)槲覜](méi)去,所以我不知道。,3.will和would (1)表決心、愿望。would 為 will 的過(guò)去式, 可用于各個(gè)人稱(chēng),但是語(yǔ)氣更加禮貌、委婉。 Ill do my best to catch up with them.我會(huì)盡全力趕上他們。 Ill never do it again. Thats the last time.我再也不會(huì)做那件事情了,那是最后一次。 He said he would help me.他說(shuō)他會(huì)幫助我。 (2)will, would用于疑問(wèn)句表示說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求, would 比 will 更婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。 Its hot. Will you open the windows? 天氣太熱了,你能打開(kāi)窗戶嗎? Will you help me to work it out? 你能幫我解決它嗎? Would you like some coffee?給你來(lái)些咖啡怎么樣?,(3)will可以用來(lái)表示“總是”“習(xí)慣于”等。 John will fall asleep in church.約翰做禮拜時(shí)老睡覺(jué)。 (4)would 可以表示過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向。比used to 正式,并沒(méi)有“現(xiàn)在無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。 During the summer vacation, he would visit me every day.在暑假的時(shí)候,他總是每天來(lái)看我。 (5)will/would表拒絕,用于否定句,若主語(yǔ)為物,則意為“不起作用”。 The doctor knows I wont be operated on.大夫知道我不想做手術(shù)。 This machine wont work.機(jī)器壞了。 The window wouldnt open.窗戶打不開(kāi)了。 注意:wont,cant,doesnt的區(qū)別,The window wont open.這扇窗戶怎么都打不開(kāi)。 (強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)施者執(zhí)意要打開(kāi)) The window cant open.這扇窗戶打不開(kāi)。 (這扇窗戶原來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)就不能打開(kāi),是固定死的) The window doesnt open.這扇窗戶壞了。 (強(qiáng)調(diào)這扇窗戶質(zhì)量有問(wèn)題) 4.must must無(wú)過(guò)去和將來(lái)形式,表示過(guò)去用had to。 (1)表示“必須,一定要”。 I must finish my work today.我今天一定要完成我的工作。 Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必須明天把書(shū)還了嗎?,(2)否定形式表示“不得,一定不要”。 You mustnt work all the time.你千萬(wàn)不要一直工作。 (3)表示比較有把握的推測(cè)。 After such a long walk, you must be tired.走了這么長(zhǎng)的路,你一定累了。 He must be the man I am looking for.他一定是我在找的人。 (4)表示“非要”。 Must you play the piano at such a late time? 你非要在這么晚的時(shí)候彈鋼琴嗎? The machine must break at this busy hour! 機(jī)器非要在這么忙的時(shí)候壞掉!,(5)must 和have to 在應(yīng)用上的區(qū)別 must 強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀愿望,have to 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀要求。 I must do it now.我一定要現(xiàn)在做這件事。 The report is to be handed in tomorrow, so I have to work on it now. 報(bào)告必須明天交上去,所以,我不得不現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始工作。 (6)注意問(wèn)句的回答 在回答由must引起的問(wèn)題時(shí)(在否定句中,并不強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀或客觀),否定回答一般不用mustnt,而是用neednt或dont have to。 Must I finish it now?我現(xiàn)在必須完成它嗎? No, you neednt./No, you dont have to.不,你不必。 在表示推測(cè)的時(shí)候,用cant。 He must be our new teacher.他一定是我們的新老師。,No, he cant be.不,他不可能是。 5.shall, should 和 ought to (1)shall用于第一、第三人稱(chēng),表示征詢(xún)對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)。 Shall I get some chalk for you? 我去給您拿些粉筆? Shall he wait for you at the school gate? 讓他在學(xué)校門(mén)口等你嗎? (2)shall 用在第二、第三人稱(chēng)的陳述句中,表示對(duì)對(duì)方的承諾、命令、要求、警告等。 承諾:You shall have my answer tomorrow.你將在明天得到我的回答。 警告:He shall be sorry for it one day.有朝一日,他一定會(huì)為此而后悔。 命令:You shall do as you see me do.你照我的樣子辦。,(3)should常用來(lái)表示“應(yīng)該”。 You should work harder.你應(yīng)該工作更加努力些。 (4)should也可以表示推測(cè),暗含很大的可能。 They should be there by now, I think.我想他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該到那里了。 You may e at 12.The photos should be ready by then.你可以在12點(diǎn)來(lái)。照片那個(gè)時(shí)候應(yīng)該好了。 (5)should也可以表示吃驚、意外的語(yǔ)氣。 I am shocked that she should wear such a coat.我很吃驚她居然穿這樣一件外衣。 (6)ought to基本等于should,但ought to常指特殊情況。 You ought to go back.你應(yīng)該回去。 He ought not to do that.他不應(yīng)該做那件事。,6.need用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),后跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式,多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。 Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? 明天我需要參加會(huì)議嗎? You need not hand in the paper this week. 這周你不必交論文。 need 還可當(dāng)作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用,這時(shí) need 就像其他動(dòng)詞一樣,有第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式,后面加帶 to 的動(dòng)詞,可以用于各種句子結(jié)構(gòu)。 He needs a bike to go to school.他上學(xué)需要一輛自行車(chē)。 Do you need a dictionary? 你需要詞典嗎? I need to get some sleep.我需要睡一會(huì)兒。,7.dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),意為“敢”,過(guò)去式為dared,多用在否定句或疑問(wèn) 句中。 The lit